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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Whole rock aminostratigraphy of the Coorong Coastal Plain, South Australia towards a 1 million year record of sea-level high- stands显示文摘 | Murray-Wallace C V Brooke B P Cann J H | 2001 | Journal of the Geological Society of London2001，158，： | 1 |
| 3 | Highly bioactive silver and silver/titania composite films grown by chemical vapour deposition显示文摘 | Brook L A Evans P Foster H A Pemble M E | 2007 | Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry2007，187，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Pharmacology of eprosartan:an angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonist,exploring hypotheses from clinical data显示文摘 | Ohlstein E H Ruffolo R R | 1999 | Am Heart J1999，138，32： | 1 |
| 5 | Early intervention in low-birth-weight premature infant:results through age 5 years from the In2fant Health and Development Program显示文摘 | Brook Gunn Mc Carton C M Casey P H | | 0，，16： | 1 |
| 6 | Cellular uptake of unconjugated TAT peptide involves clathrin-dependent endocytosis and heparan sulfate receptors显示文摘 | RICHARD J P MELIKOV K BROOKS H | 2005 | J Biol Chem2005，280，15： | 1 |
| 7 | Neurochemical classification of myenteric neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine显示文摘 | COSTA M BROOKES S J H STEELE P A | 1996 | Neuroscience1996，75，： | 1 |
| 8 | Point-target detection in IR image sequences based on target and clutter temporal profile modeling 显示文摘 | TZANNES Alexis P BROOKS Dana H | 1999 | SPIE1999，3698，： | 1 |
| 9 | Cerumen of Australian stingless bees (Tetragonula carbonaria): Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry fingerprints and potential anti--inflammatory properties 显示文摘 | Massaro F C Brooks P R Wallace H M | 2011 | Naturwissen-- schaften2011，98，4： | 1 |
| 10 | The effects of composition and processing variables on the properties of thermo- plastic polyaniline blends and composites 显示文摘 | Morgan H Foot P J S Brooks N W | 2001 | Journal of Materials Science2001，36，： | 1 |
| 11 | Another solution for preserving activity and integrity?显示文摘 | Loxdale H D Brookes C P Woiwod I P | 1994 | Trends Ecol Evol1994，9，11： | 1 |
| 12 | Detecting small moving ob- jects using temporal hypothesis testing 显示文摘 | TZANNES A P BROOKS D H | 2002 | IEEE Transac- tion on AES2002，38，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Detecting small moving objects using temporal hypothesis testing 显示文摘 | Tzannes A P Brooks D H | 2002 | IEEE Trans on Aerospace and Electronic Systems (S0018-9251)2002，38，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Highly bioactive silver and silver/titania composite films grown by chemical vapour deposition显示文摘 | Brook L A Evans P Foster H A | 2007 | Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry2007，187，1： | 1 |
| 15 | The potential of Thlaspi caerulescens for phytoremediation of contaminated soils显示文摘 | ROBINSON B H LEBLANC M PETIT D BROOKS R R KIRKMAN J H GREGG P E H | 1998 | Plant Soil1998，203，： | 1 |
| 16 | Adsorption and transport of uranium (VI) in subsurface media 显示文摘 | Barnett M O Jardine P M Brooks S C Selim H M | 2000 | Soil Science Society of America Journal2000，64，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Detecting small moving objects using temporal hypothesis testing显示文摘 | Tzannes A P Brooks D H | 2002 | IEEE Trans on Aerosp Electron Syst2002，38，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Evaluating offshore and domestic production in the apparel industry: The small firm' s perspective 显示文摘 | Leo P D Robert T H Brooke P | 2007 | Journal of International Entrepreneurship2007，5，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Changes in the soil microbial community structure with latitude in eastern China,based on phospholipid fatty acid analysis显示文摘 | Wu Y Ma B Zhou L Wang H Xu J Kemmitt S Brookes P | | 0，，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Performance of weaner pigs fed ad libitum with liquid feed at different dry matter concentrations显示文摘 | GEARY T M BROOKS P H MORGAN D T | 1996 | Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture1996，72，1： | 1 |
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