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| 1 | Electroconvulsive therapy and/or plasmapheresis in autoimmune encephalitis?显示文摘Autoimmune encephalitis is a poorly understood condition that can present with a combination of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, either of which may predominate. There are many autoantibodies associated with a variety of clinical syndromes-anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor(NMDAR) is the commonest. Currently, the most widely used therapy is prompt plasmapheresis and steroid treatment(and tumour resection if indicated), followed by second line immunosuppression if this fails. Given the growing awareness of autoimmune encephalitis as an entity, it is increasingly important that we consider it as a potential diagnosis in order to provide timely, effective treatment. We discuss several previously published case reports and one new case. These reports examined the effects of electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) on patients with autoimmune encephalitis, particularly those in whom psychiatric symptoms are especially debilitating and refractory to standard treatment. We also discuss factors predicting good outcome and possible mechanisms by which ECT may be effective. Numerous cases, such as those presented by Wingfield, Tsutsui, Florance, Sansing, Braakman and Matsumoto, demonstrate effective use of ECT in anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients with severe psychiatric symptoms such as catatonia, psychosis, narcolepsy and stupor who had failed to respond to standard treatments alone. We also present a new case of a 71-year-old female who presented to a psychiatric unit initially with depression, which escalated to catatonia, delusions, nihilism and auditory hallucinations. After anti-NMDAR antibodies were isolated, she was treated by the neurology team with plasmapheresis and steroids, with a partial response. She received multiple sessions of ECT and her psychiatric symptoms completely resolved and she returned to her premorbid state. For this reason, we suggest that ECT should be considered, particularly in those patients who are non-responders to standard therapies. | Jessica L Gough Jan Coebergh Brunda Chandra Ramin Nilforooshan | 2016 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2016，4，8： | 8 |
| 2 | The efficacy and safety of insulin degludec given in variable once-daily dosing intervals compared with insulin glargine and insulin degludec dosed at the same time daily:a 26-week,randomized,openlabel,parallel-group,treat-to-target trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes显示文摘 | Meneghini L Atkin SL Gough SC | 2013 | Diabetes care2013，36，4： | 1 |
| 3 | Distribution of some volatile nitrosamines in cooked bacon显示文摘 | GOUGH T A GOOGHEAD K WALTERS C L | 1976 | Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture1976，27，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Expression of intracellular calcium signalling genes in cattle skin during tick infestation 显示文摘 | Bagnall N Gough J Cadogan L | 2009 | Parasite Immunol2009，31，4： | 1 |
| 5 | Interactions of rhizobia with rice and wheat显示文摘 | Webster G Gough C Vasse J Batchelor C A O' Callaghan K J Kothari S L Davey M R Denarie G Cocking E C | 1997 | Plant and Soil1997，194，12： | 1 |
| 6 | Mechanisms of resistance to the cytotoxic effects of oxysterols in human leukemic cells显示文摘 | Claudia C Gregorio-King Tamara Gough Gavin J Van Der Meer Jane B Hosking Caryll M Waugh Janet L McLeod Fiona Mc Collier Mark A Kirkland | 2004 | Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology2004，，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Fertilization effects on species density and primary productivity in herbaceous plant communities显示文摘 | Gough L Osenberg C W Gross K L | 2000 | Oikos2000，89，： | 1 |
| 8 | Temporary floating island formation maintains wetland plant species richness: The role of the seed bank显示文摘 | Cherry J A Gough L | 2006 | Aquatic Botany2006，85，： | 1 |
| 9 | Herbivore effects on plant species density at varying productivity levels显示文摘 | Gough L Grace JB | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 10 | Molecular genetics of pathogenicity determinants of Pseudomonas solanacearum with special emphasis on hrp genes 显示文摘 | Boucher C A Gough C L Arlat M | 1992 | Annu Rev Phytopathol1992，30，： | 1 |
| 11 | Fertilization effects on species density and primary productivity in herbaceous plant communities显示文摘 | Gough L Osenberg CW Gross KL Collins SL | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 12 | Effects of environmental change on plant species density: comparing predictions with experiments 显示文摘 | Gough L Grace J B | 1999 | Ecology1999，80，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Molecular genetics of pathognicity determinants of Psesudomonas solanacearun with special emphasis on hrp genes 显示文摘 | Boucher C A C L Gough M Arlat | 1992 | Annu Rev Phytopathol1992，30，： | 1 |
| 14 | Fructooligosaccharides: A Review 显示文摘 | FISHBEIN L KAPLAN M GOUGH M | 1988 | Vet Hum Toxicol1988，，30： | 1 |
| 15 | Functional- and abundance-based mechanisms explain diversity loss due to N fertilization 显示文摘 | Suding K N Collins S L Gough L | 2005 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2005，102，12： | 1 |
| 16 | Macrophage class A scavenger receptor-mediated phagocytosis of Escherichia coli : role of cell heterogeneity, microbial strain, and culture conditions in vitro显示文摘 | Peiser L Gough P J Kodama T | 2000 | Infect Immun2000，68，4： | 1 |
| 17 | Functional - and abundance-based mechanisms explain diversity loss due to N fertilization显示文摘 | Suding K N Collins S L Gough L | 2005 | Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences2005，102，12： | 1 |
| 18 | Litter decomposition in moist acidic and nonacidic tundra with different glacial histories显示文摘 | Hobbie S Gough L | 2004 | Oecologia2004，140，： | 1 |
| 19 | Responses of moist nonacidic arctic tundra to altered environment: Productivity, biomass, and species richness显示文摘 | Gough L Hobbie S E | 2003 | Oikos2003，103，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Fructooligosaccharides : a review 显示文摘 | Fishbein L Kaplan M Gough M | 1988 | Vet Hum Toxicol1988，30，： | 1 |
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