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| 1 | Advances in diagnosis,treatment and palliation of cholangiocarcinoma:1990-2009显示文摘Several advances in diagnosis,treatment and palliation of cholangiocarcinoma(CC)have occurred in the last decades.A multidisciplinary approach to this disease is therefore recommended.CC is a relatively rare tumor and the main risk factors are:chronic inflammation, genetic predisposition and congenital abnormalities of the biliary tree.While the incidence of intra-hepatic CC is increasing,the incidence of extra-hepatic CC is trending down.The only curative treatment for CC is surgical resection with negative margins.Liver transplantation has been proposed only for selected patients with hilar CC that cannot be resected who have no metastatic disease after a period of neoadjuvant chemo-radiation therapy.Magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,positron emission tomography scan,endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography scans are the most frequently used modalities for diagnosis and tumor staging.Adjuvant therapy,palliative chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been relatively ineffective for inoperable CC.For most of these patients biliary stenting provides effective palliation.Photodynamic therapy is an emerging palliative treatment that seems to provide pain relief,improve biliary patency and increase survival. The clinical utility of other emerging therapies such as transarterial chemoembolization,hepatic arterial chemoinfusion and high intensity intraductal ultrasound needs further study. | Murad Aljiffry Mark J Walsh Michele Molinari | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，34： | 82 |
| 2 | Advances in diagnosis, treatment and palliation of pancreatic carcinoma: 1990-2010显示文摘Several advances in genetics, diagnosis and palliation of pancreatic cancer (PC) have occurred in the last decades. A multidisciplinary approach to this disease is therefore recommended. PC is relatively common as it is the fourth leading cause of cancer related mortality. Most patients present with obstructive jaundice, epigastric or back pain, weight loss and anorexia. Despite improvements in diagnostic modalities, the majority of cases are still detected in advanced stages. The only curative treatment for PC remains surgical resection. No more than 20% of patients are candidates for surgery at the time of diagnosis and survival remains quite poor as adjuvant therapies are not very effective. A small percentage of patients with borderline non-resectable PC might benefit from neo-adjuvant chemoradiation therapy enabling them to undergo resection; however, randomized controlled studies are needed to prove the benefits of this strategy. Patients with unresectable PC benefit from palliative interventions such as biliary decompression and celiac plexus block. Further clinical trials to evaluate new chemo and radiation protocols as well as identification of genetic markers for PC are needed to improve the overall survival of patients affected by PC, as the current overall 5-year survival rate of patients affected by PC is still less than 5%. The aim of this article is to review the most recent high quality literature on this topic. | Chakshu Sharma Karim M Eltawil Paul D Renfrew Mark J Walsh Michele Molinari | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，7： | 28 |
| 3 | 钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2抑制剂或胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂治疗成人2型糖尿病:临床实践指南显示文摘临床问题对于存在不同心血管风险及肾脏结局的2型糖尿病患者,在原有生活方式干预和/或其他降糖药物的基础上加用钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂的获益及风险是什么?现行做法几十年来,2型糖尿病的治疗决策都以控制血糖为主导。SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂在传统观念中常被用于二甲双胍治疗后血糖仍控制不佳的患者。目前这一现状已经发生了改变,这得益于多项临床研究结果。研究显示SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂拥有独立于药物降糖作用之外的对于动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(CVD)和慢性肾脏病(CKD)的获益。建议本指南阐述了针对不同风险分层的成人2型糖尿病患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂的建议。•伴有3种或更少的心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:不建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•伴有3种以上心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,不建议启动GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD和CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗(推荐等级:强)和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•对于那些想要进一步降低CVD和CKD结局风险的患者:推荐优先启用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗而非GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)这项指南是如何制订的一个由患者、临床医生和方法学家共同组成的国际小组提出了这些推荐意见。这些推荐意见基于可信度较高的指南的标准,并使用GRADE分级方法进行评估。该小组采用了息者个体化的观点。证据一项关于获益与风险的系统综述和网络meta分析(764项随机对照研究,包括421346例参与者)发现SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂可以降低总体死亡率、心肌梗死发生率、终末期肾病或肾衰竭的发生率(中等至高等质量的证据)。在不同的亚组中这些药物对卒中、因心力衰竭所致住院和其他主要不良事件有不同的影响。药物绝对获益的程度因患者个体风险的不同有很大的差异。(例如,对于接受了超过5年药物治疗的1000例患者,在最低风险人群中死亡人数减少了5人,在最高风险人群中死亡人数减少了48人)。一项关于预后的综述确认了14种风险预测模型,其中一种(RECODe)在证据总结中报告了大部分基线风险评估数据,小组利用该模型以支持风险分层的建议。考虑到患者的价值观及个体差异,指南推荐的支撑证据包括一项对已发表论文的系统综述、一项患者焦点小组研究、一项临床问题总结,以及一项指南调查。指南解读我们依据不同的CVD和CKD风险水平,综合考虑获益、风险和其他因素的平衡,以及每一个风险组别的实际问题,来对推荐意见进行分层。本指南强烈建议CVD和CKD患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,这说明专家组认为其具有显著的获益。而对于其他成人2型糖尿病患者,推荐等级较弱,这说明专家组想要在获益、风险及治疗花费上取得一个更好的平衡。临床医生通过该指南可以使用可靠的风险计算模型,如RECODe,来明确其患者的个体心血管和肾脏疾病风险。医患交互式总结临床证据和制订决策有助于患者知晓治疗选择,包括进行共同决策。2型糖尿病人群(全球患病率不断增长1-2)正面临着不断增加的心血管疾病、肾脏病和其他并发症的风险3。数十年来,2型糖尿病的管理始终以控制血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)为治疗目标4-5,但是,最近的高质量随机对照研究已经对这种以血糖为中心的治疗模式发起了挑战。研究结果显示,强化血糖控制未必会降低大血管不良事件,它还可能带来不利影响监管机构现在要求新型糖尿病药物必须证明其具有心血管和肾脏获益才能获得批准。对两类新药--钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂(见框图1)的临床试验结果显示,在现有治疗方案(常规治疗)之上加用这些药物,对死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、心力衰竭和肾脏的结局(如进展为终末期肾病)都有获益8-12。 | Sheyu Li Per Olav Vandvik Lyubov Lytvyn Gordon H Guyatt Suetonia C Palmer Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez Farid Foroutan Thomas Agoritsas Reed A C Siemieniuk Michael Walsh Lawrie Frere David J Tunnicliffe Evi V Nagler Veena Manja Bjφrn Olav Asvold Vivekanand Jha Mieke Vermandere Karim Gariani Qian Zhao Yan Ren Emma Jane Cartwright Patrick Gee Alan Wickes Linda Fems Robin Wright Ling Li Qiukui Hao Reem A Mustafa 无 郭鹤鸣(译) | 2021 | 英国医学杂志中文版2021，24，9： | 7 |
| 4 | Paediatric cholestatic liver disease:Diagnosis,assessment of disease progression and mechanisms of fibrogenesis显示文摘Cholestatic liver disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in children.The diagnosis and management of these diseases can be complicated by an inability to detect early stages of fibrosis and a lack of adequate interventional therapy.There is no single gold standard test that accurately reflects the presence of liver disease,or that can be used to monitor fibrosis progression,particularly in conditions such as cystic fibrosis.This has lead to controversy over how suspected liver disease in children is detected and diagnosed.This review discusses the challenges in using commonly available methods to diagnose hepatic fibrosis and monitor disease progression in children with cholestatic liver disease.In addition,the review examines the mechanisms hypothesised to be involved in the development of hepatic fibrogenesis in paediatric cholestatic liver injury which may ultimately aid in identifying new modalities to assist in both disease detection and therapeutic intervention. | Tamara N Pereira Meagan J Walsh Peter J Lewindon Grant A Ramm | 2010 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology2010，1，2： | 7 |
| 5 | 男性不育的手术技术显示文摘男性不育的评估和手术治疗领域经过数次演变和扩展后,目前已经有了更精确的诊断和适应个人的治疗方法,死亡率逐渐降低,成功率逐渐提高.男性不育手术目前被分为四个主要的大类:1)诊断手术;2)改善精子生成的手术;3)提高精子运输的手术;4)提取精子用于IVF—ICSI的手术.尽管现在的男性不育治疗效果比以前有了显著的提高,但还是有些达不到妊娠的要求,这可能是由一些我们还不知道的因素造成的。医生在治疗不育时应提倡“夫妻双方共同治疗”的准则,要求在实施具体的治疗方案之前,夫妻双方都进行彻底的评估,并进行广泛讨论决定方案。 | Natalya A Lopushnyan Thomas J Walsh | 2012 | Asian Journal of Andrology2012，14，1： | 7 |
| 6 | Gastroenterologist perceptions of faecal microbiota transplantation显示文摘AIM: To explore gastroenterologist perceptions towards and experience with faecal microbiota transplantation(FMT).METHODS: A questionnaire survey consisting of 17 questions was created to assess gastroenterologists' attitude towards and experience with FMT. This was anonymously distributed in hard copy format amongst attendees at gastroenterology meetings in Australia between October 2013 and April 2014. Basic descriptive statistical analyses were performed.RESULTS: Fifty-two clinicians participated. Twenty one percent had previously referred patients for FMT,8% more than once. Ninety percent would refer patients with Clostridium difficile infection(CDI) for FMT if easily available,37% for ulcerative colitis,13% for Crohn's disease and 6% for irritable bowel syndrome. Six percent would not refer any indication,including recurrent CDI. Eighty-six percent would enroll patients in FMT clinical trials. Thirty-seven percent considered the optimal mode of FMT administration transcolonoscopic,17% nasoduodenal,13% enema and 8% oral capsule. The greatest concerns regarding FMT were: 42% lack of evidence,12% infection risk,10% non infectious adverse effects/lack of safety data,10% aesthetic,10% lack of efficacy,4% disease exacerbation,and 2% inappropriate use; 6% had no concerns. Seventy seven percent believed there is a lack of accessibility while 52% had an interest in learning how to provide FMT. Only 6% offered FMT at their institution.CONCLUSION: Despite general enthusiasm,most gastroenterologists have limited experience with,or access to,FMT. The greatest concerns were lack of supportive evidence and safety issues. However a significant proportion would refer indications other than CDI for FMT despite insufficient evidence. These data provide guidance on where education and training are required. | Sudarshan Paramsothy Alissa J Walsh Thomas Borody Douglas Samuel Johan van den Bogaerde Rupert WL Leong Susan Connor Watson Ng Hazel M Mitchell Nadeem O Kaakoush Michael A Kamm | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，38： | 5 |
| 7 | 蛋白酶和木聚糖酶对育肥猪的生长性能、营养消化率以及粪便气味的影响显示文摘菜籽粕(RSM)和小麦干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)作为副产物可应用到猪的日粮中。然而,与小麦和豆粕型日粮相比,RSM和DDGS中含有较高的非淀粉多糖(NSP),其可限制猪对日粮的有效利用。采用2×2因素试验设计研究生长育肥猪饲粮中添加木聚糖酶(0和200mg·kg-1)和蛋白酶(0和200mg·kg-1)对其生长性能、胴体品质、表观回肠消化率、全消化道养分消化率及粪便气体排放的影响及两种酶之间的相互作用。试验1,对猪的生长性能进行评估。将体重为34.2±2.1kg的育肥猪128头随机分配到4个处理组:以DDGS(300g·kg-1)和RSM(210g·kg-1)的基础日粮;基础日粮中添加蛋白酶200mg·kg-1;基础日粮中添加木聚糖酶200mg·kg-1;基础日粮中添加蛋白酶200mg·kg-1和木聚糖酶200mg·k-1。试验1中,在生长育肥-出栏期间(0~出栏),日粮中添加蛋白酶的试验猪较不添加蛋白酶的试验猪相比具有较低的平均日增重(ADG)(P〈0.001)。生长阶段(0—28d),蛋白酶和木聚糖酶对猪的日均采食量(ADFI,P〈0.01)和体重(BW,P〈0.01)的影响存在相互作用。在育肥阶段(28d~出栏),日粮中添加蛋白酶和木聚糖酶的试验猪与仅添加一种没酶的试验猪相比具有较低的ADFI和BW。然而,蛋白酶和木聚糖酶的相互作用在生长期间(0~28d)内并不显著。试验2,选择体重78±2.3kg公猪24只,将其置于代谢笼中进行代谢试验,试验期间按照试验l中的日粮进行饲喂。木聚糖酶和蛋白酶对总能(GE)中的AID存在相互作用(P〈0.05)。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加蛋白酶可以增加GE中的AID,但饲粮中添加两种酶时可降低GE中的AID。饲粮中添加木聚糖酶交不添加木聚糖组相比,猪粪便的臭气排放量降低(598和1306OuE/m3;P〈0.05)。研究表明,蛋白酶可提高GE的AID;木聚糖酶可以减少粪便异味的排放,然而当生长猪育肥以RSM和DDGS为基础饲粮时,两种酶均不能提高其生长性能。 | O'Shea C J Mc Alpine P O Solan P Curran T Varley P F Walsh A M Doherty J V O | 2014 | 饲料博览2014，0，10： | 4 |
| 8 | Calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced selective inhibition of gastric acid secretion in dogs显示文摘 | Papps T T Debas H T Walsh J H | 1986 | Am J physiol1986，250，1： | 2 |
| 9 | Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study显示文摘 | Julia Granerod Helen E Ambrose Nicholas WS Davies Jonathan P Clewley Amanda L Walsh Dilys Morgan Richard Cunningham Mark Zuckerman Ken J Mutton Tom Solomon Katherine N Ward Michael PT Lunn Sarosh R Irani Angela Vincent David WG Brown Natasha S Crowcroft | 2010 | The Lancet Infectious Diseases2010，，12： | 2 |
| 10 | Nosocomial fungal infections 显示文摘 | Walsh T J Pizzo P A | | Annu Rev Microbiol0，42，： | 2 |
| 11 | Programmed cell death of retinal ganglion cells during experimental glaucoma 显示文摘 | Garcia VE Shareef S Walsh J | 1995 | Exp Eye Res1995，61，： | 2 |
| 12 | Association of glycolytic enzymes with the cytoskeleton显示文摘 | Knull H R Walsh J L | 1992 | Curt Top Cell Regul1992，33，： | 1 |
| 13 | Air pollution exposure-DNA adduct dosimetry in humans and rodents : evidence for non-linearity at high doses显示文摘 | LEWTAS J WALSH D WILLIAMS R | 1997 | Muta Res1997，378，： | 1 |
| 14 | Development of a regional climate model of the western Arctic 显示文摘 | Lynch A H Chapman W L Walsh J E | 1995 | Journal of Climate1995，8，： | 1 |
| 15 | Surgery, of Rathke cleft cysts: fechical considerations and oulcomcs 显示文摘 | Benveniste R J King WA Walsh J | 2004 | J Neurosurg2004，101，4： | 1 |
| 16 | Limiting Conditions for Jet Formation in High Velocity Collisions 显示文摘 | Shreffler R G Willig F J | 1953 | J Appl Phys1953，24，： | 1 |
| 17 | Complication Rates among Cancer Patients with Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters显示文摘 | Walshe L J Malak S F Eagan J | 2002 | J Clin Oncol2002，20，15： | 1 |
| 18 | Dynamic Compression of Liquids from Measurements on Strong Shock Waves 显示文摘 | Walsh J M Rice M H | 1957 | J Chem Phys1957，26，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Sequence and structure of the Drosophila melanogaster ovarian tumor gene and generation of an antibody specific for the ovarian tumor protein显示文摘 | Steinhauer W R Walsh R C Kalfayan L J | 1989 | Mol Cell Biol1989，9，12： | 1 |
| 20 | Natural oligomers of the amyloid-β protein specifically disrupt cognitive function显示文摘 | Cleary J P Walsh D M Hofmeister J J | 2005 | Nat Neurosce2005，8，1： | 1 |
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