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| 1 | 针对患者利益的机器学习和人工智能研究:在透明性、可重复性、伦理和有效性等方面的20个关键问题显示文摘机器学习(ML)、人工智能(AI)和其他现代统计方法正为利用先前尚未开发且极速增长的数据资源提供新的机会,以期让患者获益。尽管目前正在进行许多有前景的研究,特别是在图像方面,但就文献整体而言还缺乏透明度、对可重复性清晰的阐述、对潜在伦理问题的探究,以及对有效性的明确验证。这些问题的存在有许多原因,其中最重要的一点(为此我们提供了初步解决方案)就是当前缺乏针对ML和AI的最佳实践指南。我们认为从事研究的跨学科团队和应用ML/AI影响健康的项目,将因解决有关透明度、可重复性、伦理和有效性(TREE)的一系列问题而受益。这里提出的20个关键问题为研究团队提供了一个研究设计、实施和报告框架;帮助编辑和同行评审专家评估文献的贡献;让患者、临床医生和政策制定者评估新发现可能会给患者带来的获益。 | Sebastian Vollmer Bilal A Mateen Gergo Bohner Franz J Kirdly Rayid Ghani Pall Jonsson Sarah Cumbers Adrian Jonas Katherine S L McAllister Puja Myles David Granger Mark Birse Richard Branson Karel G M Moons Gary S Collins John P A Chris Holmes Harry Hemingwayp 李峰(译) 徐磊(校) 赵邑(校) | 2020 | 英国医学杂志中文版2020，23，9： | 5 |
| 2 | Mapping aboveground biomass and its prediction uncertainty using LiDAR and field data, accounting for tree-level allometric and LiDAR model errors显示文摘Background: The increasing availability of remotely sensed data has recently challenged the traditional way of performing forest inventories, and induced an interest in model-based inference. Like traditional design-based inference, model-based inference allows for regional estimates of totals and means, but in addition for wall-to-wall mapping of forest characteristics. Recently Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR)-based maps of forest attributes have been developed in many countries and been well received by users due to their accurate spatial representation of forest resources. However, the correspondence between such mapping and model-based inference is seldom appreciated. In this study we applied hierarchical model-based inference to produce aboveground biomass maps as well as maps of the corresponding prediction uncertainties with the same spatial resolution. Further, an estimator of mean biomass at regional level, and its uncertainty, was developed to demonstrate how mapping and regional level assessment can be combined within the framework of model-based inference.Results: Through a new version of hierarchical model-based estimation, allowing models to be nonlinear, we accounted for uncertainties in both the individual tree-level biomass models and the models linking plot level biomass predictions with LiDAR metrics. In a 5005 km2 large study area in south-central Sweden the predicted aboveground biomass at the level of 18 m×18 m map units was found to range between 9 and 447 Mg·ha^-1. The corresponding root mean square errors ranged between 10 and 162 Mg·ha^-1. For the entire study region, the mean aboveground biomass was 55 Mg·ha^-1 and the corresponding relative root mean square error 8%. At this level 75%of the mean square error was due to the uncertainty associated with tree-level models.Conclusions: Through the proposed method it is possible to link mapping and estimation within the framework of model-based inference. Uncertainties in both tree-level biomass models and models linking plot level biomass with LiDAR data are accounted for, both for the uncertainty maps and the overall estimates. The development of hierarchical model-based inference to handle nonlinear models was an important prerequisite for the study. | Svetlana Saarela AndréWästlund Emma Holmström Alex Appiah Mensah Sören Holm Mats Nilsson Jonas Fridman Göran Ståhl | 2020 | Forest Ecosystems2020，7，3： | 3 |
| 3 | Endothelial cell-derived GABA signaling modulates neuronal migration and postnatal behavior显示文摘服的外皮为集成是必要的并且为大多数行为被要求的信息处理。当神经原从室的地区连续地移居联合进特定的外皮的层时,服的外皮的精致地精确的 laminar 组织在胚胎的开发期间产生。当时指南为设计神经原移植责骂的光线的神经胶质行为, pre-formed 脉管的网络为 GABAergic interneuron 移植提供支持和指导暗示。这研究提供新奇概念、机械学的卓见进 vascular-neuronal 相互作用的这个范例,揭示伽马氨基丁酸并且它经由胚胎的前脑 endothelial 房间的调停受体的发信号的新机制。与二个新 endothelial 房间的使用,特定的有条件的老鼠 GABA 小径当模特儿(Gabrb3 Tie2-Cre 和 Vgat 我们显示出的 Tie2-Cre ), 从 endothelial 房间的伽马氨基丁酸版本的那部分或完全的损失在 embryogenesis 期间导致脉管的缺点并且损害长途的移植并且外皮的 interneurons 放。使不安的 endothelial 的下游的效果导出房间的伽马氨基丁酸发信号是批评的,导致上次修改到外皮的电路和坚持的行为的赤字。而且,我们说明在支持他们血大脑障碍性质的迁居, angiogenesis 和获得的前脑 endothelial 房间发信号的伽马氨基丁酸的激活的新机制。我们的调查结果揭开并且阐明在从表明小径的古典 neuronal 伽马氨基丁酸是不同的并且在 neuropsychiatric 疾病的病原学和 pathophysiology 上打开新灯的 CNS 表明小径的新奇 endothelial 伽马氨基丁酸例如孤独性光谱混乱,癫痫,焦虑,消沉和精神分裂症。 | Suyan Li Peeyush Kumar Sampada Joshee Timo Kirschstein Sivan Subburaju Jahan S Khalili Jonas Kloepper Chuang Du Abdallah Elkhal Gabor Szabo Rakesh K Jain Rudiger Kohling Anju Vasudevan | 2018 | Cell Research2018，28，2： | 3 |
| 4 | Targeting Dexamethasone to Macrophages in a Porcine Endotoxemic Model显示文摘 | Asger Granfeldt Christine Lodberg Hvas Jonas Heilskov Graversen Peter Astrup Christensen Mikkel Due Petersen Gabriela Anton Pia Svendsen Christoffer S?lling Anders Etzerodt Else T?nnesen S?ren Kragh Moestrup Holger Jon M?ller | 2013 | Critical Care Medicine2013，，11： | 2 |
| 5 | Ophthalmoscopic evaluation of the optic nerve head显示文摘 | Jonas JB Budde WM Panda-Jonas S | 1999 | Surv Ophthalmol1999，43，： | 1 |
| 6 | Development of ferrite rolling textures in low and extra low-carbon steels显示文摘 | Toth L S Jonas I J Daniel D | 1990 | Metallurgical Transactions1990，21，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Effect of rate sensitivity on the stability of torsion textures 显示文摘 | Toth L S Gilormini P Jonas J J | 1988 | Acta Metallurgica1988，36，12： | 1 |
| 8 | Transfomling growth factor beta 1 stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription in human cholangiocellular carcinomacells显示文摘 | Benckert C Jonas S Cramer T | 2003 | Cancer Res2003，163，： | 1 |
| 9 | Plasma vascular endothellal but fibroblast growth factor levels correlate with colorectal liver metastasls vascularlty and volume显示文摘 | Davles M M Jonas S K Kaur S | 2000 | Br J Canoer2000，82，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Simultaneous versus staged liver resection of synchronous liver metastases from colorectal canc- er显示文摘 | Thelen A Jonas S Benckert C | 2007 | Int J Colorectal Dis2007，22，10： | 1 |
| 11 | 2-year follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial显示文摘 | Ian Smith Marion Procter Richard D Gelber Sébastien Guillaume Andrea Feyereislova Mitch Dowsett Aron Goldhirsch Michael Untch Gabriella Mariani Jose Baselga Manfred Kaufmann David Cameron Richard Bell Jonas Bergh Robert Coleman Andrew Wardley Nadia Harbec | 2007 | The Lancet2007，，9555： | 1 |
| 12 | Retinal photore- ceptor density decreases with age 显示文摘 | Panda-Jonas S Jonas JB Jakobczyk-Zmija M | 1995 | Ophthalmology1995，102，12： | 1 |
| 13 | Major eye diseases and risk factors associated with systemic hypertension in an adult Chinese population: the Beijing Eye Study 显示文摘 | WANG S XU L JONAS JB | 2009 | Ophthalmology2009，116，12： | 1 |
| 14 | Exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma 显示文摘 | Artlich A Hagenah JU Jonas S | 1996 | EurJ Pediatr1996，155，： | 1 |
| 15 | Urinary excretion of leukotriene E4 and eosinophil protein X in children with atopic asthma显示文摘 | Severien C Artlich A Jonas S | 2000 | Eur Respir J2000，16，4： | 1 |
| 16 | Influence of (10-12) extension twinning on the flow behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy 显示文摘 | JIANG L JONAS J J LUO A A SACHDEV A K GODET S | 2007 | Materials Science and Engineering A2007，，： | 1 |
| 17 | Grain refinement by dynamic recrystallization during the simulated warm- rolling of interstitial free steels 显示文摘 | Najah-Zadeh A Jonas J J Yue S | 1992 | Metallurgical and materials Transactions A1992，23，： | 1 |
| 18 | Relationship between tumor vascularity and circulating cancer cells in patients with colorectal carcinoma显示文摘 | Mathur P Wharton R Q Jonas S K | 2001 | Eur J Surg Oncol2001，27，35： | 1 |
| 19 | Vascular invasion and histopathologic grading determine outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis显示文摘 | Jonas S Bechstein WO Steinmuller T | 2001 | Hepatology2001，33，： | 1 |
| 20 | Transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription in human cholangiocellular carcinoma cells显示文摘 | Benckert C Jonas S Cramer T | 2003 | Cancer Res2003，63，5： | 1 |
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