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| 1 | 钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2抑制剂或胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂治疗成人2型糖尿病:临床实践指南显示文摘临床问题对于存在不同心血管风险及肾脏结局的2型糖尿病患者,在原有生活方式干预和/或其他降糖药物的基础上加用钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂的获益及风险是什么?现行做法几十年来,2型糖尿病的治疗决策都以控制血糖为主导。SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂在传统观念中常被用于二甲双胍治疗后血糖仍控制不佳的患者。目前这一现状已经发生了改变,这得益于多项临床研究结果。研究显示SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂拥有独立于药物降糖作用之外的对于动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(CVD)和慢性肾脏病(CKD)的获益。建议本指南阐述了针对不同风险分层的成人2型糖尿病患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂的建议。•伴有3种或更少的心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:不建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•伴有3种以上心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,不建议启动GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD和CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗(推荐等级:强)和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•对于那些想要进一步降低CVD和CKD结局风险的患者:推荐优先启用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗而非GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)这项指南是如何制订的一个由患者、临床医生和方法学家共同组成的国际小组提出了这些推荐意见。这些推荐意见基于可信度较高的指南的标准,并使用GRADE分级方法进行评估。该小组采用了息者个体化的观点。证据一项关于获益与风险的系统综述和网络meta分析(764项随机对照研究,包括421346例参与者)发现SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂可以降低总体死亡率、心肌梗死发生率、终末期肾病或肾衰竭的发生率(中等至高等质量的证据)。在不同的亚组中这些药物对卒中、因心力衰竭所致住院和其他主要不良事件有不同的影响。药物绝对获益的程度因患者个体风险的不同有很大的差异。(例如,对于接受了超过5年药物治疗的1000例患者,在最低风险人群中死亡人数减少了5人,在最高风险人群中死亡人数减少了48人)。一项关于预后的综述确认了14种风险预测模型,其中一种(RECODe)在证据总结中报告了大部分基线风险评估数据,小组利用该模型以支持风险分层的建议。考虑到患者的价值观及个体差异,指南推荐的支撑证据包括一项对已发表论文的系统综述、一项患者焦点小组研究、一项临床问题总结,以及一项指南调查。指南解读我们依据不同的CVD和CKD风险水平,综合考虑获益、风险和其他因素的平衡,以及每一个风险组别的实际问题,来对推荐意见进行分层。本指南强烈建议CVD和CKD患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,这说明专家组认为其具有显著的获益。而对于其他成人2型糖尿病患者,推荐等级较弱,这说明专家组想要在获益、风险及治疗花费上取得一个更好的平衡。临床医生通过该指南可以使用可靠的风险计算模型,如RECODe,来明确其患者的个体心血管和肾脏疾病风险。医患交互式总结临床证据和制订决策有助于患者知晓治疗选择,包括进行共同决策。2型糖尿病人群(全球患病率不断增长1-2)正面临着不断增加的心血管疾病、肾脏病和其他并发症的风险3。数十年来,2型糖尿病的管理始终以控制血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)为治疗目标4-5,但是,最近的高质量随机对照研究已经对这种以血糖为中心的治疗模式发起了挑战。研究结果显示,强化血糖控制未必会降低大血管不良事件,它还可能带来不利影响监管机构现在要求新型糖尿病药物必须证明其具有心血管和肾脏获益才能获得批准。对两类新药--钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂(见框图1)的临床试验结果显示,在现有治疗方案(常规治疗)之上加用这些药物,对死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、心力衰竭和肾脏的结局(如进展为终末期肾病)都有获益8-12。 | Sheyu Li Per Olav Vandvik Lyubov Lytvyn Gordon H Guyatt Suetonia C Palmer Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez Farid Foroutan Thomas Agoritsas Reed A C Siemieniuk Michael Walsh Lawrie Frere David J Tunnicliffe Evi V Nagler Veena Manja Bjφrn Olav Asvold Vivekanand Jha Mieke Vermandere Karim Gariani Qian Zhao Yan Ren Emma Jane Cartwright Patrick Gee Alan Wickes Linda Fems Robin Wright Ling Li Qiukui Hao Reem A Mustafa 无 郭鹤鸣(译) | 2021 | 英国医学杂志中文版2021,24,9: | 7 |
| 2 | Season of the year influences infection rates following total hip arthroplasty显示文摘AIM To research the influence of season of the year on periprosthetic joint infections.METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of the entire Medicare files from 2005 to 2014. Seasons were classified as spring, summer, fall or winter. Regional variations were accounted for by dividing patients into four geographic regions as per the United States Census Bureau(Northeast, Midwest, West and South). Acute postoperative infection and deep periprosthetic infections within 90 d after surgery were tracked. RESULTS In all regions, winter had the highest incidence of periprosthetic infections(mean 0.98%, SD 0.1%) and was significantly higher than other seasons in the Midwest, South and West(P < 0.05 for all) but not the Northeast(P = 0.358). Acute postoperative infection rates were more frequent in the summer and were significantly affected by season of the year in the West.CONCLUSION Season of the year is a risk factor for periprosthetic joint infection following total hip arthroplasty(THA). Understanding the influence of season on outcomes following THA is essential when risk-stratifying patients to optimize outcomes and reduce episode of care costs. | Samuel Rosas Alvin C Ong Leonard T Buller Karim G Sabeh Tsun yee Law Martin W Roche Victor H Hernandez | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017,8,12: | 4 |
| 3 | p53-mediated transcriptional regulation and activation of the actin cytoskeleton regulatory RhoC to LIMK2 signaling pathway promotes cell survival显示文摘响应 DNA 损坏的房间命运的中央仲裁人是 p53,它调整涉及房间周期拘捕,幸存和 apoptosis 的基因的表示。尽管 DNA 损坏开始的许多回答被描绘了,肌动朊细胞骨架管理者的角色大部分是未知的。我们现在显示出那 RhoC 和秘鲁利玛机场之代号 kinase (LIMK2 ) 2 是 genotoxic 代理人导致的直接 p53 目标基因。尽管 RhoC 和 LIMK2 在肌动朊细胞骨架规定有生长得很好的角色,我们的结果显示 LIMK2 的激活也有支持幸存的功能追随者 DNA 损坏。由调停 siRNA 的击倒或选择的药理学封锁的 LIMK 抑制敏化房间到无线电 -- 或化疗,以便当与 LIMK 抑制结合了时,当单身地管理了时,是尚不致命的治疗导致了房间死亡。我们的调查结果建议把 LIMK 禁止者与 genotoxic 治疗相结合能比单个代理人的管理更有效,并且加亮在肌动朊细胞骨架管理者和 DNA 之间的一个新奇连接导致损坏的房间幸存机制。 | Daniel R Croft Diane Crighton Michael S Samuel Filipe C Lourenco June Munro Jenifer Wood Karim Bensaad Karen H Vousden Owen J Sansom Kevin M Ryan Michael F Olson | 2011 | Cell Research2011,21,4: | 3 |
| 4 | Methods for the study of starch retrogradation 显示文摘 | A Abd Karim^* M H Norziah C C Seow | 2000 | Food Chemistry2000,,71: | 1 |
| 5 | On the roles of protein and starch in the aging of non-waxy rice flour 显示文摘 | Teo C H Karim A Abd Cheah P B | 2000 | Food Chemistry2000,69,3: | 1 |
| 6 | Characterisation of composite films made of konjac glucomannan (KGM), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and lipid 显示文摘 | Cheng L H Karim A A Seow C C | 2008 | Food Chem2008,107,1: | 1 |
| 7 | Stability and reactivity of thaumasite at different pH levels显示文摘 | KARIM N J MANU S MENASHI D C | 2003 | C C R2003,33,3: | 1 |
| 8 | Experimental study of the salt gradient solar pond stability 显示文摘 | Karim C Slim Z Kais C | 2010 | Solar Energy2010,84,1: | 1 |
| 9 | Spinodal dewetting of thin polymer films 显示文摘 | Xie R Karim A Douglas J F Han C C Weiss R A | 1998 | Physical Review Letters1998,81,: | 1 |
| 10 | Methods for the Study of Starch Retrogradation显示文摘 | Karim A A Norziah M H Seow C C | 2000 | Food Chemistry2000,71,1: | 1 |
| 11 | Difficulty in dating primary infections by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Tunisia 显示文摘 | Emnas S Karim A Mohamed K C | 2006 | Tunis Med2006,84,: | 1 |
| 12 | Role of 5 hydroxytryptamine3 antagonists in the prevention o{ emesis caused by anticancer thera- py 显示文摘 | Karim F Roerig S C Saphier D | 1996 | Biochem Pharmacol1996,52,: | 1 |
| 13 | Taxodiorte and taxodone, two rtovel diterpenoid quirtorte methide tumor itthibitors from Taxodium distichum 显示文摘 | KUPCHAN S M KARIM A MARCKS C | 1968 | Journal of the American Chemical Society1968,90,21: | 1 |
| 14 | 显示文摘 | Karim F Isabelle C Jean PP | 1998 | Cancer1998,82,6: | 1 |
| 15 | Effects of acid modification on physical properties of konjac glucomannan (KGM) films显示文摘 | CHENG L H ABD KARIM A SEOW C C | 2007 | Food Chemistry2007,103,3: | 1 |
| 16 | Serum amyloid A:a novel biomarker for endometrial Cancer显示文摘 | Emiliano C Stefania B Karim E | 2009 | Cancer2009,116,4: | 1 |
| 17 | A QTL affecting milk yield and composition maps to bovine chromosome 20: A confirmation 显示文摘 | Arranz J J Coppieters W Berzi P Cambisano N Grisart B Karim L Marcq F Moreau L Mezer C Riquet J Simon P Vanmanshoven P Wagenaar D and Georges M | 1998 | Animal Genetics1998,29,: | 1 |
| 18 | Drug, meal and formulation interactions influencing drug absorption after oral administration显示文摘 | Li C Zhou Y Pao LH Karim A | 1999 | Clin Pharmacokinet1999,36,3: | 1 |
| 19 | Regionalization of alarge-scale crop growth model for sub-Saharan Africa:Modelsetup,evaluation,and estimation of maize yields显示文摘 | Christian F Thomas G Karim C A | 2012 | Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment2012,151,: | 1 |
| 20 | CD25^+CD4^+ regulatory T cells prevent graft rejection: CTLA-4 and IL-10 dependent immunoregulation of alloresponses显示文摘 | Kingsley C I Karim M Bushell A R | 2002 | J Immunol2002,168,3: | 1 |