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| 1 | Choledocholithiasis: Evolving standards for diagnosis and management显示文摘胆石病,导致外科的干预的最普通的医药条件之一,在美国影响成年人口的约 10 % 。胆总管石病与胆囊石头在大约病人的 10%-20% 发展,文学建议至少经历胆囊炎的病人的 3%-10% 将有胆总管(CBD ) 石头。CBD 石头可以外科手术前地, intraoperatively 或手术后地被发现多重形式为包括实验室测试,超声,计算断层摄影术扫描(CT ) ,和磁性的回声 cholangiopancreatography (MRCP ) 为胆总管石病估计病人是可得到的。Intraoperative 胆管造影术能习惯性地或有选择地在胆囊炎期间被使用诊断 CBD 石头。为 CBD 石头的最普通的干预是 ERCP。另外的通常使用的干预包括 intraoperative 胆汁管探索,任何一个 laparoscopic 或 open。经皮, transhepatic 石头移动胆汁的清理的另外的新奇技术被设计了。与这些技术灵巧的设备和有技能的专业人员的可获得性在机构之中变化。预定干预被临床的状况经常支配。 | Marilee L Freitas Robert L Bell Andrew J Duffy | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，20： | 30 |
| 2 | Effect of nutritional counselling on hepatic,muscle and adipose tissue fat content and distribution in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease显示文摘AIM: To assess the effectiveness of the current UK clinical practice in reducing hepatic fat (IHCL). METHODS: Whole body MRI and 1H MRS were obtained, before and after 6 mo nutritional counselling, from liver, soleus and tibialis muscles in 10 subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RESULTS: A 500 Kcal-restricted diet resulted in an average weight loss of 4% (-3.4 kg,) accompanied by significant reductions in most adipose tissue (AT) depots, including subcutaneous (-9.9%), abdominal subcutaneous (-10.2%) and intra-abdominal-AT (-11.4%). Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) were significantly reduced in the tibialis muscle (-28.2%). Decreases in both IHCL (-39.9%) and soleus IMCL (-12.2%) content were also observed, although these were not significant. Several individuals showed dramatic decreases in IHCL, while others paradoxically showed increases in IHCL content. Changes in body composition were accompanied by improvements in certain liver function tests: serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Significant correlations were found between decreases in IHCL and reductions in both intra-abdominal and abdominal subcutaneous AT. Improvements in liver function tests were associated with reductions in intra-abdominal AT, but not with changes in IHCL. CONCLUSION: This study shows that even a very modest reduction in body weight achieved through lifestyle modification can result in changes in body fat depots and improvements in LFTs. | E Louise Thomas Audrey E Brynes Gavin Hamilton Nayna Patel Adam Spong Robert D Goldin Gary Frost Jimmy D Bell Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，36： | 13 |
| 3 | Evolution of surgical skills training显示文摘外科的训练正在变化:100 年传统被法律、道德的担心为耐心的安全,工作小时限制,手术室时间的费用,和复杂并发症正在质问。训练的外科的模拟和技巧提供一个机会在在生活病人上尝试他们前在手术室环境外面教并且练习先进技巧。当使用真实仪器和录像设备操作在一个盒子训练员模仿了“织物”,模拟训练能向前是同样直的。更先进的、虚拟现实模拟器现在为普遍使用可得到、准备好了。早系统表明了他们的有效性和歧视的能力。更新的系统启用全面课程和完整的程序的模拟的开发。医药教育是的毕业生的认证委员会(ACGME ) 要求了训练和评估的新奇方法的发展。外科的组织正在打电话让方法保证技巧的维护,并且,进展 surgical 训练信任外科医生作为技术上能干。在他们的当前的形式的模拟器被表明了改进外科的居民的手术室表演。训练课程标准化的开发仍然是一个迫切、重要的议程,特别地为最小的侵略外科。一条创新、进步的途径,从航空的域借经验,能为外科的训练的下一个世纪提供基础,保证产品的质量。当技术发展,我们练习的方法将继续演变,到医生和病人的利益。 | Kurt E Roberts Robert L Bell Andrew J Duffy | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，20： | 8 |
| 4 | Efficacy and safety of tenofovir in chronic hepatitis B: Australian real world experience显示文摘AIM To evaluate the long-term treatment outcomes of tenofovir therapy in patients in a real world Australian tertiary care setting.METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes among treatment-na?ve and treatment-experienced patients receiving a minimum 3 mo tenofovir therapy through St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Australia. We included patients receiving tenofovir [tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)] monotherapy, as well as patients treated with TDF in combination with a second antiviral agent. Patients were excluded if they demonstrated human immune-deficiency virus/hepatitis C virus/hepatitis delta virus coinfection or were less than 18 years of age. We considered virological and biochemicalresponse, as well as safety outcomes. Virological response was determined by measurement of hepatitis B virus(HBV) DNA using sensitive assays; biochemical response was determined via serum liver function tests; histological response was determined from liver biopsy and fibroscan; safety analysis focused on glomerular renal function and bone mineral density. The primary efficacy endpoint was complete virological suppression over time, defined by HBV DNA < 20 IU/m L. Secondary efficacy endpoints included rates of biochemical response, and HB e antigen(HBe Ag)/HB surface antigen loss and seroconversion over time.RESULTS Ninety-two patients were identified who fulfilled the enrolment criteria. Median follow-up was 26 mo(range 3-114). Mean age was 46(24-78) years, 64(70%) were male and 77(84%) were of Asian origin. 55(60%) patients were treatment-na?ve and 62 patients(67%) were HBe Ag-negative. Complete virological suppression was achieved by 45/65(71%) patients at 12 mo, 37/46(80%) at 24 mo and 25/28(89%) at 36 mo. Partial virological response(HBV DNA 20-2000 IU/m L) was achieved by 89/92(96.7%) of patients. Multivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between virological suppression at end of follow-up and baseline HBV DNA level(OR = 0.897, 95%CI: 0.833-0.967, P = 0.0046) and HBe Ag positive status(OR = 0.373, 95%CI: 0.183-0.762, P = 0.0069). There was no difference in response comparing treatment-na?ve and treatment-experienced patients. Three episodes of virological breakthrough occurred in the setting of noncompliance. Tenofovir therapy was well tolerated.CONCLUSION Tenofovir is an efficacious, safe and well-tolerated treatment in an Australian real-world tertiary care setting. Our data are similar to the reported experience from registration trials. | Grace C Lovett Tin Nguyen David M Iser Jacinta A Holmes Robert Chen Barbara Demediuk Gideon Shaw Sally J Bell Paul V Desmond Alexander J Thompson | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，1： | 7 |
| 5 | R-spondin-2 is a Wnt agonist that regulates osteoblast activity and bone mass显示文摘The R-spondin family of proteins are Wnt agonists, and the complete embryonic disruption of Rspo2 results in skeletal developmental defects that recapitulate the phenotype observed with Lrp5/6 deficiency. Previous work has shown that R-spondin-2(Rspo2, RSPO2) is both highly expressed in Wnt-stimulated pre-osteoblasts and its overexpression induces osteoblast differentiation in the same cells, supporting its putative role as a positive autocrine regulator of osteoblastogenesis. However, the role of Rspo2 in regulating osteoblastogenesis and bone formation in postnatal bone has not been explored. Here we show that limb-bud progenitor cells from Rspo2 knockout mice undergo reduced mineralization during osteoblastogenesis in vitro and have a corresponding alteration in their osteogenic gene expression profile. We also generated the first Rspo2 conditional knockout(Rspo2 floxed) mouse and disrupted Rspo2 expression in osteoblast-lineage cells by crossing to the Osteocalcin-Cre mouse line(OcnCre + Rspo2 ^(f/f)). Ocn-Cre + Rspo2 f/fmale and female mice at 1, 3, and 6 months were examined. Ocn-Cre + Rspo2 f/fmice are decreased in overall body size compared to their control littermates and have decreased bone mass. Histomorphometric analysis of1-month-old mice revealed a similar number of osteoblasts and mineralizing surface per bone surface with a simultaneous decrease in mineral apposition and bone formation rates. Consistent with this observation, serum osteocalcin in 3-month-old Ocn-Cre +Rspo2 f/fwas reduced, and bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells from Ocn-Cre + Rspo2 f/fmice undergo less mineralization in vitro.Finally, gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry of mature bone shows reduced beta-catenin signaling in Ocn-Cre +Rspo2 f/f. Overall, RSPO2 reduces osteoblastogenesis and mineralization, leading to reduced bone mass. | M.Noelle Knight Kannan Karuppaiah Michele Lowe Sarthak Mohanty Robert L.Zondervan Sheila Bell Jaimo Ahn Kurt D.Hankenson | 2018 | Bone Research2018，6，3： | 5 |
| 6 | Controversies in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and achalasia显示文摘胃的食道的倒流疾病(GERD ) 和弛缓不能的有效治疗为这二作为标准答案建立了最小的侵略外科的 laparoscopic 外科的巨大的成功与更低的病态和死亡调节,更短的医院停留,更快的康复,和不太手术后的疼痛。在 GERD 的处理的一争吵作为比较喜欢的处理在 laparoscopic 反倒流外科(LARS ) 附近演变让 Barrett 的食管和过程的潜力减少食管的腺癌的风险。GERD 也与呼吸症状,气喘和喉的损害被联系了,并且第二争吵推动全部或部分的 fundoplication 是否是为 GERD 的更适当的处理的讨论。在 GERD 的处理的一种新、有希望的选择是 endoluminal 治疗。这种新处理选择的三种类型将被讨论:送到更低的食道的括约肌的射频精力,在胃的食道的连接的一个机械障碍的创造,并且更低的食道的括约肌的直接内视镜的紧缩。Laparoscopic 外科为弛缓不能为 GERD 而且同样永久的痊愈作为很有效的治疗被讨论不仅。这评论为弛缓不能分析三种很重要的处理选择:药,灵魂膨胀,和外科的治疗。因为他们的短半衰期和可变吸收,在弛缓不能的处理的药同样唯一的真非侵略的选择由于穷人不象 LARS 一样有效食道的倒空。第二种处理选择,灵魂膨胀,包含拉长更低的食管并且是仍然为弛缓不能考虑了最有效的非外科的处理。最后,为弛缓不能的外科的治疗和有关这个 laparoscopic 处理的二主要争吵被讨论。第一包含肌切开术被扩大到到胃上的程度,并且第二使反倒流过程的必要性和类型担心在肌切开术以后阻止 GERD。LARS 和 laparoscopic Heller 肌切开术是同意了在之上作为为 GERD 和弛缓不能的外科疗法的标准答案分别地。在一位富有经验的 laparoscopic 外科医生的手里,两个是为有有至少 90% 耐心的满足的优秀主观、客观的长期的结果的病人的安全、有效的治疗。 | Kurt E Roberts Andrew J Duffy Robert L Bell | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，20： | 4 |
| 7 | A multicenter United States—Canadian trial to assess lamivudine monotherapy before and after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B显示文摘 | Robert P. Perrillo Teresa Wright Jorge Rakela Gary Levy Eugene Schiff Robert Gish Paul Martin Jules Dienstag Paul Adams Rolland Dickson Gaya Anschuetz Steve Bell Lynn Condreay Nathaniel Brown | 2001 | Hepatology2001，，2： | 2 |
| 8 | 应对全球气候变化:全科医生的临床经验和方法显示文摘背景气候变化是全球公共卫生问题,需要全面深入的思考才能获得行之有效的解决方法。本文从理论上阐述全科医生临床经验和方法对于解决气候变化问题的借鉴意义。讨论我们认为全科医生的经验和特殊思考方式对解决气候变化问题是一笔宝贵的财富。这些财富包括,毕生对'首先不造成伤害'和'处理不确定性'的认知、反思和践行,'面对不完整信息时做出必要决策'的能力,对'复杂自适应系统'的认识,对稳态的维持,对意外后果的警醒,对'跨学科和跨专业'重要性的认识。总结全科医生一直以来都是公共卫生的拥护者。他们对复杂人类问题的处理方式也可用于应对气候变化。 | Grant Blashki Alan Abelsohn Robert Woollard Neil Arya Margot W Parkes Paul Kendal Erica Bell R Warren Bell 邵钧 | 2013 | 中国全科医学2013，16，10： | 2 |
| 9 | IL 28 B genotype is not useful for predicting treatment outcome in A sian chronic hepatitis B patients treated with pegylated interferon‐α显示文摘 | Jacinta A Holmes Tin Nguyen Dilip Ratnam Neel M Heerasing Jane V Tehan Sara Bonanzinga Anouk Dev Sally Bell Stephen Pianko Robert Chen Kumar Visvanathan Rachel Hammond David Iser Ferry Rusli William Sievert Paul V Desmond D Scott Bowden Alexander J Thomps | 2013 | J Gastroenterol Hepatol2013，，5： | 2 |
| 10 | A Prospective Multicenter Registry of Patients with Chronic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Receiving Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication显示文摘 | Reginald C.W. Bell Peter G. Mavrelis William E. Barnes David Dargis Bart J. Carter Kevin M. Hoddinott Robert W. Sewell Karim S. Trad Brian DaCosta Gill Glenn M. Ihde | 2012 | Journal of the American College of Surgeons2012，，6： | 2 |
| 11 | Peginterferon and Ribavirin Treatment in African American and Caucasian American Patients With Hepatitis C Genotype 1显示文摘 | Hari S. Conjeevaram Michael W. Fried Lennox J. Jeffers Norah A. Terrault Thelma E. Wiley–Lucas Nezam Afdhal Robert S. Brown Steven H. Belle Jay H. Hoofnagle David E. Kleiner Charles D. Howell | 2006 | Gastroenterology2006，，2： | 2 |
| 12 | Non-interferometric photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy显示文摘Elasto-optical refractive index modulation due to photoacoustic initial pressure transients produced significant reflection of a probe beam when the absorbing interface had an appreciable refractive index difference.This effect was harnessed in a new form of non-contact optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy called photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy.A noninterferometric system architecture with a low-coherence probe beam precludes detection of surface oscillations and other phase-modulation phenomenon.The probe beam was confocal with a scanned excitation beam to ensure detection of initial pressure-induced intensity reflections at the subsurface origin where pressures are largest.Phantom studies confirmed signal dependence on optical absorption,index contrast and excitation fluence.In vivo imaging of superficial microvasculature and melanoma tumors was demonstrated with~2.7±0.5μm lateral resolution. | Parsin Hajireza Wei Shi Kevan Bell Robert J Paproski Roger J Zemp | 2017 | Light(Science & Applications)2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 13 | Effect of oxygen and nitrogen functionalization on the physical and electronic structure of graphene显示文摘graphene 的共有原子价 functionalization 为定制它的性质提供机会并且是一些 graphene 合成技术的不可避免的后果。然而, functionalization 导致的变化很好没被理解。由使用原子来源控制氧和氮 functionalization 的程度,我们在原子规模在结构和性质学习了进化。虽然,原子氧 reversibly 介绍 epoxide 组,在类似的条件下面,原子氮不可逆转地创造包括的多样的功能代理, pyridinic,和 pyrrolic 氮。原子氧在迪拉克点离开费密能量(即, undoped ) ,虽然原子氮导致网做 n;然而,试验性的结果与为两是转变从的主导的电子效果一致去除到局部性的状态,和因此签名的损失 graphene 的电子结构。 | Alexander J. Marsden Peter Brommer James J. Mudd M. Adam Dyson Robert Cook Maria Asensio Jose Avila Ana Levy Jeremy Sloan David Quigley Gavin R. Bell Neil R. Wilson | 2015 | Nano Research2015，8，8： | 2 |
| 14 | Visual Interactive Simulation-Histroy,Recent Developments and Major Issues显示文摘 | Robert M O'Keefe | 1987 | Simulation1987，49，3： | 1 |
| 15 | 2-year follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial显示文摘 | Ian Smith Marion Procter Richard D Gelber Sébastien Guillaume Andrea Feyereislova Mitch Dowsett Aron Goldhirsch Michael Untch Gabriella Mariani Jose Baselga Manfred Kaufmann David Cameron Richard Bell Jonas Bergh Robert Coleman Andrew Wardley Nadia Harbec | 2007 | The Lancet2007，，9555： | 1 |
| 16 | A synthesis of 2- and 4 (5)- (2-pyridinyl) imidazoles by palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions 显示文摘 | Bell A S Roberts D A Ruddock K S | 1988 | Tetrahedron Lett1988，29，： | 1 |
| 17 | Slug and Sox9 Cooperatively Determine the Mammary Stem Cell State显示文摘 | Wenjun Guo Zuzana Keckesova Joana Liu Donaher Tsukasa Shibue Verena Tischler Ferenc Reinhardt Shalev Itzkovitz Aurelia Noske Ursina Zürrer-H?rdi George Bell Wai Leong Tam Sendurai A. Mani Alexander van Oudenaarden Robert A. Weinberg | 2012 | Cell2012，，5： | 1 |
| 18 | Influence of synthesis route on the catalytic properties of La1-xSrxMnO3显示文摘 | Millar Graeme J Drennan John | 2000 | Solid State Ionics2000，131，： | 1 |
| 19 | Variation in endoglin pathway genes associated with preeclampsia:a case-con- trol candidate gene association study 显示文摘 | Bell M Roberts J Founds S | 2013 | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth2013，13，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Comparisonoftheeffieaeyofa demand oxygen delivery system with continuous low flow oxygen insubjeets with stable COPD and severe oxygen desaturatio nonwalking 显示文摘 | Roberts C M Bell J wedzieha J A | 1996 | Thorax1996，51，11： | 1 |
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