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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | A numerical analysis of heat pulse velocity theory and practice显示文摘 | Swanson R H Whitfield D W A | 1981 | Journal of Experimental Botany1981，32，： | 2 |
| 3 | Robust Audio Watermarking Using Perceptual Masking显示文摘 | Swanson M D Zhu Bin Tewfik A H | 1998 | Signal Processing1998，66，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Biosynthesis of S-(4- ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-2-s-triazino ) glutathione: Partial purification and properties of a glutathione S- transferase from com显示文摘 | FREAR D S SWANSON H R | 1970 | Phytochemistry1970，9，10： | 1 |
| 5 | Bilateral renal cell carcinoma:influence of synchronous and asynchronous occurrence on patient survival显示文摘 | Zincke H Swanson SK | 1982 | J Urol1982，128，5： | 1 |
| 6 | Multimedia data embedding and watermarking techniques 显示文摘 | SWANSON M D KOBAYASHI M TEWFIK A H | 1998 | Proceedings of the IEEE1998，86，6： | 1 |
| 7 | A numerical analysis of heat velocity theory and practice 显示文摘 | Swanson R H Whitefield D W A | 1981 | Journal of Experimental Botany1981，32，： | 1 |
| 8 | A numerical analysis of heat pulse velocity theory and praice显示文摘 | SWANSON R H WHITEFIELD DWA | 1981 | J Exp Bot1981，32，126： | 1 |
| 9 | Multimedia Data Embedding and Watermarking Technologies显示文摘 | Swanson D M Kobayashi M Tewfik A H | 1998 | Proceedings of IEEE (S0018-9219)1998，86，7： | 1 |
| 10 | A numerical analysis of heat pulse velocity theory and practice显示文摘 | Swanson R H Whitfield D W A | 1981 | J Exp Bot1981，32，： | 1 |
| 11 | Multiresolut in Scene- Based Video Watermarking UsingPerceptual Models 显示文摘 | Swanson M Zhu B Tewfik A H | 1998 | IEEE1998，，： | 1 |
| 12 | Multimedia Data-embedding and Watermarking Technologies显示文摘 | Swanson M D Kobayashi M Tewfik A H | 1998 | Proceedings of the IEEE1998，86，6： | 1 |
| 13 | Forecasting financial and macroeconomic variables using data reduction methods:New empirical evidence显示文摘 | Kim H H Swanson N R | 2014 | Journal of Econometrics2014，178，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Multimedia data-embedding and watermarking Technologies显示文摘 | SWANSON M D KOBAYASHI M TEWFIK A H | 1998 | Proc IEEE1998，86，： | 1 |
| 15 | When seeing isn't believing显示文摘 | Zhu B B Swanson M D Tewfik A H | 2004 | IEEE Signal Process Mag2004，3，： | 1 |
| 16 | When seeing isn't believing显示文摘 | Zhu B B Swanson M D Tewfik A H | 2004 | IEEE Signal Processing Magazine2004，21，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking显示文摘 | Swanson M D Ahu B Tewfik A H | 1998 | Signal Processing1998，66，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Robust Audio Watermarking Using Perceptual Masking显示文摘 | Swanson D Zhu B Tewfik H | 1998 | Signal Processing1998，66，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Acute reactions to intravascular contrast media: types risk factors, recogition, and specific treatment 显示文摘 | Swanson D P | 1991 | A JR1991，157，： | 1 |
| 20 | Glutathione conjuga-tion:atrazine detoxication mechanism in com显示文摘 | Shimabukuro R H Swanson H R Walsh W C | 1970 | Plant Physiology1970，46，1： | 1 |
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