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| 1 | The effects of exercise on cognition in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review显示文摘Cognitive impairments are highly prevalent in Parkinson’s disease(PD)and can substantially affect a patient’s quality of life.These impairments remain difficult to manage with current clinical therapies,but exercise has been identified as a possible treatment.The objective of this systematic review was to accumulate and analyze evidence for the effects of exercise on cognition in both animal models of PD and human disease.This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)statement.Fourteen original reports were identified,including six pre-clinical animal studies and eight human clinical studies.These studies used various exercise interventions and evaluated many different outcome measures;therefore,only a qualitative synthesis was performed.The evidence from animal studies supports the role of exercise to improve cognition in humans through the promotion of neuronal proliferation,neuroprotection and neurogenesis.These findings warrant more research to determine what roles these neural mechanisms play in clinical populations.The reports on cognitive changes in clinical studies demonstrate that a range of exercise programs can improve cognition in humans.While each clinical study demonstrated improvements in a marker of cognition,there were limitations in each study,including non-randomized designs and risk of bias.The Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)system was used and the quality of the evidence for human studies were rated from“low”to“moderate”and the strength of the recommendations were rated from“weak”to“strong”.Studies that assessed executive function,compared to general cognitive abilities,received a higher GRADE rating.Overall,this systematic review found that in animal models exercise results in behavioral and corresponding neurobiological changes in the basal ganglia related to cognition.The clinical studies showed that various types of exercise,including aerobic,resistance and dance can improve cognitive function,although the optimal type,amount,mechanisms,and duration of exercise are unclear.With growing support for exercise to improve not only motor symptoms,but also cognitive impairments in PD,health care providers and policy makers should recommend exercise as part of routine management and neurorehabilitation for this disorder. | Danielle K Murray Matthew A Sacheli Janice J Eng A Jon Stoessl | 2014 | Translational Neurodegeneration2014，3，1： | 3 |
| 2 | Understanding the Reform Experiences of China, Eastern Europe and Russia显示文摘 | Woo WT | 1994 | Journal of Comparative Economics1994，18，3： | 1 |
| 3 | 显示文摘 | Sachs H G Lohmann C P Op de Laak J P | 1997 | Ophthalmologe1997，94，： | 1 |
| 4 | Progress on tooling by 3D printing:Conformal cooling,dimensional control,surface finish and hardness显示文摘 | Sachs E Allen S Guo J E | 1997 | Proc of Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium1997，，： | 1 |
| 5 | A role for cofactor-cofactor and cofac-tor-histone interactions in targeting p300,SWI/SNF and mediator for transcription显示文摘 | Huang ZQ Li J Sachs LM | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 6 | E - cadherin medicale cell - cehaclesion prevents invasiveness of human carcinoma cells显示文摘 | Feixen UH Behrens J Sachs M | 1991 | J Cell Biol1991，113，1： | 1 |
| 7 | The pH-responsive regulon of HP0244 (Flgs),the cytoplasmic histide kinase of Helicobacter pylori 显示文摘 | Wen Y Feng J Sachs G et d | 2009 | J Bacteriol2009，191，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Charaterizations of generalized convexities via generalized directional derivative显示文摘 | Sach P H Penot J P | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 9 | The curse of natural resources 显示文摘 | Sachs J D Warner A M | 2001 | European economic review2001，45，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Trends in regional inequality in China显示文摘 | Jian T Sachs J D Warner A M | 1996 | China Economic Review1996，7，1： | 1 |
| 11 | The curse of natural resources显示文摘 | Sachs J Warner A | 2001 | European Economic Review2001，，45： | 1 |
| 12 | Compensation for 'Meaningful Participation' in Climate Change Control: A Modest Proposal and Empirical Analysis 显示文摘 | Panayotou T Sachs J D Zwane A P | 2002 | Journal of Environmental Economics and Management2002，43，： | 1 |
| 13 | Achieving universal health coverage in low-income settings显示文摘 | Sachs J D | | 0，，9845： | 1 |
| 14 | Stable isotope constraints on the nitrogen cycle of the Mediterranean Sea water colunm显示文摘 | PANTOJA S REPETA D J SACHS J P | 2002 | Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers2002，49，： | 1 |
| 15 | Global existence of smooth solutions and stability of solitary waves for a generalized Boussinesq equation显示文摘 | BONA J L SACHS R L | 1988 | Commun Math Phys1988，118，1： | 1 |
| 16 | E-CD mediated cell- cell adhesion prevents invasions of human cancer cells 显示文摘 | Frixen U H Behrens J Sachs M | 1991 | J Cell Biol1991，113，1： | 1 |
| 17 | E-cadherin mediated cell adhesion prevents invasiveness of human carcioma cells显示文摘 | Frixen UH Behrens J Sachs M | 1991 | J Cell Biol1991，113，： | 1 |
| 18 | The synthesis of peptides related to gramicidin显示文摘 | Erlanger B F Sachs H Brand E J | 1954 | J Am Chem Soc1954，76，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Microclimate control upon sand microbiotic crusts, western Negev Desert, Israel显示文摘 | Kidron G J Barzilay E Sachs E | 2000 | Geo- morphology2000，36，： | 1 |
| 20 | The Curse of Natural Resources 显示文摘 | Sachs J D Warner A M | 2001 | European Economic Review2001，，46： | 1 |
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