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| 1 | Strategies to tackle the challenges of external beam radiotherapy for liver tumors显示文摘Primary and metastatic liver cancer is an increasingly common and difficult to control disease entity.Radiation offers a non-invasive treatment alternative for these patients who often have few options and a poor prognosis.However,the anatomy and aggressiveness of liver cancer poses significant challenges such as accurate localization at simulation and treatment,management of motion and appropriate selection of dose regimen.This article aims to review the options available and provide information for the practical implementation and/or improvement of liver cancer radiation programs within the context of stereotactic body radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy guidelines.Specific patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented given the significant toxicity found in certain sub-populations treated with radiation.Indeed,certain sub-populations,such as those with tumor thrombosis or those with larger lesions treated with transarterial chemoembolization,have been shown to have significant improvements in outcome with the addition of radiation and merit special consideration.Implementing a liver radiation programrequires three primary challenges to be addressed:(1) immobilization and motion management;(2) localization;and(3) dose regimen and constraint selection.Strategies to deal with motion include simple internal target volume(ITV) expansions,non-gated ITV reduction strategies,breath hold methods,and surrogate marker methods to enable gating or tracking.Localization of the tumor and organs-at-risk are addressed using contrast infusion techniques to take advantage of different normal liver and cancer vascular anatomy,imaging modalities,and margin management.Finally,a dose response has been demonstrated and dose regimens appear to be converging.A more uniform approach to treatment in terms of technique,dose selection and patient selection will allow us to study liver radiation in larger and,hopefully,multicenter randomized studies. | Michael I Lock Jonathan Klein Hans T Chung Joseph M Herman Edward Y Kim William Small Nina A Mayr Simon S Lo | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，14： | 2 |
| 2 | Galantamine in the treatment of cognitive decline in patients with vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease显示文摘 | Small G Erkinjuntti T Kurz A | 2003 | CNS Drags2003，17，12： | 1 |
| 3 | Biomagnification of perfluoroalkylcompounds in the bottlenose dolphin ( Turs iops truncatus) food web显示文摘 | Houde M Bujas T A Small J | 2006 | Environmental Science and Technology2006，40，13： | 1 |
| 4 | Suspected aortic dissection and other aortic disorders: multi-detector row CT in 373 cases in the emergency setting显示文摘 | Hayter R G Rhea J T Small A | 2006 | Radiology2006，238，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Minimum requirements for modeling bivalve carrying capacity 显示文摘 | Small A C Prins T C Bankers N | 1998 | Aquatic Ecology1998，31，： | 1 |
| 6 | A prospective study of complications related to mandibular third molar surgery显示文摘 | Osborn T P Fredefickson G Small I A | 1985 | J Oral Maxillofac Surg1985，43，10： | 1 |
| 7 | An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia显示文摘 | Erkinjuntti T Kurz A Small G | 2003 | Clin Ther2003，25，17： | 1 |
| 8 | Giant plasmid- encoded polyketide synthases produce the macrolide toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans显示文摘 | Stinear T P Mve-Obiang A Small P L | 2004 | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2004，101，： | 1 |
| 9 | The value of time and reliability : Measurement from a value pricing experiment 显示文摘 | Lam T C Small K A | 2001 | Transportation Research Part E2001，37，2： | 1 |
| 10 | The value of time and reliability:measurement from a value pricing experiment显示文摘 | Lam T C Small K A | 2001 | Transportation Research Part E2001，37，23： | 1 |
| 11 | Product differentiation on roads: constrained congestion pricing with heterogeneous users显示文摘 | Verhoef E T Small K A | 2004 | Journal of Transport Economics Policy2004，38，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Influence of ionic strength on strontium sorption to bacteria, Fe(Ⅲ) oxide, and composite bacteria-Fe(Ⅲ) oxide surface显示文摘 | Warren L A Ferris F G | 2001 | Applied Geochimistry2001，16，： | 1 |
| 13 | Effects of mild hypothermia on hemodynamics in cardiac arrest survivors and isolated failing human myocardium显示文摘 | temperature small chill: Cardiovasc acobshagen C Pelster T Pax A | 2010 | Clin Res Cardiol2010，99，5： | 1 |
| 14 | An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia显示文摘 | ERKINJUNTTI T KURZ A SMALL GW | 2003 | Clin Ther2003，25，6： | 1 |
| 15 | A Review of the Feedback Between Bivalve Grazing and Ecosystem Processes显示文摘 | PRINS T C SMALL A C DAME R F | 1998 | Aquatic Ecology1998，31，： | 1 |
| 16 | Angiotensin converting enzyme inbibitor cough:lessens from heart-lung transplantation显示文摘 | SMALL T CORRIS P A | 1998 | Respirology1998，3，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Transfusion-related acute lung injury(TRAL1) in a patient with a single lung transplant显示文摘 | Dykes A Small Wood D Kotsimbos T | 2000 | Br J Haematol2000，109，： | 1 |
| 18 | Biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl compounds in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Food Web显示文摘 | Houde M Bujas T A D Small J etal | 2006 | Environmental Science & Technology2006，40，13： | 1 |
| 19 | Biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl compounds in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)food web显示文摘 | HOUDE M BUJAS T A SMALL J | 2006 | Environmental Science and Technology2006，40，： | 1 |
| 20 | The value of time and reliability: measurement from a value pricing experlment显示文摘 | Lam T C Small K A | 2001 | Transportation Research Part E2001，37，： | 1 |
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