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| 1 | Susceptibility weighted imaging: Clinical applications and future directions显示文摘Susceptibility weighted imaging(SWI) is a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) technique that is increasingly being used to narrow the differential diagnosis of many neurologic disorders. It exploits the magnetic susceptibility differences of various compounds including deoxygenated blood, blood products, iron and calcium, thus enabling a new source of contrast in MR. In this review, we illustrate its basic clinical applications in neuroimaging. SWI is based on a fully velocity-compensated, high-resolution, three dimensional gradientecho sequence using magnitude and phase images either separately or in combination with each other, in order to characterize brain tissue. SWI is particularly useful in the setting of trauma and acute neurologic presentations suggestive of stroke, but can also characterize occult low-flow vascular malformations, cerebral microbleeds, intracranial calcifications, neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors. Furthermore, advanced MRI post-processing technique with quantitative susceptibility mapping, enables detailed anatomical differentiation based on quantification of brain iron from SWI raw data. | Ahmet Mesrur Halefoglu David Mark Yousem | 2018 | World Journal of Radiology2018，10，4： | 32 |
| 2 | Solvation effects on brain uptakes of isomers of ^(99m)Tc brain imaging agents显示文摘Analysis of electrostatic hydration free energies of the isomers of the 99mTc-BAT and 99mTc-DADT complexes is carried out using the computer simulation technique. The results show that not only a correlation exists between the logarithm of the brain uptake and the electrostatic hydration free energy for the isomers of 99mTc-brain radiopharmaceu-ticals, but also a linear relationship exists between the logarithm of the ratio of the brain uptake of the syn isomer to that of the anti one and the difference between the electrostatic hydration free energy of the syn-isomer and that of the anti one. Furthermore, the investigation on the important factors influencing the brain uptakes of 99mTc-radiophar-maceuticals and the reasons of the different biodistribution of the isomers of the 99mTc-complexes is explored at the molecular level. The results may provide a reference for the rational drug design of brain imaging agents. | JIA Hongmei, MA Xiaohui, WANG Cunxin & LIU Boli1. Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 2. Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Polytechnic University, Beijing 100022, China | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，21： | 8 |
| 3 | Modulatory effect of International standard Scalp Acupuncture on brain activation in the elderly as revealed by resting-state fMRI显示文摘The specific mechanisms by which acupuncture affects the central nervous system are unclear. In the International Standard Scalp Acupuncture system, acupuncture needles are applied at the middle line of the vertex, anterior parietal-temporal oblique line, and the posterior parietal-temporal oblique line. We conducted a single-arm prospective clinical trial in which seven healthy elderly volunteers (three men and four women;50–70 years old) received International Standard Scalp Acupuncture at MS5 (the mid-sagittal line between Baihui (DU20) and Qianding (DU21)), the left MS6 (line joining Sishencong (EX-HN1) and Xuanli (GB6)), and the left MS7 (line joining DU20 and Qubin (GB7)). After acupuncture, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated changes in the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations and regional homogeneity in various areas, showing remarkable enhancement of regional homogeneity in the bilateral anterior cingulate, left medial frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus. Functional connectivity based on a seed region at the right middle frontal gyrus (42, 51, 9) decreased at the bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus. Our data preliminarily indicates that the international standard scalp acupuncture in healthy elderly participants specifcally enhances the correlation between the brain regions involved in cognition and implementation of the brain network regulation system and the surrounding adjacent brain regions. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the China-Japan Union Hospital at Jilin University, China, on July 18, 2016 (approval No. 2016ks043). | Wai-Yeung Chung Song-Yan Liu Jing-Chun Gao Yi-Jing Jiang Jing Zhang Shan-Shan Qu Ji-Ping Zhang Xiao-Long Tan Jun-Qi Chen Sheng-Xu Wang | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，12： | 8 |
| 4 | Role of functional imaging in the development and refinement of invasive neuromodulation for psychiatric disorders显示文摘Deep brain stimulation(DBS) is emerging as a pow-erful tool for the alleviation of targeted symptoms in treatment-resistant neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite the expanding use of neuropsychiatric DBS, the mecha-nisms responsible for its effects are only starting to be elucidated. Several modalities such as quantitative elec-troencephalography as well a intraoperative recordings have been utilized to attempt to understand the under-pinnings of this new treatment modality, but functional imaging appears to offer several unique advantages. Functional imaging techniques like positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomog-raphy and functional magnetic resonance imaging have been used to examine the effects of focal DBS on activ-ity in a distributed neural network. These investigations are critical for advancing the field of invasive neuro-modulation in a safe and effective manner, particularly in terms of defining the neuroanatomical targets and refining the stimulation protocols. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current functional neuroim-aging findings from neuropsychiatric DBS implantation for three disorders: treatment-resistant depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette syndrome. All of the major targets will be discussed(Nucleus ac-cumbens, anterior limb of internal capsule, subcallosal cingulate, Subthalamic nucleus, Centromedial nucleus of the thalamus-Parafasicular complex, frontal pole, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). We will also address some apparent inconsistencies within this literature, and suggest potential future directions for this promis-ing area. | Nolan R Williams Joseph J Taylor Kayla Lamb Colleen A Hanlon E Baron Short Mark S George | 2014 | World Journal of Radiology2014，6，10： | 6 |
| 5 | Emotion processing in Parkinson's disease: a blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging study显示文摘Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia are the major symptoms of the disease. These motor impairments are often accompanied by affective and emotional dysfunctions which have been largely studied over the last decade. The aim of this study was to investigate emotional processing organization in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease and to explore whether there are differences between recognition of different types of emotions in Parkinson's disease. We examined 18 patients with Parkinson's disease(8 men, 10 women) with no history of neurological or psychiatric comorbidities. All these patients underwent identical brain blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging for emotion evaluation. Blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging results revealed that the occipito-temporal cortices, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and parietal cortex which are involved in emotion processing, were activated during the functional control. Additionally, positive emotions activate larger volumes of the same anatomical entities than neutral and negative emotions. Results also revealed that Parkinson's disease associated with emotional disorders are increasingly recognized as disabling as classic motor symptoms. These findings help clinical physicians to recognize the emotional dysfunction of patients with Parkinson's disease. | Mohammed Benzagmout Sa?d Boujraf Badreeddine Alami Hassane Ali Amadou Halima El Hamdaoui Amine Bennani Mounir Jaafari Ismail Rammouz Mustapha Maaroufi Rabia Magoul Driss Boussaoud | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，4： | 6 |
| 6 | Functional topography of the corpus callosum investigated by DTI and f MRI显示文摘This short review examines the most recent functional studies of the topographic organization of the human corpus callosum, the main interhemispheric commissure. After a brief description of its anatomy, development, microstructure, and function, it examines and discusses the latest findings obtained using diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) and tractography(DTT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(f MRI), three recently developed imaging techniques that have significantly expanded and refined our knowledge of the commissure. While DTI and DTT have been providing insights into its microstructure, integrity and level of myelination, f MRI has been the key technique in documenting the activation of white matter fibers, particularly in the corpus callosum. By combining DTT and f MRI it has been possible to describe the trajectory of the callosal fibers interconnecting the primary olfactory, gustatory, motor, somatic sensory, auditory and visual cortices at sites where the activation elicited by peripheral stimulation was detected by fMRI. These studies have demonstrated the presence of callosal fiber tracts that cross the commissure at the level of the genu, body, and splenium, at sites showing f MRI activation. Altogether such findings lend further support to the notion that the corpus callosum displays a functional topographic organization that can be explored with f MRI. | Mara Fabri Chiara Pierpaoli Paolo Barbaresi Gabriele Polonara | 2014 | World Journal of Radiology2014，6，12： | 6 |
| 7 | Visual neuroscience research in China显示文摘Historically,vision research in China was one of a few distinct research programs within the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).With improved funding opportunities and research environment in neuroscience,vision research at several research institutes within the academy has made significant progress not only in the quantity of publications,but also in the quality of the work.Based on our own expertise,this review is mainly focused on the findings that have advanced the understanding of visual processing in the central visual pathway,visual perceptual learning,visual development and eye diseases. | YAO HaiShan,LU HaiDong & WANG Wei Institute of Neuroscience,State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200031,China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，3： | 5 |
| 8 | Asymmetry of brain functional activation: fMRI study under language and music stimulation显示文摘Objective To determine the asymmetry of the human brain functional activation Methods With the help of GE Signa Horizon MRI cystem, 14 cases of right handed volunteers were examined and the blood oxygenation level dependent method was used The T1 weighted images were obtained with spin echo pulse sequence and the functional imaging(T2 * weighted) was performed using a single shot echo planar imaging pulse sequence Data analysis was done with Sun Sparc Workstation and by the method of student t test or correlation analysis Results Most of activation areas were in the left hemisphere under language stimulation, while they were in the right side under music stimulation Besides, a few brain areas in the contralateral cerebral cortex were also activated under both stimulations Conclusion The present study supported the hypothesis of the asymmetry of brain functional activation and many brain areas of the cerebral cortex as well as both hemispheres worked in coordination In addition, it also proved that fMRI is a feasible method in the study of human brain in | 李恩中 翁旭初 韩璎 武少杰 庄建程 陈楚晖 冯玲 张侃 | 2000 | Chinese Medical Journal2000，，2： | 5 |
| 9 | Brain changes in diabetes mellitus patients withgastrointestinal symptoms显示文摘Diabetes mellitus is a common disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In various studies up to 30%-70% of patients present dysfunction and complications related to the gut. To date several clinical studies have demonstrated that autonomic nervous system neuropathy and generalized neuropathy of the central nervous system(CNS) may play a major role. This systematic review provides an overview of the neurodegenerative changes that occur as a consequence of diabetes with a focus on the CNS changes and gastrointestinal(GI) dysfunction. Animal models where diabetes was induced experimentally support that the disease induces changes in CNS. Recent investigations with electroencephalography and functional brain imaging in patients with diabetes confirm these structural and functional brain changes. Encephalographic studies demonstrated that altered insular processing of sensory stimuli seems to be a key player in symptom generation. In fact one study indicated that the more GI symptoms the patients experienced, the deeper the insular electrical source was located. The electroencephalography was often used in combination with quantitative sensory testingmainly showing hyposensitivity to stimulation of GI organs. Imaging studies on patients with diabetes and GI symptoms mainly showed microstructural changes,especially in brain areas involved in visceral sensory processing. As the electrophysiological and imaging changes were associated with GI and autonomic symptoms they may represent a future therapeutic target for treating diabetics either pharmacologically or with neuromodulation. | Anne M Drewes Eirik Søfteland Georg Dimcevski Adam D Farmer Christina Brock Jens B Frøkjær Klaus Krogh Asbjørn M Drewes | 2016 | World Journal of Diabetes2016，7，2： | 4 |
| 10 | Traumatic axonal injury of the cingulum in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor tractography study显示文摘The cingulum,connecting the orbitofrontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe,involves in diverse cognition functions including attention,memory,and motivation.To investigate the relationship between the cingulum injury and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury,we evaluated the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain using diffusion tensor tractography in 73 patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury(39 males,34 females,age 43.29±11.42 years)and 40 healthy controls(22 males,18 females,age 40.11±16.81 years).The patients were divided into three subgroups based on the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain on diffusion tensor tractography:subgroup A(n=19 patients)– both sides of the anterior cingulum were intact;subgroup B(n=36 patients)– either side of the anterior cingulum was intact;and subgroup C(18 patients)– both sides of the anterior cingulum were discontinued.There were significant differences in total Memory Assessment Scale score between subgroups A and B and between subgroups A and C.There were no significant differences in diffusion tensor tractography parameters(fractional anisotropy,apparent diffusion coefficient,and fiber volume)between patients and controls.These findings suggest that the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain,but not diffusion tensor tractography parameter,can be used to predict the cognitive function of patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury.This study was approved by Yeungnam University Hospital Institutional Review Board(approval No.YUMC-2014-01-425-010)on August 16,2017. | Sung Ho Jang Seong Ho Kim Han Do Lee | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，9： | 4 |
| 11 | Resting-state network complexity and magnitude changes in neonates with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy显示文摘Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has revealed disrupted brain network connectivity in adults and teenagers with cerebral palsy. However, the specific brain networks implicated in neonatal cases remain poorly understood. In this study, we recruited 14 termborn infants with mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and 14 term-born infants with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy from Changzhou Children's Hospital, China. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data showed efficient small-world organization in whole-brain networks in both the mild and severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy groups. However, compared with the mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group, the severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group exhibited decreased local efficiency and a low clustering coefficient. The distribution of hub regions in the functional networks had fewer nodes in the severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group compared with the mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group. Moreover, nodal efficiency was reduced in the left rolandic operculum, left supramarginal gyrus, bilateral superior temporal gyrus, and right middle temporal gyrus. These results suggest that the topological structure of the resting state functional network in children with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is clearly distinct from that in children with mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and may be associated with impaired language, motion, and cognition. These data indicate that it may be possible to make early predictions regarding brain development in children with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, enabling early interventions targeting brain function. This study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Boards of the Changzhou Children's Hospital(approval No. 2013-001) on January 31, 2013. Informed consent was obtained from the family members of the children. The trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration number: ChiCTR1800016409) and the protocol version is 1.0. | Hong-Xin Li Min Yu Ai-Bin Zheng Qin-Fen Zhang Guo-Wei Hua Wen-Juan Tu Li-Chi Zhang | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，4： | 4 |
| 12 | Neural metabolic activity in idiopathic tinnitus patients after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation显示文摘BACKGROUND The central mechanism of idiopathic tinnitus is related to hyperactivity of cortical and subcortical auditory and non-auditory areas. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a well-tolerated, non-invasive potential treatment option for tinnitus. AIM To investigate the changes of neural metabolic activity after rTMS in chronic idiopathic tinnitus (IT) patients. METHODS Eleven patients underwent rTMS (1 Hz, 90% motor threshold, 1000 stimuli/day for consecutive 10 d) on the left temporoparietal region cortex. Tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) and visual analogue score (VAS) were assessed at baseline and posttreatment. All patients underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography to evaluate the neural metabolic activity. Data were preprocessed using statistical parametric mapping and Gretna software to extract the regions of interest (ROIs). The correlation between brain areas involved and THI scores was analyzed. RESULTS Baseline and posttreatment parameters showed no significant difference regarding THI score (t = 1.019, P = 0.342 > 0.05) and VAS (t = 0.00, P = 1.0 > 0.05). Regions with the highest FDG uptake were the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), right parahippocampa gyrus (PHG), right hippocampus, rectus gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, and right inferior frontal gyrus in IT patients. After rTMS treatment, IT patients showed increased activities in the right PHG, right superior temporal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, left inferior parietal lobule, and left precentral gyrus, and decreased activities in the left postcentral gyrus and left ITG. The ROIs in the right parahippocampa gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus were positively correlated with THI scores (r = 0.737, P = 0.037 < 0.05;r = 0.735, P = 0.038 < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study showed that 1-Hz rTMS directed to the left temporo-parietal junction resulted no statistically significant symptom alleviation. After treatment, brain areas of the limbic and prefrontal system showed high neutral metabolic activity. The auditory and non-auditory systems together will be the target for rTMS treatment. | Ying Kan Wei Wang Shu-Xin Zhang Huan Ma Zhen-Chang Wang Ji-Gang Yang | 2019 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2019，7，13： | 4 |
| 13 | Localization of the brain calculation function area with MRI显示文摘The aim of this study is to define the anatomical localization of corresponding brain function area during calculating. The activating modes in brain during continuous silent calculating subtraction and repeated silent reading multiplication table were compared and investigated. Fourteen volunteers of right-handedness were enrolled in this experiment. The quite difference of reaction modes in brain area during the two modes of calculation reveal that there are different processing pathways in brain during these two operating actions. During continuous silent calculating, the function area is localized on the posterior portion of superior and middle gyrus of frontal lobe and the lobule of posterior parietal lobe (P < 0.01, T = 5.41). It demonstrates that these function areas play an important role in the performance of calculation and working memory. Whereas the activating of visual cortex shows that even in mental arithmetic processing the brain action is having the aid of vision and visual | WANG Mingshi WANG Liqun | 2001 | Chinese Science Bulletin2001，46，22： | 4 |
| 14 | In vivo imaging of structural,metabolic and functional brain changes in glaucoma显示文摘Glaucoma, the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a condition for which elevated intraocular pressure is currently the only modifiable risk factor. However, the disorder can continue to progress even at reduced intraocular pressure. This indicates additional key factors that contribute to the etiopathogenesis. There has been a growing amount of literature suggesting glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease of the visual system. However, it remains debatable whether the observed pathophysiological conditions are causes or consequences. This review summarizes recent in vivo imaging studies that helped advance the understanding of early glaucoma involvements and disease progression in the brains of humans and experimental animal models. In particular, we focused on the non-invasive detection of early structural and functional brain changes before substantial clinical visual field loss in glaucoma patients; the eye-brain interactions across disease severity; the metabolic changes occurring in the brain's visual system in glaucoma; and, the widespread brain involvements beyond the visual pathway as well as the potential behavioral relevance. If the mechanisms of glaucomatous brain changes are reliably identified, novel neurotherapeutics that target parameters beyond intraocular pressure lowering can be the promise of the near future, which would lead to reduced prevalence of this irreversible but preventable disease. | Anisha Kasi Muneeb A.Faiq Kevin C.Chan | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，3： | 3 |
| 15 | Abnormal spontaneous brain activity in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy detected using functional magnetic resonance imaging显示文摘To the Editor: Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), characterized by a sudden onset of unilateral painless visual loss and a swollen optic disc, is the most common form of acute optic neuropathy in patients over 50 years of age.[1] The pathogenesis of NAION remains unclear, but most histopathological studies support the concept of vasculopathic occlusion in the region of the short posterior ciliary arteries.[2] Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most widely used non-invasive techniques for measuring brain function over time in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, only one study has investigated the effects of stimulating the affected eye in the extra-visual areas in NAION in humans.[3]However, this previous study only examined task-state fMRI, and lacked a measure of resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI). Thus, it remains unclear whether regional spontaneous brain changes are limited to the visual system. | Peng-De Guo Peng-Bo Zhao Han Lv Feng-Yuan Man Yan Su Jing Zhao Ming Liu Yun-Xiang Chen Yan Wang Hai-Qin Hua Ling-Ling Cai Jian Zhou | 2019 | Chinese Medical Journal2019，，6： | 3 |
| 16 | Auditory hallucinations: A review of the ERC “VOICE” project显示文摘In this invited review I provide a selective overview of recent research on brain mechanisms and cognitive processes involved in auditory hallucinations. The review is focused on research carried out in the 'VOICE' ERC Advanced Grant Project, funded by the European Research Council, but I also review and discuss the literature in general. Auditory hallucinations are suggested to be perceptual phenomena, with a neuronal origin in the speech perception areas in the temporal lobe. The phenomenology of auditory hallucinations is conceptualized along three domains, or dimensions; a perceptual dimension, experienced as someone speaking to the patient; a cognitive dimension, experienced as an inability to inhibit, or ignore the voices, and an emotional dimension, experienced as the 'voices' having primarily a negative, or sinister, emotional tone. I will review cognitive, imaging, and neurochemistry data related to these dimensions, primarily the first two. The reviewed data are summarized in a model that sees auditory hallucinations as initiated from temporal lobe neuronal hyper-activation that draws attentional focus inward, and which is not inhibited due to frontal lobe hypo-activation. It is further suggested that this is maintained through abnormal glutamate and possibly gamma-amino-butyric-acid transmitter mediation, which could point towards new pathways for pharmacological treatment. A final section discusses new methods of acquiring quantitative data on the phenomenology and subjective experience of auditory hallucination that goes beyond standard interview questionnaires, by suggesting an iP hone/iP od app. | Kenneth Hugdahl | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，2： | 3 |
| 17 | Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal brain in utero: Methods and applications显示文摘Application of modern magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) techniques to the live fetus in utero is a relatively recent endeavor. The relative advantages and disadvantages of clinical MRI relative to the widely used and accepted ultrasonographic approach are the subject of a continuing debate; however the focus of this review is on the even younger field of quantitative MRI as applied to non-invasive studies of fetal brain development. The techniques covered under this header include structural MRI when followed by quan-titative(e.g., volumetric) analysis, as well as quantita-tive analyses of diffusion weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional MRI. The majority of the published work re-viewed here reflects information gathered from normal fetuses scanned during the 3rd trimester, with relatively smaller number of studies of pathological samples including common congenital pathologies such as ven-triculomegaly and viral infection. | Anat Biegon Chen Hoffmann | 2014 | World Journal of Radiology2014，6，8： | 3 |
| 18 | Divergent topological networks in Alzheimer’s disease:a diffusion kurtosis imaging analysis显示文摘Background:Brain consists of plenty of complicated cytoarchitecture.Gaussian-model based diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)is far from satisfactory interpretation of the structural complexity.Diffusion kurtosis imaging(DKI)is a tool to determine brain non-Gaussian diffusion properties.We investigated the network properties of DKI parameters in the whole brain using graph theory and further detected the alterations of the DKI networks in Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Methods:Magnetic resonance DKI scanning was performed on 21 AD patients and 19 controls.Brain networks were constructed by the correlation matrices of 90 regions and analyzed through graph theoretical approaches.Results:We found small world characteristics of DKI networks not only in the normal subjects but also in the AD patients;Grey matter networks of AD patients tended to be a less optimized network.Moreover,the divergent small world network features were shown in the AD white matter networks,which demonstrated increased shortest paths and decreased global efficiency with fiber tractography but decreased shortest paths and increased global efficiency with other DKI metrics.In addition,AD patients showed reduced nodal centrality predominantly in the default mode network areas.Finally,the DKI networks were more closely associated with cognitive impairment than the DTI networks.Conclusions:Our results suggest that DKImight be superior to DTI and could serve as a novel approach to understand the pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. | Jia-Xing Cheng Hong-Ying Zhang Zheng-Kun Peng Yao Xu Hui Tang Jing-Tao Wu Jun Xu | 2018 | Translational Neurodegeneration2018，7，1： | 2 |
| 19 | Relationship between MRI pertusion and clinical severity in multiple sclerosis显示文摘Perfusion alterations within several brain regions have been shown in multiple sclerosis patients using different magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)techniques.Furthermore,MRI-derived brain perfusion metrics have been investigated in association with multiple sclerosis phenotypes,physical disability,and cognitive impairment.However,a review focused on these aspects is still missing.Our aim was to review all the studies investigating the relationship between perfusion MRI and clinical severity during the last fifteen years to understand the clinical relevance of these findings.Perfusion differences among phenotypes were observed both with 1.5T and 3T scanners,with progressive multiple sclerosis presenting with lower perfusion values than relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients.However,only 3T scanners showed a statistically significant distinction.Controversial results about the association between MRI-derived perfusion metrics and physical disability scores were found.However,the majority of the studies showed that lower brain perfusion and longer transit time are associated with more severe physical disability and worse cognitive performances. | Maria Marcella Laganà Laura Pelizzari Francesca Baglio | 2020 | Neural Regeneration Research2020，15，4： | 2 |
| 20 | Gerstmann-Str?ussler-Scheinker disease: A case report显示文摘BACKGROUND Gerstmann-Str?ussler-Scheinker(GSS) disease is an inherited prion disease that is clinically characterized by the early onset of progressive cerebellar ataxia. The incidence of GSS is extremely low and it is particularly rare in China. Therefore,clinicians may easily confuse this disease with other diseases that also cause ataxia, resulting in its under-diagnosis or misdiagnosis.CASE SUMMARY Here, we report the first case of genetically diagnosed GSS disease in Northeast China. The patient exhibited typical ataxia and dysarthria 2.5 years after symptom onset. However, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord revealed a normal anatomy. Screening results for the spinocerebellar ataxia gene were also negative. We thus proposed to expand the scope of genetic screening to include over 200 mutations that can cause ataxia. A final diagnosis of GSS was presented and the patient was followed for more than 3.5 years, during which we noted imaging abnormalities. The patient gradually exhibited decorticate posturing and convulsions. We recommended administration of oral sodium valproate, which resolved the convulsions.CONCLUSION Patients with inherited ataxia should be considered for a diagnosis of GSS via genetic testing at an early disease stage. | Ming-Ming Zhao Liang-Shu Feng Shuai Hou Ping-Ping Shen Li Cui Jia-Chun Feng | 2019 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2019，7，3： | 2 |
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