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| 1 | Adhesion and surface forces in polymer tribology——A review显示文摘Polymer tribology is a fast growing area owing to increasing applications of polymers and polymer composites in industry, transportation, and many other areas of economy. Surface forces are very important for polymer contact, but the real origin of such forces has not been fully investigated. Strong adhesive interaction between polymers leads to an increase in the friction force, and hence, the asperities of the material may be removed to form wear particles or transfer layers on the counterface. The theory of polymer adhesion has not been completely elucidated yet and several models of adhesion have been proposed from the physical or chemical standpoints. This paper is focused on the research efforts on polymer adhesion with emphasis on adhesion mechanisms, which are very important in the analysis of polymer friction and wear. | Nikolai MYSHKIN Alexander KOVALEV | 2018 | Friction2018，6，2： | 15 |
| 2 | Highly Stretchable,Elastic,and Sensitive MXene-Based Hydrogel for Flexible Strain and Pressure Sensors显示文摘Electronic skin is driving the next generation of cutting-edge wearable electronic products due to its good wearability and high accuracy of information acquisition.However,it remains a challenge to fulfill the requirements on detecting full-range human activities with existing flexible strain sensors.Herein,highly stretchable,sensitive,and multifunctional flexible strain sensors based on MXene-(Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-)composited poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone double-network hydrogels were prepared.The uniformly distributed hydrophilic MXene nanosheets formed a three-dimensional conductive network throughout the hydrogel,endowing the flexible sensor with high sensitivity.The strong interaction between the double-network hydrogel matrix and MXene greatly improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogels.The resulting nanocomposited hydrogels featured great tensile performance(2400%),toughness,and resilience.Particularly,the as-prepared flexible pressure sensor revealed ultrahigh sensitivity(10.75 kPa^(-1))with a wide response range(0-61.5 kPa),fast response(33.5 ms),and low limit of detection(0.87 Pa).Moreover,the hydrogel-based flexible sensors,with high sensitivity and durability,could be employed to monitor fullrange human motions and assembled into some aligned devices for subtle pressure detection,providing enormous potential in facial expression and phonation recognition,handwriting verification,healthy diagnosis,and wearable electronics. | Yao Lu Xinyu Qu Wen Zhao Yanfang Ren Weili Si Wenjun Wang Qian Wang Wei Huang Xiaochen Dong | 2020 | Research2020，，1： | 14 |
| 3 | The Durability of Alkali-Activated Materials in Comparison with Ordinary Portland Cements and Concretes:A Review显示文摘China is the largest producer and user of ordinary Portland cement(OPC),and the rapid growth of infrastructure development demands more sustainable building materials for concrete structures.Alkali-activated materials(AAMs)are a new type of energy-saving and environmentally friendly building material with a wide range of potential applications.This paper compares the durability of AAMs and 0 PC-based materials un der sulfate attack,acid corrosion,carb on ation,and chloride penetratio n.Different AAMs have shown distinct durability properties due to different compositions being formed when different raw materials are used.According to the calcium(Ca)concentration of the raw materials,this paper interprets the deterioration mechanisms of three categories of AAMs:calcium-free,low-calcium,and calcium-rich.Conflicts found in the most recent research are highlighted,as they raise concerns regarding the consistenee and long-term properties of AAMs.Nevertheless,AAMs show better durability performances than OPC-based materials in general. | Aiguo Wang Yi Zheng Zuhua Zhang Kaiwei Liu Yan Li Liang Shi Daosheng Sun | 2020 | Engineering2020，6，6： | 13 |
| 4 | Experimental investigation and analysis on flexural performance of functionally graded composite beam crack-controlled by ultrahigh toughness cementitious composites显示文摘Based on the concept of functionally graded concrete,UHTCC(ultrahigh toughness cementitious composites)material with excellent crack-controlling ability is strategically substituted for part of the concrete,which surrounds the main longitudinal reinforcement in a reinforced concrete member.Investigations on bending behavior of such a functionally graded composite beam crack-controlled by UHTCC(abbreviated as UHTCC-FGC beam)have been carried out.After establishing a theoretical cal-culation model,the paper discusses the results of four-point bending experiment on long composite beams without web reinforcement,and validates the theoretical formulae through experimental results of UHTCC-FGC beams with different thicknesses of UHTCC layer.Besides improving bearing capacity and saving steel reinforcements,the results indicate that UHTCC-FGC beams can also effectively control the deformation and enhance the ductility of members.At last,the optimal thickness of UHTCC layer in UHTCC-FGC beams has been confirmed,which can not only save materials and improve mechanical performance of members,but also be very effective in preventing corrosion-induced damage and enhancing the durability of members by controlling crack width below 0.05mm under service conditions. | LI QingHua XU ShiLang | 2009 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2009，52，6： | 13 |
| 5 | A Review of Printable Flexible and Stretchable Tactile Sensors显示文摘Flexible and stretchable tactile sensors that are printable,nonplanar,and dynamically morphing are emerging to enable proprioceptive interactions with the unstructured surrounding environment.Owing to its varied range of applications in the field of wearable electronics,soft robotics,human-machine interaction,and biomedical devices,it is required of these sensors to be flexible and stretchable conforming to the arbitrary surfaces of their stiff counterparts.The challenges in maintaining the fundamental features of these sensors,such as flexibility,sensitivity,repeatability,linearity,and durability,are tackled by the progress in the fabrication techniques and customization of the material properties.This review is aimed at summarizing the recent progress of rapid prototyping of sensors,printable material preparation,required printing properties,flexible and stretchable mechanisms,and promising applications and highlights challenges and opportunities in this research paradigm. | Kirthika Senthil Kumar Po-Yen Chen Hongliang Ren | 2019 | Research2019，，1： | 12 |
| 6 | 混凝土粘钢补强用结构胶的耐久性研究显示文摘钢筋混凝土构件外部粘钢加固补强所使用的环氧树脂类结构胶 ,在室内常温环境条件下粘结强度具有较长期的稳定性。而在长期浸水或冻融条件下 ,粘结强度虽然仍能超过C40 以下混凝土基材的强度 ,但结构胶强度 ,尤其是结构胶与钢板的界面粘结强度发生了明显的劣化 ,90d就下降近 70 %。因此 ,混凝土构件粘钢补强只能在室内常温环境条件下使用。 | 蔡光汀 陈君球 邹越 侯云芬 邓思华 | 2000 | 混凝土2000，，8： | 10 |
| 7 | Durability and microstructure analysis of the road base material prepared from red mud and flue gas desulfurization fly ash显示文摘The present study aimed to investigate the durability and microstructure evolution of road base materials(RBM)prepared from red mud and flue gas desulfurization fly ash.The durability testing showed that the strength of RBM with the blast furnace slag addition of 1wt%,3wt%and 5wt%reached 3.81,4.87,and 5.84 MPa after 5 freezing–thawing(F–T)cycles and reached 5.21,5.75,and 6.98 MPa after 20 weting–drying(W–D)cycles,respectively.The results also indicated that hydration products were continuously formed even during W–D and F–T exposures,resulting in an increase of the strength and durability of RBM.The observed increase of macropores(>1μm)after F–T and W–D exposures suggested that the mechanism of RBM deterioration is pore enlargement due to cracks that develop inside their matrix.Moreover,the F–T exposure showed a greater negative effect on the durability of RBM compared to the W–D exposure.The leaching tests showed that sodium and heavy metals were solidified below the minimum requirement,which indicates that these wastes are suitable for use as a natural material replacement in road base construction. | Emile Mukiza Ling-ling Zhang Xiao-ming Liu | 2020 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2020，27，4： | 10 |
| 8 | Semi-solid moulding:Competition to cast and machine from forging in making automotive complex components显示文摘The very latest technique for impeller manufacture is called semi-solid moulding(SSM).Cummins Turbo Technologies Limited,together with Aluminum Complex Components Inc,developed SSM compressor wheels as a way of achieving cost and durability performance somewhere between that of cast and machined from solid(MFS) aluminium alloy wheels.Experimental results show SSM material has a superior microstructure and mechanical properties over cast and comparable to MFS materials.Component testing including durability testing,using accelerated speed cycle tests,proves SSM compressor wheels emerge as being significantly more durable than cast equivalents and approaching that of MFS impellers.Further challenges for semi-solid processing in manufacture of other complex components and other materials in automotive industry in terms of both cost and durability are also discussed. | S.P.MIDSON | 2010 | 中国有色金属学会会刊:英文版2010，20，S3： | 7 |
| 9 | High-Performance and Multifunctional Cement-Based Composite Material显示文摘Concrete is a continuously evolving material, and even the definition of high-performance concrete has changed over time. In this paper, high-performance characteristics of concrete material are considered to be those that support the desirable durability, resilience, and sustainability of civil infrastructure that directly impact our quality of life. It is proposed that high-performance material characteristics include tensile ductility, autogenous crack-width control, and material “greenness.” Furthermore, smart functionalities should be aimed at enhancing infrastructure durability, resilience, and sustainability by responding to changes in the surrounding environment of the structure in order to perform desirable functions, thus causing the material to behave in a manner more akin to certain biological materials. Based on recent advances in engineered cementitious composites (ECCs), this paper suggests that concrete embodying such high-performance characteristics and smart multifunctionalities can be designed, and holds the potential to fulfill the expected civil infrastructure needs of the 21st century. Highlights of relevant properties of ECCs are provided, and directions for necessary future research are indicated. | Victor C. Li | 2019 | Engineering2019，5，2： | 7 |
| 10 | Stability and deactivation of OER electrocatalysts: A review显示文摘Recently, H_(2) has attracted increasing attention as green energy carrier holding the possibility to replace fossil fuel-based energy sources and thereby reduce CO_(2) emissions. Green hydrogen can be generated by water electrolysis using renewable energies like wind and solar power. When it is combusted, only water forms as by-product. However, the efficiency of water electrolysis is hampered by the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) because of the slow kinetics which leads to a high overpotential. Therefore, many catalysts have been developed for OER to facilitate the kinetics and reduce the overpotential. In addition to electrocatalytic activity, the stability of the catalysts is imperative for industrial application and has been intensively studied. In this review, we cover recent findings on the stability and deactivation mechanisms of OER catalysts. We discuss the correlation between OER activity and stability, methodologies and experimental techniques to study the stability and deactivation as well as the deactivation mechanisms, together with factors influencing stability. Furthermore, strategies for stabilizing and regenerating OER catalysts as well as methods to predict stability are summarized. Finally, the review highlights emerging methodologies yet to be explored and future directions of stability studies and the design of highly stable OER catalysts. | Feng Zeng Chalachew Mebrahtu Longfei Liao Anna Katharina Beine Regina Palkovits | 2022 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2022，31，6： | 7 |
| 11 | Concrete durability under different circumstances based on multi-factor effects显示文摘Concrete durability has become a hot research field in civil engineering. Concrete structures suffer salt-erosion damage to different degrees in the semi-arid region of North China. The environmental condition is one of the important factors affecting the durability of concrete constructions. To realize fully the interaction between various environmental factors, this paper researched concrete durability in the salt environment under combined actions(immersing, freeze–thaw cycles, and wet–dry cycles). According to the laboratory test data, the concrete-durability degradation law under coupling-effect factors was investigated. The results show that concrete's compressive strength decreases with the increase of salt concentration and immersion time. No matter what the environmental conditions were, the compressive strength-loss ratio increased with the test time. The compressive strength-test results indicate that sodium sulfate has the strongest corrosive effect on concrete durability, followed by calcium chloride, with sodium chloride having the weakest corrosion. Compared with the other two environmental factors, the wet–dry cycle is the key factor affecting concrete durability. Therefore, in engineering practice, the influence of environment conditions on the strength and durability of concrete should be taken into full consideration, especially in the wet–dry environment with salt conditions. | Feng Ming ChengCheng Du YuHang Liu XiangYang Shi DongQing Li | 2017 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2017，9，4： | 6 |
| 12 | Corrosion Resistance and Durability of Superhydrophobic Coating on AZ31 Mg Alloy via One-Step Electrodeposition显示文摘To enhance durability and adhesion of superhydrophobic surface,an integrated superhydrophobic calcium myristate(Ca[CH3(CH2)12COO]2)coating with excellent corrosion resistance was fabricated on AZ31 magnesium(Mg)alloy via one-step electrodeposition process.Field-emission scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as X-ray diff raction were employed to investigate the surface characteristics(morphology,composition and structure)of the coatings.Hydrophobicity of the coating was evaluated by means of contact and sliding angles.Additionally,potentiodynamic polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and hydrogen evolution tests were conducted to characterize the corrosion resistance.Results indicated that the coating exhibited super-hydrophobicity with large static water contact angle(CA)and small sliding angle of 155.2°±1.5°and 6.0°±0.5°,respectively,owing to spherical rough structure and low surface energy(7.01 mJ m^(-2)).The average hydrogen evolution rate(HERa)and corrosion current density(icorr)of the coated sample were 5.3μL cm^(-2)h^(-1) and 5.60×10^(-9)A cm^(-2),about one and four orders of magnitude lower than that of AZ31 substrate,respectively,implying the excellent corrosion resistance.The CA of the coating remained 155.6°±0.9°after soaking for 13 days,showing the super-hydrophobicity and stability of the coating.Simultaneously,the large critical load(5004 mN)for the coating designated the outstanding adhesion to the substrate by nano-scratch test. | Zheng-Zheng Yin Zhao-Qi Zhang Xiu-Juan Tian Zhen-Lin Wang Rong-Chang Zeng | 2021 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)2021，34，1： | 5 |
| 13 | Clayey soil stabilization using alkali-activated volcanic ash and slag显示文摘Lime and Portland cement are the most widely used binders in soil stabilization projects.However,due to the high carbon emission in cement production,research on soil stabilization by the use of more environmentally-friendly binders with lower carbon footprint has attracted much attention in recent years.This research investigated the potential of using alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS)and volcanic ash(VA)as green binders in clayey soil stabilization projects,which has not been studied before.The effects of different combinations of VA with GGBS,various liquid/solid ratios,different curing conditions,and different curing periods(i.e.7 d,28 d and 90 d)were investigated.Compressive strength and durability of specimens against wet-dry and freeze-thaw cycles were then studied through the use of mechanical and microstructural tests.The results demonstrated that the coexistence of GGBS and VA in geopolymerization process was more effective due to the synergic formation of N-A-S-H and C-(A)-S-H gels.Moreover,although VA needs heat curing to become activated and develop strength,its partial replacement with GGBS made the binder suitable for application at ambient temperature and resulted in a remarkably superior resistance against wet-dry and freeze-thaw cycles.The carbon embodied of the mixtures was also evaluated,and the results confirmed the low carbon footprints of the alkali-activated mixtures.Finally,it was concluded that the alkali-activated GGBS/VA could be promisingly used in clayey soil stabilization projects instead of conventional binders. | Hania Miraki Nader Shariatmadari Pooria Ghadir Soheil Jahandari Zhong Tao Rafat Siddique | 2022 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2022，14，2： | 5 |
| 14 | PGM-Free Oxygen-Reduction Catalyst Development for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells:Challenges,Solutions,and Promises显示文摘CONSPECTUS:Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are efficient and clean hydrogen energy technologies for transportation and stationary applications.Highly active and durable low-cost cathode catalysts for the oxygen-reduction reaction(ORR)under challenging acidic environments are desperately needed to address the cost and durability issues of PEMFCs.The most promising platinum group metal(PGM)-free catalysts for the ORR in acidic media are atomically dispersed and nitrogencoordinated metal site catalysts denoted as M−N−C,M=Fe,Co,or Mn.Due to significant efforts in the past few decades,these catalysts have demonstrated much-improved ORR activity and promising initial fuel cell performance approaching traditional Pt/C catalysts.However,the insufficient long-term stability(up to 5000 h)under PEMFC operation represents a primary technical barrier to making current PGM-free catalysts less viable yet in PEMFCs.In this Account,we highlight recent advances in synthesizing efficient PGM-free catalysts for the ORR in PEMFCs,emphasizing effective strategies to improve mass and intrinsic activity and the possible degradation mechanisms.In particular,a chemical doping method based on the zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)-8 represents the key to developing efficient M−N−C catalysts containing atomically dispersed and nitrogen-coordinated single metal active sites(i.e.,MN_(4)).The newly acquired understanding of the formation mechanism of MN_(4)active sites during the thermal activation and its correlation to catalytic properties guide the rational catalyst design rather than relying on current trial-and-error approaches.Considerable efforts have further been invested in increasing the active site density and enhancing intrinsic activity by regulating carbon-phase structures and the local coordination environment.These highly active catalysts usually suffer from significant activity loss during the ORR.Therefore,breaking the activity−stability trade-off is the key to simultaneously achieving activity and stability in one catalyst,which is discussed on the basis of our recent successes in regulating local carbon structures surrounding active single metal sites.Significant research efforts toward understanding the degradation mechanisms and improving the lifetime of PGM-free catalysts are still crucial for viable applications in the future.Novel electrode designing strategies are needed to translate the PGM-free catalysts’ORR activity to solid-state electrolyte-based membrane electrode assemblies(MEAs)with robust three-phase(i.e.,gas−liquid−solid)interfaces for efficient charge and mass transports for performance improvement.On the basis of our effort at the University at Buffalo supported by ElectroCat Consortium associated with U.S.DOE’s Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office,we provide a perspective on PGM-free cathode catalysts concerning remaining bottlenecks and future opportunities,aiming to inspire the community in both mechanistic understanding and technological development. | Yanghua He Gang Wu | 2022 | Accounts of Materials Research2022，3，2： | 5 |
| 15 | Polyoxometalates-engineered hydrogen generation rate and durability of Pt/CNT catalysts from ammonia borane显示文摘Heterogeneously catalyzed hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane is a remarkable structure sensitive reaction. In this work, a strategy by using polyoxometalates(POMs) as the ligands is proposed to engineer the surface and electronic properties of Pt/CNT catalysts toward the enhanced hydrogen generation rate and durability. Three kinds of POMs, i.e., silicotungstic acid(STA), phosphotungstic acid(PTA)and molybdophosphoric acid(PMA), are comparatively studied, among which the STA shows positive effects on the catalytic activity and durability. A catalyst structure-performance relationship is established by a combination of kinetic and isotopic analyses with multiple characterization techniques, such as HAADF-STEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy and XPS. It is shown that the STA compared to the other two POMs can increase the Pt binding energy and thus promote the reaction. The insights demonstrated here could open a new avenue for boosting the reaction by employing the POMs as the ligands to engineer the catalyst electronic properties. | Wenzhao Fu Chen Han Dali Li Wenyao Chen Jian Ji Gang Qian Weikang Yuan Xuezhi Duan Xinggui Zhou | 2020 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2020，29，2： | 5 |
| 16 | Tribological behaviors of Ni-modified citric acid carbon quantum dot particles as a green additive in polyethylene glycol显示文摘A novel green lubricating oil additive(carbon quantum dot(CQD)particle‐doped nickel(Ni‐CQD))was synthesized from citric acid and nickel acetate.The effects of CQD and Ni‐CQD nanoparticles on the tribological behaviors of polyethylene glycol(PEG200)were investigated under different loads and reciprocation speeds.The results indicate that CQD and Ni‐CQD particles can both enhance the lubrication properties of PEG200.However,the Ni‐CQD nanoparticles enhanced the lubrication properties more than the plain CQD particles did.The average friction coefficient and wear rate of PEG200 containing 2 wt%Ni‐CQDs were reduced by 35.5%and 36.4%,respectively,compared to PEG200 containing pure CQDs under a load of 8 N and reciprocation speed of 25 mm/s over 60 min.The friction and wear mechanisms are attributed to the fact that friction induces the Ni‐CQDs to participate in the formation of a tribofilm,resulting in a low friction coefficient and wear rate. | Zhiqiang TU Enzhu HU Bangbang WANG Karl D DAVID Philipp SEEGER Martin MONEKE Ralph STENGLER Kunhong HU Xianguo HU | 2020 | Friction2020，8，1： | 5 |
| 17 | Evaluation of the performance of surface treatments on concrete durability显示文摘This paper reports on a laboratory-based study carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of surface treatments on the durability of concrete and suggests a number of different evaluation methodologies for assessing the performance of various surface treatments. Durability of untreated and treated concrete specimens was evaluated by measuring chloride diffusion,charge passing capacity,air permeability and water absorption. A total of six concrete surface treatments were selected to represent different generic types,including coating,penetrant and mixed-use treatments. Results show that the concrete specimens with a coating procedure have a better long-term performance and effectiveness than the specimens with the penetrant treatments. This work also indicates that the wetting and drying cycles test can be used to assess the weatherability of the surface treatments. The ASTM C 1202 and the Autoclam air permeability test can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of surface treatments quantitatively. Further work is needed,however,to assess the longevity of the various surface treatments. | Yu-xi ZHAO Pan-feng DU Wei-liang JIN | 2010 | Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering)2010，11，5： | 4 |
| 18 | Recent progresses in H2-PEMFC at DICP显示文摘Proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) as a power supply device has attracted wide attention in China and abroad for its advantages of high energy density, energy conversion efficiency and zero pollution.With the vigorous support of China's national policy, research institutes and enterprises have carried out extensive and pragmatic work on the basic materials, key components, stacks, auxiliary systems of PEMFCs, as well as the hydrogen station construction in order to realize the wide application of hydrogen energy.PEMFC System and Engineering Research Center of DICP is one of the earliest players in the H2-PEMFCs field.Advances have been achieved in the fields of low-platinum contained catalysts,PEMs, high-efficiency MEAs, low-cost metal bipolar plates, low-temperature and impurity air environment adaptability, stacks and systems.This paper introduces recent progresses of H2-PEMFCs at DICP in key materials, components, stacks, systems and the applications.The engineering status of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE) and the alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs)are also summarized. | Feng Xie Zhigang Shao Ming Hou Hongmei Yu Wei Song Shucheng Sun Li Zhou Baolian Yi | 2019 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2019，28，9： | 4 |
| 19 | Effect of pellet die diameter on density and durability of pellets made from high moisture woody and herbaceous biomass显示文摘Densified products produced from pellet mill are commercially used as a commodity type product for energy applications that are transported nationally and internationally.The quality of the pelletized biomass produced depends on the process variables such as die diameter,length to diameter(L/D)ratio,die speed,preheating,and steam conditioning;and feedstock variables such as feedstock type,moisture content,and particle size and shape.In the present study,pelleting tests were conducted with both woody(i.e.,lodgepole pine and pinyon-juniper)and herbaceous(i.e.,corn stover,wheat straw,and energy sorghum)biomass.A high level of feedstock moisture content of 33%(w.b.)was selected,while the die speed and preheating temperature process variables were kept at 60 Hz(380 rpm)and 70C.Results indicated that during the pelleting and cooling process,an approximate 10–13%(w.b.)moisture loss in both the woody and herbaceous biomass was observed.The high moisture pellets produced were further dried in a laboratory oven at 70C for three hours to reduce the moisture content of the pellets to<10%(w.b).The dried pellets were then evaluated further for other quality attributes including unit,bulk,and tapped density;and durability.The pellets that resulted in the highest unit,bulk,and tapped densities following this process were the herbaceous biomass corn stover(e.g.,>1133,>580,>620 kg/m3)and the woody biomass lodgepole pine(e.g.,>1037,>568,>641 kg/m3),respectively.In the case of durability for the 8 mm diameter pellets,wheat straw and corn stover recorded a maximum of about 96%,respectively,while the lodgepole pine and pinion juniper recorded a maximum of>96%,respectively. | Jaya Shankar Tumuluru | 2018 | Carbon Resources Conversion2018，1，1： | 4 |
| 20 | Pelleting characteristics of selected biomass with and without steam explosion pretreatment显示文摘Processing and densification of agricultural biomass into high density and durable pellets are critical to facilitate handling,storage and transportation.Biomass pelleting experiments were designed to conduct single and pilot scale pelleting of non-treated and steam exploded barley,canola,oat and wheat straw grinds acquired from 6.4,3.2,1.6 and 0.8 mm hammer mill screen sizes at 10%moisture content(wb).Single-pelleting was performed by applying compression pressures of 31.6,63.2,94.7,and 138.9 MPa using a close-fit plunger die assembly(die length 135.3 mm and diameter of(6.30±0.5)mm).During pilot scale pelleting,customization of ground straw material was performed by adding steam exploded biomass in increments of 25%to non-treated ground straw for respective biomass at specific grind size.Ground straw samples were conditioned to 17.5%moisture content and 10%flaxseed oil was added to increase the bulk density and flowability of grinds,which resulted in the production of pellets.The quality of pellets from single pelleting experiments was ascertained by measuring their respective density and durability.In addition,the change in pellet density was measured after a storage period of one month to determine its dimensional stability.It was determined that applied pressure and pre-treatment were significant factors affecting the pellet density.Also,bigger grind sizes and lower applied pressures resulted in higher pellet relaxations(lower pellet densities)during storage of pellets.The pilot scale pellet mill produced pellets from ground non-treated straw at hammer mill screen sizes of 0.8 and 1.6 mm and customized samples having 25%steam exploded straw at 0.8 mm.It was observed that the pellet bulk density and particle density are positively correlated.The density and durability of agricultural straw pellets significantly increased with decrease in hammer mill screen size from 1.6 mm to 0.8 mm.Customization of agricultural straw by adding 25%of steam exploded straw by weight is possible,but it did not improve pellet quality.In addition,durability of pellets was negatively correlated to pellet mill throughput and was positively correlated to specific energy consumption. | Phani Adapa Lope Tabil Greg Schoenau Anthony Opoku | 2010 | International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering2010，3，3： | 4 |
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