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| 1 | Tibetan Plateau: An evolutionary junction for the history of modern biodiversity显示文摘Holding particular biological resources,the Tibetan Plateau is a unique geologic-geographic-biotic interactively unite and hence play an important role in the global biodiversity domain.The Tibetan Plateau has undergone vigorous environmental changes since the Cenozoic,and played roles switching from'a paradise of tropical animals and plants'to'the cradle of Ice Age mammalian fauna'.Recent significant paleontological discoveries have refined a big picture of the evolutionary history of biodiversity on that plateau against the backdrop of major environmental changes,and paved the way for the assessment of its far-reaching impact upon the biota around the plateau and even in more remote regions.Here,based on the newly reported fossils from the Tibetan Plateau which include diverse animals and plants,we present a general review of the changing biodiversity on the Tibetan Plateau and its influence in a global scale.We define the Tibetan Plateau as a junction station of the history of modern biodiversity,whose performance can be categorized in the following three patterns:(1)Local origination of endemism;(2)Local origination and'Out of Tibet';(3)Intercontinental dispersal via Tibet.The first pattern is exemplified by the snow carps,the major component of the freshwater fish fauna on the plateau,whose temporal distribution pattern of the fossil schizothoracines approximately mirrors the spatial distribution pattern of their living counterparts.Through ascent with modification,their history reflects the biological responses to the stepwise uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.The second pattern is represented by the dispersal history of some mammals since the Pliocene and some plants.The ancestors of some Ice Age mammals,e.g.,the wholly rhino,Arctic fox,and argali sheep first originated and evolved in the uplifted and frozen Tibet during the Pliocene,and then migrated toward the Arctic regions or even the North American continent at beginning of the Ice Age;the ancestor of pantherines(big cats)first rose in Tibetan Plateau during the Pliocene,followed by the disperse of its descendants to other parts of Asia,Africa,North and South America to play as top predators of the local ecosystems.The early members of some plants,e.g.,Elaeagnaceae appeared in Tibet during the Late Eocene and then dispersed and were widely distributed to other regions.The last pattern is typified by the history of the tree of heaven(Ailanthus)and climbing perch.Ailanthus originated in the Indian subcontinent,then colonized into Tibet after the Indian-Asian plate collision,and dispersed therefrom to East Asia,Europe and even North America.The climbing perches among freshwater fishes probably rose in Southeast Asia during the Middle Eocene,dispersed to Tibet and then migrated into Africa via the docked India.These cases highlight the role of Tibet,which was involved in the continental collision,in the intercontinental biotic interchanges.The three evolutionary patterns above reflect both the history of biodiversity on the plateau and the biological and environmental effects of tectonic uplift. | Tao DENG Feixiang WU Zhekun ZHOU Tao SU | 2020 | Science China Earth Sciences2020，63，2： | 10 |
| 2 | Non-coding RNAs and the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals显示文摘Genomic imprinting,representing parent-specific expression of alleles at a locus,is mainly evident in flowering plants and placental mammals.Most imprinted genes,including numerous non-coding RNAs,are located in clusters regulated by imprinting control regions(ICRs).The acquisition and evolution of genomic imprinting is among the most fundamental genetic questions.Discoveries about the transition of mammalian imprinted gene domains from their non-imprinted ancestors,especially recent studies undertaken on the most ancient mammalian clades-the marsupials and monotremes from which model species genomes have recently been sequenced,are of high value.By reviewing and analyzing these studies,a close connection between non-coding RNAs and the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals is demonstrated.The evidence comes from two observations accompanied with the acquisition of the imprinting:(i) many novel non-coding RNA genes emerged in imprinted regions;(ii) the expressions of some conserved non-coding RNAs have changed dramatically.Furthermore,a systematical analysis of imprinted snoRNA(small nucleolar RNA) genes from 15 vertebrates suggests that the origination of imprinted snoRNAs occurred after the divergence between eutherians and marsupials,followed by a rapid expansion leading to the fixation of major gene families in the eutherian ancestor prior to the radiation of modern placental mammals.Involved in the regulation of imprinted silencing and mediating the chromatins epigenetic modification may be the major roles that non-coding RNAs play during the acquisition of genomic imprinting in mammals. | ZHANG YiJun & QU LiangHu Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education,State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol,Sun Yan-Sen University,Guangzhou 510275,China | 2009 | Science China(Life Sciences)2009，52，3： | 7 |
| 3 | Diversity and distribution patterns of non-volant smallmammals along different elevation gradients on Mt. Kenya,Kenya显示文摘The distribution of small mammals in mountainous environments across different elevations can provide important information on the effects of climate change on the dispersal of species. However, few studies conducted on Afromontane ecosystems have compared the altitudinal patterns of small mammal diversity. We investigated the species diversity and abundance of non-volant small mammals(hereafter ‘small mammals')on Mt. Kenya, the second tallest mountain in Africa,using a standard sampling scheme. Nine sampling transects were established at intervals of 200 m on the eastern(Chogoria) and western(Sirimon) slopes.A total of 1 905 individuals representing 25 species of small mammals were trapped after 12 240 trap-nights.Abundance was highest at mid-elevations on both slopes.However, species richness and their distribution patterns differed between the two slopes. More species were recorded on Chogoria(24) than on Sirimon(17). On Chogoria, species richness was higher at mid-high elevations, with a peak at mid-elevation(2 800 m a.s.l.),whereas species richness showed little variation on the Sirimon slope. These results indicate that patterns of species diversity can differ between slopes on the same mountain. In addition, we extensively reviewed literature on Mt. Kenya's mammals and compiled a comprehensive checklist of 76 mammalian species. However, additional research is required to improve our understanding of smal mammal diversity in mountain habitats in Africa. | Simon Musila Zhong-Zheng Chen Quan Li Richard Yego Bin Zhang Kenneth Onditi Immaculate Muthoni Shui-Wang He Samson Omondi James Mathenge Esther N.Kioko Xue-Long Jiang | 2019 | Zoological Research2019，40，1： | 4 |
| 4 | Roles of mitochondrial unfolded protein response in mammalian stem cells显示文摘The mitochondrial unfolded protein response(UPRmt)is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism for improving cell survival under mitochondrial stress.Under physiological and pathological conditions,the UPRmt is the key to maintaining intracellular homeostasis and proteostasis.Important roles of the UPRmt have been demonstrated in a variety of cell types and in cell development,metabolism,and immune processes.UPRmt dysfunction leads to a variety of pathologies,including cancer,inflammation,neurodegenerative disease,metabolic disease,and immune disease.Stem cells have a special ability to selfrenew and differentiate into a variety of somatic cells and have been shown to exist in a variety of tissues.These cells are involved in development,tissue renewal,and some disease processes.Although the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the UPRmt in somatic cells have been widely reported,the roles of the UPRmt in stem cells are not fully understood.The roles and functions of the UPRmt depend on stem cell type.Therefore,this paper summarizes the potential significance of the UPRmt in embryonic stem cells,tissue stem cells,tumor stem cells,and induced pluripotent stem cells.The purpose of this review is to provide new insights into stem cell differentiation and tumor pathogenesis. | Li-Fang Gu Jia-Qi Chen Qing-Yin Lin Yan-Zhou Yang | 2021 | World Journal of Stem Cells2021，13，7： | 3 |
| 5 | Mesozoic mammals of China: implications for phylogeny and early evolution of mammals显示文摘All Mesozoic mammaliaforms reported from China are briely documented herein.hese forms can be divided into at least ive major assemblages:Lufeng,Yanliao(Daohugou),Jehol,Fuxin and Bayan Mandahu,ranging from the Early Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous periods.Although the temporal and geographic distributions of these mammaliaforms are not dense,the records do reveal a patern that is generally consistent with paterns that have been recognized globally.he initial stage of mammalian evolution was represented by stem mammaliaforms or primitive‘triconodonts’from the Lufeng.his was followed by the Middle-Late Jurassic Yanliao episode that showed a high diversity and disparity of mammaliaforms in which terrestrial,swimming,arboreal and gliding species were present.he disparity,at least in molar morphology and types of locomotion,decreased but the diversity persisted into the Cretaceous,a period that was dominated by eutriconodontans,multituberculates and trechnotherians.he superb specimens from nearly all major groups of Mesozoic mammals in China provided a great amount of information that contributed to our understanding on some major issues in phylogeny and the early evolution of mammals,such as divergences of mammals and the evolution of the mammalian middle ear.A hypothesis on the transformation of the allotherian tooth patern is proposed as an example to illustrate the potential for future studies of mammalian evolution. | Jin Meng | 2014 | National Science Review2014，1，4： | 3 |
| 6 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA) promotes recovery from spinal cord injury in lampreys: role of GABA receptors and perspective on the translation to mammals显示文摘In mammals, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that can lead to a permanent loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions below the site of injury. In the last years, the role of different neurotransmitter systems on regeneration and recovery from SCI has been deciphered. For example, studies in lampreys have shown that neurotransmitters play a key role in modulating the survival and regeneration of brainstem descending neurons after SCI (Romaus-Sanjurjo et al., 2018;Sobrido-Camean et al., 2018). | Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo María Celina Rodicio Antón Barreiro-Iglesias | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，10： | 3 |
| 7 | Discovery of Middle Pleistocene Mammal Fauna From Tangshan Karst Cave, Nanjing and Its Significance显示文摘The material reported in this note was collected from Huludong (Calabash Cave), a karst cave at the northeastern extremity of Tangshan Hill, Nanjing. The cave is located on the hillside to the south of the Nanjing-Hangzhou Highway near the west verge of the Tangshan Town, Jiangning County, 26km east of the centre of Nanjing (32°N and 119°E). The bottom of this cave is 85.9m above sea level, with a relative height of about 75m from the local highway. This karst cave developed in the Ordovician limestone assumes the shape of an east-westward extending calabash, about 80m long, | 徐钦琦 穆西南 许汉奎 钟石兰 穆道成 | 1993 | Chinese Science Bulletin1993，38，20： | 2 |
| 8 | Evolutionary impacts of purine metabolism genes on mammalian oxidative stress adaptation显示文摘Many mammals risk damage from oxidative stress stemming from frequent dives(i.e., cycles of ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation),high altitude and subterranean environments, or powered flight. Purine metabolism is an essential response to oxidative stress, and an imbalance between purine salvage and de novo biosynthesis pathways can generate damaging reactive oxygen species(ROS). Here, we examined the evolution of 117 purine metabolism-related genes to explore the accompanying molecular mechanisms of enhanced purine metabolism in mammals under high oxidative stress. We found that positively selected genes,convergent changes, and nonparallel amino acid substitutions are possibly associated with adaptation to oxidative stress in mammals. In particular, the evolution of convergent genes with c AMP and c GMP regulation roles may protect mammals from oxidative damage. Additionally, 32 genes were identified as under positive selection in cetaceans, including key purine salvage enzymes(i.e., HPRT1), suggesting improved re-utilization of non-recyclable purines avoid hypoxanthine accumulation and reduce oxidative stress. Most intriguingly, we found that six unique substitutions in cetacean xanthine dehydrogenase(XDH), an enzyme that regulates the generation of the ROS precursor xanthine oxidase(XO) during ischemic/hypoxic conditions, show enhanced enzyme activity and thermal stability and diminished XO conversion activity. These functional adaptations are likely beneficial for cetaceans by reducing radical oxygen species production during diving. In summary, our findings offer insights into the molecular and functional evolution of purine metabolism genes in mammalian oxidative stress adaptations. | Ran Tian Chen Yang Si-Min Chai Han Guo Inge Seim Guang Yang | 2022 | Zoological Research2022，43，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Improved mammalian family phylogeny using gap-rare multiple sequence alignment:A timetree of extant placentals and marsupials显示文摘The timing of mammalian diversification in relation to the Cretaceous-Paleogene(KPg)mass extinction continues to be a subject of substantial debate.Previous studies have either focused on limited taxonomic samples with available whole-genome data or relied on short sequence alignments coupled with extensive species samples.In the present study,we improved an existing dataset from the landmark study of Meredith et al.(2011)by filling in missing fragments and further generated another dataset containing 120 taxa and 98 exonic markers.Using these two datasets,we then constructed phylogenies for extant mammalian families,providing improved resolution of many conflicting relationships.Moreover,the timetrees generated,which were calibrated using appropriate molecular clock models and multiple fossil records,indicated that the interordinal diversification of placental mammals initiated before the Late Cretaceous period.Additionally,intraordinal diversification of both extant placental and marsupial lineages accelerated after the KPg boundary,supporting the hypothesis that the availability of numerous vacant ecological niches subsequent to the mass extinction event facilitated rapid diversification.Thus,our results support a scenario of placental radiation characterized by both basal cladogenesis and active interordinal divergences spanning from the Late Cretaceous into the Paleogene. | Gao-Ming Liu Qi Pan Juan Du Ping-Fen Zhu Wei-Qiang Liu Zi-Hao Li Ling Wang Chun-Yan Hu Yi-Chen Dai Xiao-Xiao Zhang Zhan Zhang Yang Yu Meng Li Peng-Cheng Wang Xiao Wang Ming Li Xu-Ming Zhou | 2023 | Zoological Research2023，44，6： | 1 |
| 10 | Comparative analyses of aging-related genes in long-lived mammals provide insights into natural longevity显示文摘Extreme longevity has evolved multiple times during the evolution of mammals,yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely underexplored.Here,we compared the evolution of 115 aging-related genes in 11 long-lived species and 25 mammals with non-increased lifespan(control group)in the hopes of better understanding the common molecular mechanisms behind longevity.We identified 16 unique positively selected genes and 23 rapidly evolving genes in long-lived species,which included nine genes involved in regulating lifespan through the insulin/IGF-1 signaling(IIS)pathway and 11 genes highly enriched in immune-response-related pathways,suggesting that the IIS pathway and immune response play a particularly important role in exceptional mammalian longevity.Interestingly,11 genes related to cancer progression,including four positively selected genes and seven genes with convergent amino acid changes,were shared by two or more long-lived lineages,indicating that long-lived mammals might have evolved convergent or similar mechanisms of cancer resistance that extended their lifespan.This suggestion was further corroborated by our identifi-cation of 12 robust candidates for longevity-related genes closely related to cancer. | Zhenpeng Yu Inge Seim Mengxin Yin Ran Tian Di Sun Wenhua Ren Guang Yang Shixia Xu | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Bartonella species in small mammals and their potential vectors in Asia显示文摘In this article,authors review the current knowledge of Bartonella infection in small mammals including rodents,insectivores,bats and exotic small mammal pets and their vectors in Asia.Species of Bartonella are Gram-negative intracellular bacteria that infect erythrocytes of various mammalian and non-mammalian animals and mainly transmitted by blood sucking arthropod vectors.The genus Bartonella includes several species of important human diseases with severe clinical signs.Several new Bartonella species were isolated from rodents and other small mammals,and from human patients in Asia.Bartonella species are identified using standard polymerase chain reaction amplification and a sequencing targeting two housekeeping genes(glt.A and rpoB) and the internal transcribed spacer fragment.Authors also discuss the implications in term of potential emerging zoonotic diseases. | Tawisa Jiyipong Sathaporn Jittapalapong Serge Morand Jean-Marc Rolain | 2014 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine2014，4，10： | 1 |
| 12 | Oxidative stress drives divergent evolution of the glutathione peroxidase(GPX)gene family in mammals显示文摘The molecular basis for adaptations to extreme environments can now be understood by interrogating the everincreasing number of sequenced genomes.Mammals such as cetaceans,bats,and highland species can protect themselves from oxidative stress,a disruption in the balance of reactive oxygen species,which results in oxidative injury and cell damage.Here,we consider the evolution of the glutathione peroxidase(GPX)family of antioxidant enzymes by interrogating publicly available genome data from 70 mammalian species from all major clades.We identified 8 GPX subclasses ubiquitous to all mammalian groups.Mammalian GPX gene families resolved into the GPX4/7/8 and GPX1/2/3/5/6 groups and are characterized by several instances of gene duplication and loss,indicating a dynamic process of gene birth and death in mammals.Seven of the eight GPX subfamilies(all but GPX7)were under positive selection,with the residues under selection located at or close to active sites or at the dimer interface.We also reveal evidence of a correlation between ecological niches(e.g.high oxidative stress)and the divergent selection and gene copy number of GPX subclasses.Notably,a convergent expansion of GPX1 was observed in several independent lineages of mammals under oxidative stress and may be important for avoiding oxidative damage.Collectively,this study suggests that the GPX gene family has shaped the adaption of mammals to stressful environments. | Ran TIAN Yuepan GENG Ying YANG Inge SEIM Guang YANG | 2021 | Integrative Zoology2021，16，5： | 1 |
| 13 | Karyotypes of three shrew species(Soriculus nigrescens,Episoriculus caudatus and Episoriculus sacratus)from Nepal显示文摘The karyotypes of three shrew species(Mammalia,Soricomorpha,Soricidae)from Nepal were examined for the first time.Based on the karyotypes and overall differences in skull size,the current Episoriculus caudatus appeared to include two distinct species:the larger E.caudatus and the smaller Episoriculus sacratus.Episoriculus sacratus has three subspecies,E.s.soluensis in Nepal and Sikkim,E.s.umbrinus in Assam,Myanmar and the Yunnan Province of China,and E.s.sacratus in the Sichuan Province of China.Soriculus nigrescens had a diploid chromosome number(2n)and fundamental number(FN),including two X chromosomes,of 64 and 92,respectively,consisting of 11 metacentric or submetacentric,two subtelocentric and 18 acrocentric pairs of autosomes,a metacentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome.Episoriculus sacratus soluensis had 2n=74 and FN=126,consisting of 12 metacentric or submetacentric,13 subtelocentric and 11 acrocentric pairs of autosomes,a submetacentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome.Episoriculus caudatus had 2n=60 and FN=118,consisting of 19 metacentric or submetacentric,nine subtelocentric and one acrocentric pair of autosomes,a subtelocentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome.The karyotypes of these three species are characterized by their large 2n and FN values compared with other Soricidae. | Masaharu MOTOKAWA Masashi HARADA Kazuyuki MEKADA Krishna C.SHRESTHA | 2008 | Integrative Zoology2008，3，3： | 0 |
| 14 | Body size structure of Pleistocene mammalian communities: what support is there for the “island rule”?显示文摘Islands are often regarded by scientists as living laboratories of evolution and an optimal context for the study of forces influencing evolution and diversification.Two main issues have been attentively scrutinized and debated:the loss of biodiversity and the peculiar changes undergone by island settlers,primarily changes in size of endemic vertebrates.Over time,several hypotheses have been formulated to explain the causal mechanism of body size modification.Faunas of those islands where mainland taxa migrate more than once provide the most interesting data to answer the question of whether or not trends of insular taxa result from a predictable response to differences in competition and availability of niches between insular and mainland environments.To contribute to the debate,the body size structure of the Pleistocene mammalian faunas from two Mediterranean islands,Sicily and Crete,were analyzed and compared with the structure of coeval mainland faunas.The results obtained suggest that:(i)size of endemic species does not directly depend on the area of islands;(ii)evolution and size of endemic species seems somewhat affected by the degree of isolation(constraining coloniza-tion from mainland)and physiography(sometimes permitting adaptive radiation);(iii)in unbalanced insular communities,the shift in size of non-carnivorous species largely depends on the nature of competing species;and(iv)body size of carnivorous species mainly depends on the size of the most available prey.Consequently,it is rational to suppose that the body size of insular mammals mainly results from the peculiar biological dynamics that characterizes unbalanced insular communities.Ecological interaction,particularly the intraguild competition,is the major driver behind the evolution of insular communities,leading towards an optimization of energy balance through a change in body size of endemic settlers. | Maria R.PALOMBO | 2009 | Integrative Zoology2009，4，4： | 0 |
| 15 | Biochronology,paleobiogeography and faunal turnover in western Mediterranean Cenozoic mammals显示文摘Cenozoic terrestrial mammals from Sardinia contribute substantial information for reconstructing the complex his-tory of the western Mediterranean.The occurrence of endemic perissodactyls in Eocene marine and marsh deposits suggests the existence of ecological or physical barriers between the Corso-Sardinian massif and the Iberian-Occitanic area.At the end of the Oligocene,isolation of Sardinia was almost complete,although a migration from Europe occurred at the beginning of the Early Miocene,as indicated by the unbalanced endemic fauna from Oschiri.During the Late Miocene,the Tusco-Sardinian palaeobioprovince came into existence as an isolated region inhab-ited by the quite diversified,but notably endemic,Oreopithecus fauna.Sardinia was definitely isolated from Tuscany by the Messinian,but temporary connections with the European mainland possibly allowed the colonization of forerunners of some Sardinian Pliocene taxa.During the Plio-Pleistocene,Sardinia maintained permanent isolation.However,sea level drop,resulting in a relatively short distance between Sardinia and the European mainland,allowed different migratory events.From the Late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene–Holocene,two main mammalian faunal complexes(FC)can be recognized:the Nesogoral FC(Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene)and the Microtus(Tyrrhenicola)FC(late Early Pleistocene–Early Holocene).At the transition from Nesogoral to Microtus(Tyrrhenicola)FC,approximately 47%of the genera and 76%of the species disappeared,while approximately 58%of the genera and 71%of the species appeared.A noticeable turnover followed the arrival of Neolithic man and his accompanying fauna.Nonetheless,Praemegaceros was still present at about 7000 years BP,while Microtus(Tyrrhenicola)and Prolagus are respectively recorded in the Bronze and Iron Ages. | Maria R.PALOMBO | 2009 | Integrative Zoology2009，4，4： | 0 |
| 16 | The molecular evolution of spermatogenesis across mammals显示文摘The testis produces gametes through spermatogenesis and evolves rapidly at both the morphological and molecular level in mammals1-6,probably owing to the evolutionary pressure on males to be reproductively successful7.However,the molecular evolution of individual spermatogenic cell types across mammals remains largely uncharacterized. | Florent Murat | 2022 | 四川生理科学杂志2022，44，12： | 0 |
| 17 | Comparative analysis reveals epigenomic evolution related to species traits and genomic imprinting in mammals显示文摘DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a crucial role in various regulatory processes,including gene expression regulation,transposable element repression,and genomic imprinting.However,most studies on DNA methylation have been conducted in humans and other model species,whereas the dynamics of DNA methylation across mammals remain poorly explored,limiting our understanding of epigenomic evolution in mammals and the evolutionary impacts of conserved and lineage-specific DNA methylation.Here,we generated and gathered comparative epigenomic data from 13 mammalian species,including two marsupial species,to demonstrate that DNA methylation plays critical roles in several aspects of gene evolution and species trait evolution.We found that the species-specific DNA methylation of promoters and noncoding elements correlates with species-specific traits such as body patterning,indicating that DNA methylation might help establish or maintain interspecies differences in gene regulation that shape phenotypes.For a broader view,we investigated the evolutionary histories of 88 known imprinting control regions across mammals to identify their evolutionary origins.By analyzing the features of known and newly identified potential imprints in all studied mammals,we found that genomic imprinting may function in embryonic development through the binding of specific transcription factors.Our findings show that DNA methylation and the complex interaction between the genome and epigenome have a significant impact on mammalian evolution,suggesting that evolutionary epigenomics should be incorporated to develop a unified evolutionary theory. | Yisi Hu Shenli Yuan Xin Du Jiang Liu Wenliang Zhou Fuwen Wei | 2023 | The Innovation2023，4，3： | 0 |
| 18 | DPB3 and DPB4 proteins regulate Medicago flowering and leaf anthocyanin biosynthesis显示文摘As important subunits of the leading-strand DNA polymerase epsilon,chromatin remodeling,and histone acetylation complexes,the H2A/H2B-like histone-fold domain-containing proteins DNA PO-LYMERASE II SUBUNIT B3(DPB3)and DPB4 play key roles in nucleosome assembly and heterochromatin maintenance during DNA replication in yeast,Drosophila,and mammals(He et al.,2017;Bellelli et al.,2018;Yu et al.,2018;Casari et al.,2021). | Yingying Meng Chongnan Wang Qiqi Li Wenkai Ji Jiangqi Wen Kirankumar S.Mysore Yanxi Pei Lifang Niu Hao Lin | 2023 | Journal of Genetics and Genomics2023，50，6： | 0 |
| 19 | Collective Computation,Information Flow,and the Emergence of Hunter-Gatherer Small-Worlds显示文摘Two key features of human sociality are anatomically complex brains with neuron-dense cerebral cortices,and the propensity to form complex social networks with non-kin.Complex brains and complex social networks facilitate flows of fitness-enhancing energy and information at multiple scales of social organization.Here,we consider how these flows interact to shape the emergence of macroscopic regularities in hunter-gatherer macroecology relative to other mammals and non-human primates.Collective computation is the processing of information by complex adaptive systems to generate inferences in order to solve adaptive problems.In hunter-gatherer societies the adaptive problem is to resolve uncertainty in generative models used to predict complex environments in order to maximize inclusive fitness.The macroecological solution is to link complex brains in social networks to form collective brains that perform collective computations.By developing theory and analyzing data,the author shows hunter-gatherers bands of~16 people,or~4 co-residing families,form the largest collective brains of any social mammal.Moreover,because individuals,families,and bands interact at multiple time scales,these fission-fusion dynamics lead to the emergence of the macroscopic regularities in hunter-gatherer macroecology we observe in cross-cultural data.These results show how computation is distributed across spatially-extended social networks forming decentralized knowledge systems characteristic of hunter-gatherer societies.The flow of information at scales far beyond daily interactions leads to the emergence of small-worlds where highly clustered local interactions are embedded within much larger,but sparsely connected multilevel metapopulations. | Marcus J.Hamilton | 2022 | Journal of Social Computing2022，3，1： | 0 |
| 20 | Species longevity in North American fossil mammals显示文摘Species longevity in the fossil record is related to many paleoecological variables and is important to macroevolutionary studies,yet there are very few reliable data on average species durations in Cenozoic fossil mammals.Many of the online databases(such as the Paleobiology Database)use only genera of North American Cenozoic mammals and there are severe problems because key groups(e.g.camels,oreodonts,pronghorns and proboscideans)have no reliable updated taxonomy,with many invalid genera and species and/or many undescribed genera and species.Most of the published datasets yield species duration estimates of approximately 2.3-4.3 Myr for larger mammals,with small mammals tending to have shorter species durations.My own compilation of all the valid species durations in families with updated taxonomy(39 families,containing 431 genera and 998 species,averaging 2.3 species per genus)yields a mean duration of 3.21 Myr for larger mammals.This breaks down to 4.10-4.39 Myr for artiodactyls,3.14-3.31 Myr for perissodactyls and 2.63-2.95 Myr for carnivorous mammals(carnivorans plus creodonts).These averages are based on a much larger,more robust dataset than most previous estimates,so they should be more reliable for any studies that need species longevity to be accurately estimated. | Donald R.PROTHERO | 2014 | Integrative Zoology2014，9，4： | 0 |
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