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| 1 | Interannual and Decadal Variations of Snow Cover overQinghai-Xizang Plateau and Their Relationships to Summer Monsoon Rainfall in China显示文摘Interannual and decadal variations of winter snow cover over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP) are analyzed by using monthly mean snow depth data set of 60 stations over QXP for the period of 1958 through 1992. It is found that the winter snow cover over QXP bears a pronounced quasi-biennial oscillation. and it underwent an obvious decadal transition from a poor snow cover period to a rich snow cover period in the late 1970’s during the last 40 years. It is shown that the summer rainfall in the eastern China is closely associated with the winter snow cover over QXP not only in the interannual variation but also in the decadal variation. A clear relationship exists in the quasi-biennial oscillation between the summer rainfall in the northern part of North China and the southern China and the winter snow cover over QXP. Furthermore, the summer rainfall in the four climate divisions of Qinling-Daba Mountains, the Yangtze-Huaihe River Plain, the upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River showed a remarkable transition from drought period to rainy period in the end of 1970’s, in good correspondence with the decadal transition of the winter snow cover over QXP. | 陈烈庭 吴仁广 | 2000 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2000,17,1: | 50 |
| 2 | 祁连山区冰沟流域积雪分布特征及其属性观测分析显示文摘以祁连山冰沟流域为研究区,通过在流域内布设花杆观测积雪深度,调查了山区积雪分布情况;利用雪特性分析仪测量了区内积雪密度、介电常数、液态水含量等积雪参数,光谱仪测量了不同类型积雪的光谱特征,手持反照率测量计观测积雪表面反照率,带刻度手持放大镜测量积雪粒径,红外温度计和针式温度计测量雪层的温度和实地测量积雪属性.同时,在研究区内选择加强观测区挖雪坑,对雪层内部属性和雪剖面分层特性作了进一步研究,计算了流域内积雪等效密度;最后对试验中所使用的野外实测积雪的各种方法进行了评价.研究表明:山区积雪分布很不均匀,在阴坡山谷雪深最深,阳坡雪积累最少,即使在同一样区,积雪分布也不均匀;研究区的积雪属于潮雪,体积含水量在3%以下;不同粒径、类型和表面粗糙度的积雪反射率不同,验证了积雪光谱是雪颗粒、污染物和地面粗糙度的函数;积雪反照率随太阳高度角升高逐步降低,在没有新降雪的情况下,日反照率也逐渐降低;雪分层比较明显,雪下冰晶层发育良好.当深度达到20 cm时,积雪具有保温作用;冰沟流域的积雪等效密度随时间和空间变化不大,经计算为0.16 g.cm-3. | 郝晓华 王建 车涛 张璞 梁继 李弘毅 李哲 白云洁 白艳芬 | 2009 | 冰川冻土2009,31,2: | 34 |
| 3 | 阿尔泰山融雪期不同下垫面积雪特性观测与分析研究显示文摘2014年3月融雪期间在阿尔泰山额尔齐斯河河源区,基于已有的气象和积雪(雪深、雪密度)观测,利用Snow Fork雪特性仪和便携式温度计TP3001,选择草地、水泥地和河冰三种不同的下垫面分别观测了分层积雪密度、液态水含量和雪层温度变化.结果表明:三种下垫面上表层积雪的温度、液态水含量和密度变化规律基本一致.积雪特性的差异主要体现在积雪层底部,河冰和草地与积雪接触面温度日变化过程呈现出'单峰型',而与水泥地接触面上的温度日变化呈现出'双峰型';河冰上积雪底部的液态水含量最小且日变化幅度较小,草地次之,水泥上积雪底部液态水含量的波动最大;水泥和草地上底部积雪的密度变化趋势一致,为密实化过程,而河冰上积雪底部的积雪因深霜层的形成致使雪密度逐渐减小.对同一下垫面上的积雪而言,水泥和草地上积雪温度的极大值出现在雪层中间,河冰上雪层的温度廓线沿雪深有波动上升的趋势,最大值出现在积雪与河冰的接触面处.三种下垫面上积雪的液态水含量最大值均出现在中间雪层,雪密度均呈现沿雪深增加而递减的变化趋势.液态水含量受积雪温度的控制,当积雪温度低于-3℃时,积雪中的液态水可以忽略不计;当积雪温度低于-1℃时,积雪的液态水含量低于1%;当积雪温度大于-1℃时,积雪中出现液态水的比例显著增加,且液态水含量的波动范围较大,最高可到6.2%. | 张伟 沈永平 贺建桥 贺斌 努尔兰.哈再孜 吴雪娇 王国亚 | 2014 | 冰川冻土2014,36,3: | 24 |
| 4 | Discovery of Quaternary glacial evidence of Snow Mountain in Taiwan, China显示文摘There are glacial remains of three different periods on the main peak of Snow Mountain in Taiwan province, including cirque lake, crosswall, polished surface, striation, moraine ete. These three different periods were called, respectively, Shanzhuang ((44.25 ± 3.72) kaBP), Shuiyuan ((18.26 ± 1.52) kaBP), and Xueshan glacial stages (the late period of last glaciation). it is characterized by the earlier glacier broad in scale. | CUI Zhijiu YANG Jianfu LIU Gengnian WANG Xin SONG Guocheng | 2000 | Chinese Science Bulletin2000,45,6: | 20 |
| 5 | Variation of precipitation for the last 300 years over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River显示文摘The precipitation at 17 stations over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River is reconstructed during the period of 1736―1910, using the snow and rainfall records in the Qing Dynasty, together with the instrumental observation data of precipitation and farmland soil moisture content. The soil physics model related to rainfall infiltration and the surface water bal-ance equation are taken as main reconstruction methodology. The field infiltration experiment by artificial rainfall is conducted to check the reliability. And the precipitation series over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and its 4 sub-regions are established, going back to 1736. Analysis of the time series indicates that the abrupt change of precipitation from high to low oc-curs around 1915 over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. During the three peri-ods of 1791―1805, 1816―1830 and 1886―1895, the precipitation is markedly higher than the mean of the series. While both the periods of 1916―1945 and 1981―2000 are characterized by less precipitation. Three periodicities of 22―25a, 3.9a and 2.7a are shown in the precipitation fluctuation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Moreover, the periodical signal of 22―25a becomes weaker and weaker since the abrupt change of 1915 and disappears in the late 1940s, and then the periodical signal of 35―40a appears instead. | ZHENG Jingyun HAO Zhixin GE Quansheng | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005,48,12: | 20 |
| 6 | Climatic and environmental implications from organic matter in Dasuopu glacier in Xixiabangma in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau显示文摘A series of organic compounds in snow and ice were identified from Dasuopu glacier in Xixiabangma in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Organic compounds derived from natural organisms include n-alkanes ranging from C15 to C33, normal monoearboxylie acids of C6—C18, n-alkan-2-ones of C24—C31 and esters. The unstable compounds widely present in lower troposphere disppear in the middle-upper troposphere. Lots of other organic compounds from petroleum residues were also unexpectedly identified from the glacier, covering pristane, phytane, extended tricyclie terpanes of C19—C29, C24 tetracyclic terpane, αβ hopane compounds of C27—C35, and cholestanes of C27—C29. The remote Xixiabangma region is unambiguously polluted from anthropology activities. The petroleum residues were proposed to be mainly from the Mideast and India, not from China. The organic pollutants from oil fires ignited during the well-known Gulf War which broke out in 1991 were also recorded in the glacier. | 谢树成 姚檀栋 康世昌 段克勤 徐柏青 L. G. Thompson | 1999 | Science China Earth Sciences1999,42,4: | 15 |
| 7 | Late Quaternary normal faulting and its kinematic mechanism of eastern piedmont fault of the Haba-Yulong Snow Mountains in northwestern Yunnan, China显示文摘The regional geologic and geomorphic observations show that an active arcuate normal fault constitutes the main boundary fault of the Haba-Yulong Snow Mountains (HYSM). This fault is called eastern piedmont fault of Haba-Yulong Snow Mountains (HYPF). The fault consists of two segments with differential trend; the northern segment is NW-trending and NE-dipping and the southern section is S-N trending and E-dipping. Three sets of fault scarps cutting late Quaternary landforms and their dating results indicate that the fault is a prominent Holocene active fault and its throw rates are 0.3―1.4 mm/a during late Quaternary. The geometry and kinematics of the fault suggest that the arcuate normal faulting or rifting are typical surface deformation pattern at the two tips of the Z-shaped rift zone of northwestern Yunnan, which is related to regional east-west extension accompanying clockwise rota- tion of micro-block. | WU ZhongHai ZHANG YongShuang HU DaoGong ZHAO XiTao YE PeiSheng | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009,52,10: | 14 |
| 8 | Impact of climate change on surface water resource and tendency in the future in the arid zone of northwestern China显示文摘The surface water resource in the arid zone of northwestern China is pregnant in the 6great mountain systems induding snow covers,glaciers,rivers and lakes.Though the climate fluctuates,becoming warmer and drier,and the water resource trends to wither during the 20th century,it is evident thatin the Holocene Megathermal there would be a more plentiful water resource.During the Little Ice Age,theglacier area and the amount of runoff and lake water were also higher than those at present.It is estimated thatthe temperature in mountains of western China would be 1℃ warmer by 2030 A.D.,when the precipitationand evaporation would be some higher,the snow cover would be lower in plains and higher in mountains,gla-ciers would retreat further,many small glacier would disappear,river runoff would increase with a highervariability,most of the lakes would be in a negative balance state and would wither further. | 施雅风 张祥松 | 1995 | Science China Chemistry1995,38,11: | 8 |
| 9 | Spatial distributions and interannual variations of snow cover over China in the last 40 years显示文摘By using the observational snow data of more than 700 weather stations,the interannual temporal and spatial characteristics of seasonal snow cover in China were analyzed.The results show that northern Xinjiang,northeastern China-Inner Mongolia,and the southwestern and southern portions of Tibetan Plateau are three regions in China with high seasonal snow cover and also an interannual anomaly of snow cover.According to the trend of both the snow depth and snow cover days,there are three changing patterns for the seasonal snow cover:The first type is that both snow depth and snow cover days simultaneously increase or decrease;this includes northern Xinjiang,middle and eastern Inner Mongolia,and so on.The second is that snow depth increases but snow cover days decrease;this type mainly locates in the eastern parts of the northeastern plain of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.The last type is that snow depth decreases but snow cover days increase at the same time such as that in middle parts of Tibetan Plateau.Snow cover in China appears to have been having a slow increasing trend during the last 40 years.On the decadal scale,snow depth and snow cover days slightly increased in the 1960s and then decreased in the 1970s;they again turn to increasing in the 1980s and persist into 1990s. | ChengHai Wang ZhiLan Wang Yang Cui | 2009 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2009,1,6: | 8 |
| 10 | Response of snow hydrological processes to a changing climate during 1961 to 2016 in the headwater of Irtysh River Basin, Chinese Altai Mountains显示文摘With changing climatic conditions and snow cover regime, regional hydrological cycle for a snowy basin will change and further available surface water resources will be redistributed. Assessing snow meltwater effect on runoff is the key to water safety, under climate warming and fast social-economic developing status. In this study, stable isotopic technology was utilized to analyze the snow meltwater effect on regional hydrological processes, and to declare the response of snow hydrology to climate change and snow cover regime, together with longterm meteorological and hydrological observations, in the headwater of Irtysh River, Chinese Altai Mountains during 1961-2015. The average δ^(18) O values of rainfall, snowfall, meltwater, groundwater and river water for 2014–2015 hydrological year were-10.9‰,-22.3‰,-21.7‰,-15.7‰ and-16.0‰, respectively.The results from stable isotopes, snow melting observation and remote sensing indicated that the meltwater effect on hydrological processes in Kayiertesi River Basin mainly occurred during snowmelt supplying period from April to June. The contribution of meltwater to runoff reached 58.1% during this period, but rainfall, meltwater and groundwater supplied 49.1%, 36.9% and 14.0% of water resource to annual runoff, respectively. With rising air temperature and increasing snowfall in cold season, the snow water equivalent(SWE) had an increasing trend but the snow cover duration declined by about one month including 13-day delay of the first day and 17-day advancement of the end day during 1961–2016. Increase in SWE provided more available water resource. However, variations in snow cover timing had resulted in redistribution of surface water resource, represented by an increase of discharge percentage in April and May, and a decline in Juneand July. This trend of snow hydrology will render a deficit of water resource in June and July when the water resource demand is high for agricultural irrigation and industrial manufacture. | ZHANG Wei KANG Shi-chang SHEN Yong-ping HE Jian-qiao CHEN An-an | 2017 | Journal of Mountain Science2017,14,11: | 7 |
| 11 | Relationships between Regional Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall and Eurasian Snow Cover显示文摘RelationshipsbetweenRegionalIndianSummerMonsoonRainfallandEurasianSnowCoverB.Parthasarathy(IndianinstituteofTropicalMeteorolo... | B. Parthasarathy Song Yang | 1995 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences1995,12,2: | 7 |
| 12 | Valuating service loss of snow cover in Irtysh River Basin显示文摘Snow cover provides essential resources and services for human well-being and socioeconomic development in arid areas. With the change in snow cover resulting from climate change that causes concerns about its consequences, there is a pressing need to analyze and understand its impact on the benefits that people has been enjoying from snow cover. These can be derived from the variation in economic value of snow services, that are demanded to meet socioeconomic activities. Based on the average decline mass of snow cover from 1979 to 2016 in Irtysh River Basin, we use the approach by applying economic evaluation to estimate the annual value loss of snow services. Considering the decreasing trend of snow cover mass at rates of 10.2 Mt per year (p < 0.05) or 0.3% per year, the annual service loss in Irtysh River Basin is currently worth up to CN 196 million. Within it, the service loss of climate regulation contributes the most, or about CN 84.7 million. The loss of freshwater service contributes only about 19%, implying that there would be a significant underestimation of service loss if only water supply would be considered. This may cause biased decision-making when we are facing the challenges of declining services as a result of climate change, impacting on the balancing of socioeconomic development and environment conservation for the sustainability over a long term. | YANG Yang WU Xue-Jiao LIU Shi-Wei XIAO Cun-De WANG Xiaoming | 2019 | Advances in Climate Change Research2019,10,2: | 6 |
| 13 | Organochlorine pesticides in fresh-fallen snow on East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt.Qomolangma (Everest)显示文摘During a field campaign in April 2005,fresh-fallen snow samples were collected on the East Rongbuk Glacier of the Mt. Qomolangma at four altitudes (6500 m,6300 m,6100 m and 5900 m),to study the role of Mt. Qomolangma as 'cold-traps' for Persistent Organic Pollutants. From these snow samples col-lected at the highest-altitude,organochlorine pesticides (OCPs):HCB,p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDD were detected,with the concentrations in the ranges of 44―72 pg/L,401―1560 pg/L,and 20―80 pg/L,re-spectively. The concentration of o,p′-DDT was around the method detection limit. Analysis of backward trajectories showed that the detected compounds came from the north of India,suggesting that DDTs detected in the snow were possibly originated from new emissions in this area. Relationships between the concentrations of OCPs in snow samples and the sampling altitudes were discussed. The altitudes had no obvious effect on HCB concentrations in the fresh-fallen snow,while increases in the concen-trations of p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDD with increasing altitude were found,which was reversed compared to the trends observed in North America. Three factors likely resulted in this trend: (1) the properties of the target compounds; (2) the low temperatures at high altitudes; and (3) the location of the mountain sampling sites relative to their sources. | WANG Feng ZHU Tong XU BaiQing KANG ShiChang | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007,50,7: | 6 |
| 14 | Chinese radioglaciological studies on the Antarctic ice sheet: progress and prospects显示文摘Chinese radioglaciological studies on the Antarctic ice sheet(AIS) began in 2004/05 when the 21 st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE 21) team arrived at Dome A for the first time and radio echo sounding(RES) was conducted along the inland traverse and in the Dome A region. Subsequently, more field surveys were conducted along the traverse and in the Dome A region using different radar systems targeting different scientific purposes, such as revealing the landscape of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains by detailed grid RES, or locating a deep ice core drilling site by mapping and studying internal structures, bedrock topography and subglacial conditions in the Dome A region. Furthermore, the evolution of the AIS was inferred from the typical mountain glaciation topography beneath Dome A, and the age of the deep ice core at Kunlun Station was estimated through numerical modeling. Recently, the Snow Eagle 601 airplane was acquired and an airborne geophysical system was constructed to survey the AIS in Princess Elizabeth Land during CHINARE 32(2015/16) and CHINARE 33(2016/17) in order to fill the large data gap there. In this paper, we review both the recent progress of Chinese radioglaciological science in Antarctica and future proposed work. | CUI Xiangbin WANG Tiantian SUN Bo TANG Xueyuan GUO Jingxue | 2017 | Advances in Polar Science2017,28,3: | 6 |
| 15 | An overview of black carbon deposition and its radiative forcing over the Arctic显示文摘This paper gives an overview of the current understanding of the observations of black carbon(BC) in snow and ice, and the estimates of BC deposition and its radiative forcing over the Arctic. Both of the observations and model results show that, in spring, the average BC concentration and the resulting radiative forcing in Russian Arctic > Canadian and Alaskan Arctic > Arctic Ocean and Greenland. The observed BC concentration presented a signi?cant decrease trend from the Arctic coastal regions to the center of Arctic Ocean. In summer, due to the combined effects of BC accumulation and enlarged snow grain size, the averaged radiative forcing per unit area over the Arctic Ocean is larger than that over each sector of the Arctic in spring. However, because summer sea ice is always covered by a large fraction of melt ponds, the role of BC in sea ice albedo evolution during this period is secondary. Multi-model mean results indicate that the annual mean radiative forcing from all sources of BC in snow and ice over the Arctic was ~0.17 W m^(-2). Wet deposition is the dominant removal mechanism in the Arctic, which accounts for more than 90% of the total deposition. In the last part, we discuss the uncertainties in present modeling studies, and suggest potential approaches to reduce the uncertainties. | DOU Ting-Feng XIAO Cun-De | 2016 | Advances in Climate Change Research2016,7,3: | 5 |
| 16 | Variation of snow water resources in northwestern China,1951—1997显示文摘An observation study is carried out on snow mass amount estimate in northwestern China by using microwave derived snow depth charts employing data from SMMR in conjunction with daily snow depth, density and snow cover duration records for 46 ground climate stations. Spatial patterns, seasonal cycle, and interannual variation of snow cover are discussed. Results show that snow cover is the second largest water supply over the arid northwestern China,and unlike most other areas in the world, northwestern China did not experience any decrease in snow cover since 1987.Secular trends reveal systematic increase in snow mass and durations. Analysis of snow cover-climate relationship indicates that gradual increase in snow cover is primarily in response to increase in snow season precipitation. | 李培基 | 1999 | Science China Earth Sciences1999,42,S1: | 5 |
| 17 | Light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan: concentrations and potential impact on albedo reduction显示文摘Light-absorbing impurities on glaciers are important factors that influence glacial surface albedo and accelerate glacier melt. In this study, the quantity of light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan, Central Asia, was measured. We found that the average concentrations of black carbon was 2,180 ng/g, with a range from 250 ng/g to more than 10,000 ng/g. The average concentrations of organic carbon and mineral dust were 1,738 ng/g and 194 μg/g, respectively. Based on simulations performed with the Snow Ice Aerosol Radiative model simulations, black carbon and dust are responsible for approximately 64% and 9%, respectively, of the albedo reduction, and are associated with instantaneous radiative forcing of 323.18 W/m2(ranging from 142.16 to 619.25 W/m2) and 24.05 W/m2(ranging from 0.15 to69.77 W/m2), respectively. For different scenarios, the albedo and radiative forcing effect of black carbon is considerably greater than that of dust. The estimated radiative forcing at Keqikaer Glacier is higher than most similar values estimated by previous studies on the Tibetan Plateau, perhaps as a result of black carbon enrichment by melt scavenging. Light-absorbing impurities deposited on Keqikaer Glacier appear to mainly originate from central Asia, Siberia, western China(including the Taklimakan Desert) and parts of South Asia in summer, and from the Middle East and Central Asia in winter.A footprint analysis indicates that a large fraction(>60%) of the black carbon contributions on Keqikaer Glacier comes from anthropogenic sources. These results provide a scientific basis for regional mitigation efforts to reduce black carbon. | YuLan Zhang ShiChang Kang Min Xu Michael Sprenger TanGuang Gao ZhiYuan Cong ChaoLiu Li JunMing Guo ZhiQiang Xu Yang Li Gang Li XiaoFei Li YaJun Liu HaiDong Han | 2017 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2017,9,2: | 4 |
| 18 | 新浪微博中的“上海垃圾分类”议题文本挖掘研究——基于Python Snow NLP的舆情分析显示文摘本文依托新浪微博2019年6月12日至7月1日期间共计1.7万条微博博文,以python语言在情感分析中的应用为基础,对'上海垃圾分类'的相关讨论展开舆情分析。研究发现:网民对垃圾分类的讨论整体上是正面态度,并且呈现出波动向好的局面;对垃圾分类的讨论议题具有多元化、理性化的特点,对上海市实行垃圾分类规定的负面情绪化表达并不显著。 | 李丹妮 梁嘉 | 2019 | 东南传播2019,0,9: | 4 |
| 19 | Variation of Stable Isotopes in Surface Snow along a Traverse from Coast to Plateau's interior in East Antarctica and Its Climatic Significance显示文摘The variations of stable water isotopes of surface snow in east Antarctic Ice Sheet, are discussed by a total of 251 samples, which were taken along a 330 km traverse from Zhongshan Station to the outer edge of the Antarctic plateau and from four snow pits excavated along the route. Analyzing results of the samples showed the expected linear relationship between the parameters ?D and ?18O with slope S1 and intercept d1. When the data set was examined using a sliding window with a width of 5 samples, it was found that there were two areas with different ratios of S1 and d1. The boundary between these two areas occurred at an elevation of about 2,000 m, suggesting two different sources of water vapour. Nearly half (47%) of the fresh-snow samples had negative deuterium excess (d=?D? 8?18O) values, but few of the snow pit samples did, suggesting that variations of ? are quickly smoothed by isotopic diffusion in the near-surface firn. Analysis of the phase relationship between ?D and deuterium excess in the snow pit stratigraphies showed that they were mostly in phase from Jan. 1994 to Sept. 1995, but mostly out of phase from Sept. 1995 to Jan. 1997. | Jean Jouzel Michel Stievenard | 2009 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2009,1,1: | 4 |
| 20 | 山区冰雪变化及其对区域水资源的影响(英文)显示文摘Glaciers and snow are major constituents of solid water bodies in mountains; they can regulate the stability of local water sources. However, they are strongly affected by climate change. This study focused on the Tianshan Mountains, using glacier and snow datasets to analyse variations in glaciers, snow, water storage, and runoff. Three typical river basins(Aksu, Kaidou, and Urumqi Rivers) were selected to interpret the impacts of glacier and snow changes on regional water resources in the Tianshan Mountains. The results exhibited a nonlinear functional relationship between glacial retreat rate and area, demonstrating that small glacial retreat is more sensitive under climate change. Further, the glacial retreat rate at the low-middle elevation zone was seen to be faster than that at the high elevation zone. The regional average terrestrial water storage(TWS) decrease rate in the Tianshan Mountains was –0.7±1.53 cm/a during 2003–2015. The highest TWS deficit region was located in the central part of the Tianshan Mountains, which was closely related to sharp glacial retreats. The increases in glacier and snow meltwater led to an increase in runoff in the three typical river basins, especially that of the Aksu River(0.4×10~8 m^3/a). The decreasing and thinning of areas, and increasing equilibrium line altitude(ELV) of glaciers have been the major causes for the decrease in runoff in the three river basins since the mid-1990 s. Therefore, the results reveal the mechanisms causing the impacts of glaciers and snow reduction in mountains on regional water resources under climate change, and provide a reference for water resources management in the mountainous river basins. | 邓海军 陈亚宁 李洋 | 2019 | Journal of Geographical Sciences2019,29,1: | 4 |