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| 1 | Using probiotics to improve swine gut health and nutrient utilization显示文摘To maintain a healthy gut is definitely key for a pig to digest and absorb dietary nutrients efficiently. A balanced microbiota(i.e., a healthy micro-ecosystem) is an indispensable constituent of a healthy gut.Probiotics, the live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer good health benefits onto the host, are a category of feed additives that can be used to replenish the gut microbial population while recuperating the host immune system. Besides their antitoxin and diarrhea reduction effects, dietary supplementation of probiotics can improve gut health, nutrient digestibilities and,therefore, benefit nutrient utilization and growth performance of pigs. Current knowledge in the literature pertinent to the beneficial effects of utilizing various probiotics for swine production has been comprehensively reviewed, and the safety and the risk issues related to probiotic usage have also been discussed in this paper. Considering that the foremost cost in a swine operation is feed cost, feed efficiency holds a very special, if not the paramount, significance in commercial swine production. Globally,the swine industry along with other animal industries is moving towards restricting and eventually a total ban on the usage of antibiotic growth promoters. Therefore, selection of an ideal alternative to the in-feed antibiotics to compensate for the lost benefits due to the ban on the antibiotic usage is urgently needed to support the industry for profitable and sustainable swine production. As is understood, a decision on this selection is not easy to make. Thus, this review paper aims to provide some much needed up-to-date knowledge and comprehensive references for swine nutritionists and producers to refer to before making prudent decisions and for scientists and researchers to develop better commercial products. | Shengfa F.Liao Martin Nyachoti | 2017 | Animal Nutrition2017，，4： | 29 |
| 2 | Structure of the African swine fever virus major capsid protein p72显示文摘Dear Editor,African swine fever(ASF)caused by the African swine fever virus(ASFV)infection is a highly contagious and lethal disease of domestic pigs.Recent spread of the virus to China,1 the biggest pork-consuming country,has caused huge economic loss.So far there is no effective way to prevent the spread of the virus.Vaccine for protection from ASFV infection or effective treatments to cure ASF is urgently needed. | Qi Liu Bingting Ma Nianchao Qian Fan Zhang Xu Tan Jianlin Lei Ye Xiang | 2019 | Cell Research2019，29，11： | 28 |
| 3 | Piglet gut microbial shifts early in life:causes and effects显示文摘The gut microbiome has long been known to play fundamentally important roles in the animal health and the well-being of its host. As such, the establishment and maintenance of a beneficial gut microbiota early in life is crucial in pigs, since early gut colonizers are pivotal in the establishment of permanent microbial community structures affecting the health and growth performance of pigs later in life. Emphasizing this importance of early gut colonizers, it is critical to understand the factors impacting the establishment of the piglet gut microbiome at weaning. Factors include, among others, diet, in-feed antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotic administration. The impact of these factors on establishment of the gut microbiome of piglets at weaning includes effects on piglet gut microbial diversity, structure, and succession. In this review, we thoroughly reviewed the most recent findings on the piglet gut microbiome shifts as influenced by weaning, and how these microbiome changes brought about by various factors that have been shown to affect the development of microbiota in piglets. This review will provide a general overview of recent studies that can help to facilitate the design of new strategies to modulate the gut microbiome in order to enhance gastrointestinal health, growth performance and well-being of piglets. | Robin B.Guevarra Jun Hyung Lee Sun Hee Lee Min-Jae Seok Doo Wan Kim Bit Na Kang Timothy J.Johnson Richard E.Isaacson Hyeun Bum Kim | 2019 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2019，10，3： | 13 |
| 4 | 朱砂七多糖体外抗猪传染性胃肠炎病毒作用研究显示文摘猪传染性胃肠炎(swine transmissble gastroenteritis,TGE)是由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(Swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus,TGEV)引起的一种高度传染性的猪病毒性疾病。为探讨朱砂七(Polygonum cillinerve)多糖对TGEV的体外抑制作用,本研究以猪(Sus scrofa)睾丸(swine testis,ST)细胞为实验材料,通过先加药后接毒、先接毒后加药及药物与病毒混合感作3种给药方式,采用3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐法MTT法)和实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)检测不同浓度的朱砂七多糖对TGEV在ST细胞的体外抗吸附、直接杀灭和抑制增殖作用。MTT法结果显示,朱砂七多糖对ST细胞的最大无毒浓度(TC0)为20μg/m L;最大安全浓度(20μg/m L)时,对TGEV的抗吸附作用最好,抑制率达85.2%;对体外增殖的抑制率达78.4%;直接灭活作用抑制率达74.4%,且抑制率与浓度呈正相关。q RT-PCR检测结果表明,朱砂七多糖在3种给药方式下均能在转录水平显著降低TGEV N m RNA相对表达量,与病毒对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01),并存在一定的剂量依赖性。研究结果表明,朱砂七多糖对TGEV在ST细胞上增殖有抑制作用,不同给药方式有所差异,其中以先加药后接毒给药方式的预防作用效果最佳。本研究初步证实了朱砂七多糖的体外抗TGEV作用,为朱砂七资源的开发和综合利用提供了依据。 | 胡蓉 郭浩杰 曹志 盛洁 郭抗抗 宁蓬勃 卿素珠 张为民 | 2015 | 农业生物技术学报2015，23，2： | 12 |
| 5 | Induction of therapeutic hypothermia via the esophagus:a proof of concept study显示文摘BACKGROUND:Induction of hypothermia(a 4℃decrease from baseline)improves outcomes in adult cardiac arrest and neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy,and may benefit other conditions as well.Methods used to implement or prevent hypothermia typically require skin contact with blankets or pads or intravascular access with catheter devices.The study was to evaluate the potential to induce mild therapeutic hypothermia via an esophageal route in a porcine model.METHODS:Single-animal proof-of-concept study of a prototype esophageal device in a 70 kg Yorkshire swine.We measured the rate of temperature change after placement of a prototype device to induce hypothermia via the esophagus,and compared this rate to known temperature changes that occur under similar laboratory conditions without a hypothermic device.RESULTS:Swine temperature decreased from a starting temperature of 37.8℃to 33.8℃(achieving the goal of a 4℃decrease)in 175 minutes,resulting in a cooling rate of 1.37℃/h.Histopathology of the esophagus showed normal tissue without evidence of injury.CONCLUSION:A prototype of an esophageal cooling device induced hypothermia effectively in a large single-swine model. | Erik B.Kulstad D.Mark Courtney Donald Waller | 2012 | World Journal of Emergency Medicine2012，3，2： | 11 |
| 6 | Fermentation characteristics of resistant starch, arabinoxylan, andβ-glucan and their effects on the gut microbial ecology of pigs:A review显示文摘Dietary fibers(DF)contain an abundant amount of energy,although the mammalian genome does not encode most of the enzymes required to degrade them.However,a mutual dependence is developed between the host and symbiotic microbes,which has the potential to extract the energy present in these DF.Dietary fibers escape digestion in the foregut and are fermented in the hindgut,producing shortchain fatty acids(SCFA)that after the microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)of pigs.Most of the carbohydrates are fermented in the proximal part,allowing protein fermentation in the distal part,resulting in colonic diseases.The structures of resistant starch(RS),arabinoxylan(AX),and β-glucan(βG)are complex;hence,makes their way into the hindgut where these are fermented and provide energy substrates for the colonic epithelial cells.Different microbes have different preferences of binding to different substrates.The RS,AX and βG act as a unique substrate for the microbes and modify the relative composition of the gut microbial community.The granule dimension and surface area of each substrate are different,which influences the penetration capacity of microbes.Arabinose and xylan are 2 different hemicelluloses,but arabinose is substituted on the xylan backbone and occurs in the form of AX.Fermentation of xylan produces butyrate primarily in the small intestine,whereas arabinose produces butyrate in the large intestine.Types of RS and forms of βG also exert beneficial effects by producing different metabolites and modulating the intestinal microbiota.Therefore,it is important to have information of different types of RS,AX and(3 G and their roles in microbial modulation to get the optimum benefits of fiber fermentation in the gut.This review provides relevant information on the similarities and differences that exist in the way RS,AX,and βG are fermented,and their positive and negative effects on SCFA production and gut microbial ecology of pigs.These insights will help nutritionists to develop dietary strategies that can modulate specific SCFA production and promote beneficial microbiota in the GIT of swine. | Utsav P.Tiwari Amit K.Singh Rajesh Jha | 2019 | Animal Nutrition2019，，3： | 11 |
| 7 | Application of resistant starch in swine and poultry diets with particular reference to gut health and function显示文摘The immediate post-weaning period poses a major challenge on the survival of piglets. Similarly, newly hatched chicks face life threatening challenges due to enteric infections. In the past several years, in-feed antibiotics have been used to reduce these production problems and improve growth. However, in-feed antibiotics have been banned in many jurisdictions and therefore the most effective alternatives to infeed antibiotics must be developed. To date, several studies have been conducted to develop alternatives to antibiotics. One of the potential candidates as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics is resistant starch(RS). Resistance starch is a type of starch that resists enzymatic digestion in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract and therefore passes to hindgut where it can be fermented by resident microorganisms. Microbial fermentation of RS in the hindgut results in the production of short chain fatty acids(SCFA). Production of SCFA in turn results in growth and proliferation of colonic and cecal cells, increased expression of genes involved in gut development, and creation of an acidic environment. The acidic environment suppresses the growth of pathogenic microorganisms while selectively promoting the growth of beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to improve gut health and function by modifying and stabilising gut microbial community and by improving the immunological status of the host. In this review, we discussed the roles of RS in modifying and stabilising gut microbiota, gut health and function, carcass quality, and energy metabolism and growth performance in pigs and poultry. | Alemu Regassa Charles M.Nyachoti | 2018 | Animal Nutrition2018，，3： | 10 |
| 8 | A review of feed efficiency in swine:biology and application显示文摘Feed efficiency represents the cumulative efficiency with which the pig utilizes dietary nutrients for maintenance,lean gain and lipid accretion.It is closely linked with energy metabolism,as the oxidation of carbon-containing components in the feed drive all metabolic processes.While much is known about nutrient utilization and tissue metabolism,blending these subjects into a discussion on feed efficiency has proven to be difficult.For example,while increasing dietary energy concentration will almost certainly increase feed efficiency,the correlation between dietary energy concentration and feed efficiency is surprisingly low.This is likely due to the plethora of non-dietary factors that impact feed efficiency,such as the environment and health as well as individual variation in maintenance requirements,body composition and body weight.Nonetheless,a deeper understanding of feed efficiency is critical at many levels.To individual farms,it impacts profitability.To the pork industry,it represents its competitive position against other protein sources.To food economists,it means less demand on global feed resources.There are environmental and other societal implications as well.Interestingly,feed efficiency is not always reported simply as a ratio of body weight gain to feed consumed.This review will explain why this arithmetic calculation,as simple as it initially seems,and as universally applied as it is in science and commerce,can often be misleading due to errors inherent in recording of both weight gain and feed intake.This review discusses the importance of feed efficiency,the manner in which it can be measured and reported,its basis in biology and approaches to its improvement.It concludes with a summary of findings and recommendations for future efforts. | John F.Patience Mariana C.Rossoni-Seräo Nestor A.Gutiérrez | 2015 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2015，6，4： | 10 |
| 9 | Detection of Pseudorabies Virus Antibodies in Human Encephalitis Cases显示文摘Pseudorabies virus(PRV),a veterinary pathogen that infects domestic animals as well as wild animals such as wild boar and feral swine,was recently reported to infect human and led to endophthalmitis and encephalitis.A retrospective seroepidemiologic survey was conducted using 1,335 serum samples collected from patients with encephalitis and ELISA positive rates were 12.16%,14.25%,and 6.52%in 2012,2013,and 2017,respectively. | LI Xiang Dong FU Shi Hong CHEN Ling Yan LI Fan DENG Jun Hua LU Xuan Cheng WANG Huan Yu TIAN Ke Gong | 2020 | Biomedical and Environmental Sciences2020，33，6： | 9 |
| 10 | Incorporation of meat quality and use of ultrasound technology for swine genetic improvement programs显示文摘Real-time ultrasound has been, and will continue to be, one of the most important tools in enhancing genetic improvement in the U.S. Recent advancements in the technology have allowed ultrasound to be used in evaluating intramuscular fat in live animals. Together with other genetic improvement tools, ultrasound technology will offer seedstock producers the opportunity to select for improved IMF in potential breeding stock replacements and hence speed genetic progress for the improvement of this trait. After three generations of selection for IMF using real-time ultrasound in an Iowa State University study, the average EBV for select line pigs is 0.83% greater than for control line pigs. Selection for IMF has, however, resulted in slightly more backfat and less loin muscle area, and a trend toward more days to 114 kg in the select line compared to the control line. Carcass evaluation of a sample of pigs from each litter indicated a similar increase in IMF, increase in backfat, and reduction in loin muscle area for select line pigs. No differences were found for Hunter L* color, Minolta reflectance, and ultimate pH. | Tom J.BAAS | 2005 | 华南农业大学学报2005，26，S1： | 9 |
| 11 | 非洲猪瘟的流行特点及基层应对防控显示文摘非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)引起的一种猪的急性、热性、高度接触性传染病,以高热、食欲废绝、皮肤和内脏器官出血、高死亡率为特征,对养猪业危害严重,被世界动物卫生组织(OIE)列为A类疫病,我国列为一类动物疫病。 | 董钊 梁小贤 王晓霞 权亚玮 | 2015 | 中国动物保健2015，17，8： | 9 |
| 12 | 猪痢疾短螺旋体病的诊断与防控显示文摘现有的报道表明,至少有6种短螺旋体(Brachyspira)能够定植在猪体内。其中常见的主要有两种,分别是猪痢疾短螺旋体(Brachyspira hyodysenteriae)和毛肠短状螺旋体(Brachyspira pilosicoli)。 | 翁善钢 | 2015 | 养猪2015，，3： | 7 |
| 13 | 非洲猪瘟病毒在家猪中传播途径的研究进展显示文摘非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)是全球养猪业最重要的疫病之一。有些非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)的毒株能够引起100%的死亡率。这种疾病不仅严重影响生猪和猪肉产品的全球贸易,也是全球粮食安全的一个重要威胁。 | 翁善钢 | 2016 | 养猪2016，，4： | 7 |
| 14 | Hearing and Cochlear structures in a Swine Model显示文摘Objective To study the audition and inner ear structure in a normal swine model.Methods Auditory brainstem responses(ABRs) were determined in swine at 1 day and 1 month after birth.The form of the cochlea and hair cells were examined under a scanning electron microscope and on cochlear slices.Results ABR thresholds at 1 day and 1 month post-birth were between 40 and 50 dB SPL.The latencies of waves I,III and V in 1 day old swine were 1.97 ± 0.13,3.01± 0.16 and 4.26±0.20 ms,respectively.At 1 month,the lantancies of waves I,III and V were 2.01 ± 0.05,3.11±0.08 and 4.65 ± 0.14 ms,respectively,slightly longer than those at 1 day,although not statistically significant(p>0.05).The swine cochlea was constituted of 3 and a half turns and the cochlear hair cells lined up in four rows.Hair cell cilia in the apical turn were longer than those in other turns.Conclusions The swine cochlea is mature at the time of birth.Swine ABR thresholds are slightly higher than humans and rats.Swine appears to be a precocial animal species. | GUO Wei-wei1,Cheng Lei2,Liu Hui-zhan1,Sun Jian-he1,YANG Shi-ming1,1 Department of Otolaryngology,Head & Neck Surgery,Institute of Otolaryngology,Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100853,China 2 State Rey laboratory for Agrobio technology China Agrical universiy Beijing 100193,PR,China | 2010 | Journal of Otology2010，5，2： | 7 |
| 15 | 2016年国际猪病疫情回顾:非洲猪瘟仍是头号威胁显示文摘2017年新年伊始,波罗的海沿岸的拉脱维亚再次传出非洲猪瘟(African Swine Fever,ASF)疫情。2017年1月初,拉脱维亚政府已宣布拉脱维亚中部、首都里加以东的3个市将实施特别措施,措施将持续至少3个月。受到疫情影响的分别是克里穆尔达(Krimulda)、 | 翁善钢 | 2017 | 养猪2017，，2： | 6 |
| 16 | Evaluation of gastric lavage efficiency and utility using a rapid quantitative method in a swine paraquat poisoning model显示文摘BACKGROUND:Gastric lavage(GL)is one of the most critical early therapies for acute paraquat(PQ)poisoning;however,details of the treatment protocol remain to be established.METHODS:A rapid quantitative method involving sodium dithionite testing was developed.It was validated for the determination of the PQ concentrations in gastric juice and eluate samples from a swine acute PQ poisoning model with early or delay GL,or without.The vital signs,laboratory testing,and PQ plasma concentrations were collected for therapeutic effect evaluation.RESULTS:The reaction conditions of the test were optimized for two types of samples.Early GL at one hour(H1)could improve the signs and symptoms after acute PQ poisoning at 24 hours(H24).In contrast,GL at 6 hours(H6)could only partially relieve the vital signs.The H1 GL group effectively reduced the peak of the plasma PQ concentration.In addition,the PQ concentrations in the plasma and the gastric juice were significantly decreased in both the GL groups as compared to the untreated group at H24.Moreover,there was no significant difference in the washing efficiencies calculated from the total eluates between the two GL groups.However,the washing efficiency of the first 10 L eluate is superior to that of the additional 10 L eluate.CONCLUSION:GL only at early stage may it benefit PQ poisoning in an animal model.The currently used 20 L GL volume may need to be reduced in view of the low washing efficiency in the later 10 L eluate.The rapid quantitative method can be used for gastric juice sample and has a certain value for clinical GL practices. | Yun-fei Jiang Jian Kang Pei-pei Huang Jia-xi Yao Zhong-he Wang Lei Jiang Jun Wang Li Qiao Bao-li Zhu Hao Sun Jin-song Zhang | 2020 | World Journal of Emergency Medicine2020，11，3： | 6 |
| 17 | Application of new biotechnologies for improvements in swine nutrition and pork production显示文摘Meeting the increasing demands for high-quality pork protein requires not only improved diets but also biotechnology-based breeding to generate swine with desired production traits.Biotechnology can be classified as the cloning of animals with identical genetic composition or genetic engineering(via recombinant DNA technology and gene editing)to produce genetically modified animals or microorganisms.Cloning helps to conserve species and breeds,particularly those with excellent biological and economical traits.Recombinant DNA technology combines genetic materials from multiple sources into single cells to generate proteins.Gene(genome)editing involves the deletion,insertion or silencing of genes to produce:(a)genetically modified pigs with important production traits;or(b)microorganisms without an ability to resist antimicrobial substances.Current gene-editing tools include the use of zinc finger nuclease(ZFN),transcription activator-like effector nuclease(TALEN),or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated nuclease-9(CRISPR/Cas9)as editors.ZFN,TALEN,or CRISPR/Cas9 components are delivered into target cells through transfection(lipid-based agents,electroporation,nucleofection,or microinjection)or bacteriophages,depending on cell type and plasmid.Compared to the ZFN and TALEN,CRISPR/Cas9 offers greater ease of design and greater flexibility in genetic engineering,but has a higher frequency of off-target effects.To date,genetically modified pigs have been generated to express bovine growth hormone,bacterial phytase,fungal carbohydrases,plant and C.elagan fatty acid desaturases,and uncoupling protein-1;and to lack myostatin,α-1,3-galactosyltransferase,or CD163(a cellular receptor for the'blue ear disease'virus).Biotechnology holds promise in improving the efficiency of swine production and developing alternatives to antibiotics in the future. | Guoyao Wu Fuller W.Bazer | 2019 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2019，10，4： | 5 |
| 18 | Nutrient profile and digestibility of tubers and agro-industrial coproducts determined using an in vitro model of swine显示文摘Exploring and evaluating alternative feed ingredients to be used in swine diet is essential due to highly variable cost and limited availability of conventional feed ingredients. Tubers and agro-industrial coproducts could provide the basis for producing affordable swine feed. However, information on the nutritional value of these potential alternative feedstuffs is necessary while considering their use in swine feeding program. Four tubers(purple sweet potato [PSP], okinawan sweet potato, taro and cassava) and 3 coproducts(okara, wheat millrun [WMR] and barley brewers grain [BBG]) were analyzed for their proximate nutrients, starch, fibers and gross energy(GE) content. Two independent in vitro studies were carried out for tubers and coproducts to determine their nutrients digestibility using a 3-step enzymatic assay(which mimics the digestion occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of swine) with 9 replicates of each sample digested in 3 batches equally. All replicate samples were used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDDM) while 2 replicates from each batch were used to determine in vitro GE digestibility(IVDGE). Among tubers, CP content was the highest in taro(8.8%) and the lowest in cassava(3.7%), while CP content among coproducts was the highest in okara(22.7%) and the lowest in WMR(11.8%). Ether extract content among tubers ranged from 1.1% to 2.8%. The GE content among tubers, ranged from 4,134 to 4,334 kcal/kg whereas among coproducts it ranged from 4,270 to 4,794 kcal/kg. Among tubers, IVDDM for PSP was significantly higher(86.8%, P < 0.001) than taro(70.3%). Among coproducts, IVDDM of okara(74.1%) was significantly higher(P < 0.05) than BBG(61.3%). In conclusion,both tubers and coproducts can be used as a partial substitute of conventional energy feedstuffs in swine diets as these are rich in GE and other nutrients and are fairly digestible. | Utsav P.Tiwari Rajesh Jha | 2016 | Animal Nutrition2016，，4： | 5 |
| 19 | 非洲猪瘟的传播、扩散和控制显示文摘非洲猪瘟(African Swine Fever,ASF)是一种对家猪具有高度致命性的病毒性疾病,其主要症状有出血热,致死率可高达100%(Penrith等,2004a)。迄今为止,所有针对ASF的疫苗生产努力都告失败。分子生物学研究领域的新发展给研制出一种可预防ASF的疫苗提供了希望(Chang等,2006;Dixon等,2004;Lewis等,2000)。然而,最近几年,ASF令人震惊的扩散速度,已表明采取建设性的防控措施变得更为迫切,而不是等待疫苗的研制成功。 | 翁善钢 Vosloo Mary-Louise Penrith Wilna Vosloo | 2015 | 国外畜牧学(猪与禽)2015，35，3： | 5 |
| 20 | Nutritional evaluation of integral cassava root silages for growing pigs显示文摘The experiment aimed at determining the nutritional value of integral cassava root silages with yogurt as inoculant or wastewater(manipueira) by liquid addition ensiling process. Eighteen crossbred piglets(Large White x Landrace), castrated males with an initial average weight of 50 kg were allocated in metabolism cages throughout 11-day trial duration(6 days for animal's adaptation to the cages and to the experimental diets, and 5 days of urine and faeces collection). The experimental design was a randomized block arrangement with 3 treatments and 6 replicates: basal diet(100%); mixture composed of75% basal diet and 25% integral cassava root silage with yogurt as inoculant; a mixture composed of 75%of basal diet and 25% integral cassava root silage with wastewater. The silages with wastewater and yogurt presented the following values of apparent digestibility of dry matter 89.96% and 90.01%,apparent digestibility of crude protein of 60.67% and 66.43%, apparent digestibility of gross energy of90.43% and 91.48%, gross energy metabolizability coefficients of 87.88% and 88.93%, digestible energy values of 3,705 and 3,783 kcal/kg on a dry matter(DM) basis, and metabolizable energy values of 3,600 and 3,676 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The results have demonstrated that integral cassava root silages with wastewater or yogurt have a high nutritional value and can be used as an alternative energy source in growing pig's diets. | Diego D.Araújo Alessandro B.Amorim Mayra A.D.Saleh Felipe Curcelli Pedro L.Perdigón Silvio J.Bicudo Dirlei A.Berto | 2016 | Animal Nutrition2016，，3： | 5 |
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