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| 1 | Roasting and leaching behaviors of vanadium and chromium in calcification roasting–acid leaching of high-chromium vanadium slag显示文摘Calcification roasting–acid leaching of high-chromium vanadium slag(HCVS)was conducted to elucidate the roasting and leaching behaviors of vanadium and chromium.The effects of the purity of Ca O,molar ratio between Ca O and V_2O_5(n(Ca O)/n(V_2O_5)),roasting temperature,holding time,and the heating rate used in the oxidation–calcification processes were investigated.The roasting process and mechanism were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry(TG–DSC).The results show that most of vanadium reacted with Ca O to generate calcium vanadates and transferred into the leaching liquid,whereas almost all of the chromium remained in the leaching residue in the form of(Fe_(0.6)Cr_(0.4))_2O_3.Variation trends of the vanadium and chromium leaching ratios were always opposite because of the competitive reactions of oxidation and calcification between vanadium and chromium with Ca O.Moreover,Ca O was more likely to combine with vanadium,as further confirmed by thermodynamic analysis.When the HCVS with Ca O added in an n(Ca O)/n(V_2O_5)ratio of 0.5 was roasted in an air atmosphere at a heating rate of 10°C/min from room temperature to 950°C and maintained at this temperature for 60 min,the leaching ratios of vanadium and chromium reached91.14%and 0.49%,respectively;thus,efficient extraction of vanadium from HCVS was achieved and the leaching residue could be used as a new raw material for the extraction of chromium.Furthermore,the oxidation and calcification reactions of the spinel phases occurred at 592and 630°C for n(Ca O)/n(V_2O_5)ratios of 0.5 and 5,respectively. | Jing Wen Tao Jiang Mi Zhou Hui-yang Gao Jia-yi Liu Xiang-xin Xue | 2018 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2018，25，5： | 14 |
| 2 | Porous bowl-shaped VS2 nanosheets/graphene composite for high-rate lithium-ion storage显示文摘Two-dimensional (2D) layered vanadium disulfide (VS2) is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to the high theoretical capacity.However,it remains a challenge to synthesize monodispersed ultrathin VS2 nanosheets to realize the full potential.Herein,a novel solvothermal method has been developed to prepare the monodispersed bowl-shaped NH3-inserted VS2 nanosheets (VS2).The formation of such a unique structure is caused by the blocked growth of (001) or (002) crystal planes in combination with a ripening process driven by the thermodynamics.The annealing treatment in Ar/H2creates porous monodispersed VS2(H-VS2),which is subsequently integrated with graphene oxide to form porous monodispersed H-VS2/rGO composite coupled with a reduction process.As an anode material for LIBs,H-VS2/rGO delivers superior rate performance and longer cycle stability:a high average capacity of 868/525 mAh g^-1 at a current density of 1/10 A g^-1;a reversible capacity of 1177/889 mAh g^-1 after 150/500 cycles at 0.2/1 A g^-1.Such excellent electrochemical performance may be attributed to the increased active sites available for lithium storage,the alleviated volume variations and the shortened Li-ion diffusion induced from the porous structure with large specific surface area,as well as the protective effect from graphene nanosheets. | Daxiong Wu Caiyun Wang Mingguang Wu Yunfeng Chao Pengbin He Jianmin Ma | 2020 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2020，29，4： | 11 |
| 3 | Study on stabilities and electrochemical behavior of V(V) electrolyte with acid additives for vanadium redox flow battery显示文摘Several acid compounds have been employed as additives of the V(V) electrolyte for vanadium redox flow battery(VRB) to improve its stability and electrochemical activity. Stability of the V(V) electrolyte with and without additives was investigated with ex-situ heating/cooling treatment at a wide temperature range of-5 ?C to 60 ?C. It was observed that methanesulfonic acid, boric acid, hydrochloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid,polyacrylic acid, oxalic acid, methacrylic acid and phosphotungstic acid could improve the stability of the V(V) electrolyte at a certain range of temperature. Their electrochemical behaviors in the V(V) electrolyte were further studied by cyclic voltammetry(CV), steady state polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The results showed that the electrochemical activity, including the reversibility of electrode reaction, the diffusivity of V(V) species, the polarization resistance and the flexibility of charge transfer for the V(V) electrolyte with these additives were all improved compared with the pristine solution. | Gang Wang Jinwei Chen Xueqin Wang Jing Tian Hong Kang Xuejing Zhu Yu Zhang Xiaojiang Liu Ruilin Wang | 2014 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2014，23，1： | 10 |
| 4 | Effect of Cr2O3 addition on oxidation induration and reduction swelling behavior of chromium-bearing vanadium titanomagnetite pellets with simulated coke oven gas显示文摘The oxidation induration and reduction swelling behavior of chromium-bearing vanadium titanomagnetite pellets(CVTP)with Cr2O3 addition were studied,and the reduction swelling index(RSI)and compressive strength(CS)of the reduced CVTP with simulated coke oven gas(COG)injection were investigated.The results showed that the CS of the CVTP decreases and the porosity of the CVTP increases with increasing amount of Cr2O3 added.The Cr2O3 mainly exists in the form of(Cr,Fe)2O3 solid solution in the CVTP and as Fe-Cr in the reduced CVTP.The CS of the reduced CVTP increases and the RSI of the reduced CVTP decreases with increasing amount of Cr2O3 added.The limited aggregation and diffusion of metallic iron contribute to the formation of dense lamellar crystals,which leads to the slight decrease for reduction swelling behavior of reduced CVTP.This work provides a theoretical and technical basis for the utilization of CVTP and other Cr-bearing ores such as chromite with COG recycling technology. | Wei-dong Tang Song-tao Yang Xiang-xin Xue | 2019 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2019，26，8： | 9 |
| 5 | Recovery of vanadium and molybdenum from spent petrochemical catalyst by microwave-assisted leaching显示文摘The study of the leaching of vanadium(V) and molybdenum(Mo) from spent petrochemical catalysts in sodium hydroxide(NaO H) medium was performed using two approaches, namely, conventional leaching and microwave-assisted leaching methods. The influence of microwave power, leaching time, leaching temperature, and NaOH concentration on the leaching efficiency of spent petrochemical catalyst was investigated. Under microwave-assisted conditions(600 W, 10 min, 90°C, 2.0 mol·L^(-1) NaOH, and 0.20 g·mL^(-1) solid–liquid ratio), the leaching efficiencies of V and Mo reached 94.35% and 96.23%, respectively. It has been confirmed that microwave energy has considerable potential to enhance the efficiency of the leaching process and reduce the leaching time. It is suggested that the enhancement of the leaching efficiencies of V and Mo can be attributed to the existence of a thermal gradient between solid and liquid and the generation of cracks on the mineral surface. | Zhi-yuan Ma Yong Liu Ji-kui Zhou Mu-dan Liu Zhen-zhen Liu | 2019 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2019，26，1： | 9 |
| 6 | Selective leaching of vanadium from V-Ti magnetite concentrates by pellet calcification roasting-H_(2)SO_(4) leaching process显示文摘A novel method of pellet calcification roasting-H_(2)SO_(4) leaching was proposed to efficiently separate and extract vanadium(V)from vanadium-titanium(V-Ti)magnetite concentrates.The leaching rate of V is as high as 88.98%,while the leaching rate of impurity iron is only 1.79%.Moreover,the leached pellets can be used as raw materials for blast furnace ironmaking after secondary roasting.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEMEDS)analyses showed that V^(3+)was oxidized to V^(5+)after roasting at 1200℃,and V^(5+)was then leached by H_(2)SO_(4).X-ray diffraction(XRD)analyses and single factor experiment revealed a minimal amount of dissolved Fe_(2)O_(3) during H_(2)SO_(4) leaching.Therefore,a high separation degree of V and iron(Fe)from V-Ti magnetite concentrate was achieved through H_(2)SO_(4) leaching.Compared with the traditional roastingleaching process,this process can achieve a high selectivity of V and Fe,and has excellent prospects for industrial production. | Yi Luo Xiaokui Che Xinglan Cui Qi Zheng Lei Wang | 2021 | International Journal of Mining Science and Technology2021，31，3： | 8 |
| 7 | Effect of MoO_3 on vanadium based catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH_3 at low temperature显示文摘The selective catalytic reduction(SCR) activities of the MoO_3 doped V/WTi catalysts prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method at low temperature were investigated.The results showed that the addition of MoO_3 could enhance the NO_ xconversion at low temperature and the best SCR activity was obtained when the dosage of MoO_3 reached5 wt.%. The NH3-TPD and DRIFTS experiments indicated that the addition of MoO_3 changed the type and number of acid sites on the surface of catalysts and reaction activities of acid sites were altered at the same time. The redox capacity and amount of active oxygen species got improved for V3Mo5/WTi catalyst, which could be confirmed by the H_2-TPR and transient response experiments. Water vapor inhibited the NO_xconversion at low temperature. Deposition of ammonium sulfate or bisulfate might be main reason for the loss of catalytic activity in the presence of SO_2 at low temperature. Choosing the suitable NH_3/NO ratio and elevation of reaction temperature both could weaken the influence of SO_2 on the SCR activity of the V3Mo5/WTi catalyst. Thermal treatment of the deactivated catalyst at350°C could get the low temperature activity recovered. The decrease of GHSV improved the de NO_x efficiency at low temperature and we speculated that the rational technological process and operation parameters could contribute to the application of this kind of catalysts in real industrial environment. | Lin Zhu Zhaoping Zhong Han Yang Chunhua Wang | 2017 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2017，29，6： | 8 |
| 8 | Porous V2O5 nanofibers as cathode materials for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries显示文摘Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries are recently gaining incremental attention because of low cost and material abundance, but their development is plagued by limited choice of cathode materials with satisfactory cycling performance. Here, we report a porous V2O5 nanofibers cathode with high Znstorage performance in an aqueous Zn(CF3SO3)2 electrolyte. We propose a reaction mechanism based on phase transition from orthorhombic V2O5 to zinc pyrovanadate on first discharging and reversible Zn^2+ (de)intercalation in the open-structured hosts during subsequent cycling. This open and stable architecture enables a high reversible capacity of 319 mAh g^-1 at 20 mAg^-1 and a capacity retention of 81% over 500 cycles. The remarkable electrochemical performance makes V2O5 a promising cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. | Xuyong Chen Liubin Wang Hang Li Fangyi Cheng Jun Chen | 2019 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2019，28，11： | 7 |
| 9 | Thermodynamic studies on gas-based reduction of vanadium titano-magnetite pellets显示文摘Numerous studies have focused on the reduction thermodynamics of ordinary iron ore;by contrast, the literature contains few thermodynamic studies on the gas-based reduction of vanadium titano-magnetite (VTM) in mixed atmospheres of H2, CO, H2O, CO2, and N2. In this paper, thermodynamic studies on the reduction of oxidized VTM pellets were systematically conducted in an atmosphere of a C–H–O system as a reducing agent. The results indicate that VTM of an equivalent valence state is more difficult to reduce than ordinary iron ore. A reduction equilibrium diagram using the C–H–O system as a reducing agent was obtained;it clearly describes the reduction process. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the reduction temperature, the gas composition, and two types of iron ores on the reduction of oxidized VTM pellets. The results show that the final reduction degree increases with increasing reduction temperature, increasing molar ratio of H2/(H2 + CO), and decreasing H2O, CO2, and N2 contents. In addition, the reduction processes under various conditions are discussed. All of the results of the reduction experiments are consistent with those of theoretical thermodynamic analysis. This study is expected to provide valuable thermodynamic theory on the industrial applications of VTM. | Jun-wei Chen Yang Jiao Xi-dong Wang | 2019 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2019，26，7： | 7 |
| 10 | Acid leaching of vanadium from roasted residue of stone coal显示文摘Through leaching from residue directly and leaching after a roasting treatment,respectively,the experimental research on sulfuric leaching of vanadium from residue of stone coal that came from power generation was conducted.Factors which influence the leaching of vanadium such as concentration of sulfuric acid,leaching temperature,leaching time and liquid-to-solid ratio were investigated in both processes.In the process of direct leaching,to achieve a leaching rate of 74.49%,H2SO4 concentration of up to 5.4%,leaching temperature of 90℃and leaching time of 8 h were necessary reaction factors.The results show that after a roasting treatment at the optimum condition of 950℃at 1 h,76.88%vanadium can be leached under the experimental condition of 0.45% of H2SO4,30℃for 1 h with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 2 mL/g.Leaching after an oxidation roasting treatment is an efficient way to leach vanadium from the residue of stone coal,which has some advantages,such as high recovery,low economic cost and less impurities in leaching solution. | 朱阳戈 张国范 冯其明 卢毅屏 欧乐明 黄思捷 | 2010 | Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China2010，20，S1： | 6 |
| 11 | Evaluation of self-healing ability of Ce-V conversion coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy显示文摘This study investigated the influence of cerium nitrate in vanadate solutions on the properties of Ce–V conversion coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloys,and evaluated the self-healing behavior of the Ce–V conversion coating for AZ31 magnesium alloy.The results showed that the additions of cerium nitrate prevented pentavalent vanadium from reducing to tetravalent vanadium in the coatings during conversion reaction process.Adding appropriate cerium nitrate to vanadate solution led to a thicker coating with a more compact CeVO_(4) layer.The corrosion behavior of the Ce–V conversion coating was investigated by the electrochemical tests and the scratch immersion test in 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution.The self-healing ability of the coating was confirmed from all tests.The surface analysis revealed that the self-healing effect of the Ce–V conversion coating was only provided by the release and migration of vanadium compounds. | Xiao Jiang Ruiguang Guo Shuqin Jiang | 2016 | Journal of Magnesium and Alloys2016，4，3： | 6 |
| 12 | Selectivity enhancement of quaternized poly(arylene ether ketone)membranes by ion segregation for vanadium redox flow batteries显示文摘Quaternary ammonium densely functionalized octa-benzylmethyl-containing poly(arylene ether ketone)s(QA-OMPAEKs) with ion exchange capacities(IECs) ranging from 1.23 to 2.21 mmol g^(-1) were synthesized from:(1) Ullmann coupling extension of tetra-benzylmethyl-containing bisphenol A;(2) condensation polymerization with activated dihalide in the presence of K_2CO_3;(3) selective bromination using N-bromosuccinimide; and(4) quantitative quaternization using trimethylamine. Both smallangle X-ray scattering(SAXS) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) characterizations revealed distinct nano-phase separation in QA-OMPAEKs as a result of the dense quaternization. The QA-OMPAEK-20 with an IEC of 1.98 mmol g^(-1) exhibited a high SO_4^(2-) conductivity of 11.4 mS cm^(-1) and a low VO^(2+) permeability of 0.06×10^(-12) m^2 s^(-1) at room temperature,leading to a dramatically higher ion selectivity than Nafion N212. Consequently, the vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB)assembled with QA-OMPAEK-20 achieved a Coulombic efficiency of 96.9% and an energy efficiency of 84.8% at a current density of 50 mA cm^(-2), which were much higher than those of the batteries assembled with Nafion N212 and a home-made control membrane without distinct nano-phase separation. Therefore, ion segregation is demonstrated to be a strategical route for the design of high performance anion exchange membranes(AEMs) for VRFBs. | Yu Chen Zhongcheng Liu Meijin Lin Qilang Lin Bihai Tong Dongyang Chen | 2019 | Science China Chemistry2019，62，4： | 6 |
| 13 | KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere as excellent electrocatalyst for VO^(2+)/VO_2^+ redox couple for vanadium redox flow battery显示文摘In this paper,carbon microsphere prepared by hydrothermal treatment was activated by KHCO_3 at high temperature,and employed as the catalyst for VO^(2+)/VO_2^+redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB).Carbon microsphere can be etched by KHCO_3 due to the reaction between the pyrolysis products of KHCO_3 and carbon atoms.Moreover,KHCO_3 activation can bring many oxygen functional groups on carbon microsphere,further improving the wettability of catalyst and increasing the active sites.The electrocatalytic properties of carbon microsphere from hydrothermal treatment are improved by high temperature carbonization,and can further be enhanced by KHCO_3 activation.Among carbon microsphere samples,the VO^(2+)/VO_2^+redox reaction exhibits the highest electrochemical kinetics on KHCO_3 activated sample.The cell using KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere as the positive catalyst demonstrates higher energy efficiency and larger discharge capacity,especially at high current density.The results reveal that KHCO_3 activated carbon microsphere is an efficient,low-cost carbon-based catalyst for VO^(2+)/VO_2^+redox reaction for VRFB system. | Chen Zhao Yuehua Li Zhangxing He Yingqiao Jiang Lu Li Fengyun Jiang Huizhu Zhou Jing Zhu Wei Meng Ling Wang Lei Dai | 2019 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2019，28，2： | 5 |
| 14 | Kinetics of Vanadium Oxidation during Bone Coal Roasting in Air显示文摘KineticsofVanadiumOxidationduringBoneCoalRoastinginAirGuoWei(郭伟)(GeneralResearchInstitutefoNon-ferrousMetals,Beijing100088,Ch... | 郭伟 范其明 胡长平 | 1995 | Rare Metals1995，14，4： | 5 |
| 15 | Effect of vanadium micro-alloying on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 718H pre-hardened mold steel显示文摘The effects of different contents of vanadium(V)(0.1,0.2,and 0.3 wt%)on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 718H steel were investigated.The precipitate was characterized by means of atom probe tomography(APT)and bright-field transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The increase in V content has great benefits for strength,but has an adverse effect on impact toughness.The strength increase can be attributed to the influence of V addition on dislocation density,misorientation gradient,and fine scale MC precipitates.Precipitation strengthening mainly contributes to the V-added steel by analyzing various strengthening mechanisms.However,fine scale MC precipitates can pin dislocation leading to a decrease in its mobility.A large number of immovable dislocations will increase the dislocation accumulation,internal stress and brittle cracking,resulting in a gradual decrease in impact toughness with the V addition.In addition,compared with V-free steel,the dissolved V content in austenite decreases the grain boundary energy and inhibits the diffusion of the C atoms,ultimately reducing the transformation range of pearlite(P). | Hanghang Liu Paixian Fu Hongwei Liu Chen Sun Ningyu Du Dianzhonga Li | 2019 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2019，35，11： | 5 |
| 16 | Review on thermochromic vanadium dioxide based smart coatings: from lab to commercial application显示文摘With an urgent demand of energy efficientcoatings for building fenestrations, vanadium dioxide(VO2)-based thermochromic smart coatings have beenwidely investigated due to the reversible phase transition ofVO2 at a critical transition temperature of 68 ℃, which isaccompanied by the modulation of solar irradiation, espe-cially in the near-infrared region. As for commercialapplications in our daily life, there are still some obstaclesfor VO2-based smart coatings, such as the high phasetransition temperature, optical properties (luminous trans-mittance and solar modulation ability), environmental sta-bility in a long-time period, as well as mass production. Inthis review, recent progress of thermochromic smart coat-ings to solve above obstacles has been surveyed. Mean-while, future development trends have also been given topromote the goal of commercial production of VO2 smartcoatings. | Tian-Ci Chang Xun Cao Shan-Hu Bao Shi-Dong Ji Hong-Jie Luo Ping Jin | 2018 | Advances in Manufacturing2018，6，1： | 5 |
| 17 | Dendritic BiVO4 decorated with MnOx co-catalyst as an efficient hierarchical catalyst for photocatalytic ozonation显示文摘An appropriate co-catalyst can significantly promote the photocatalytic efficacy, but this has been seldom studied in the visible-light photocatalysis combined with ozone, namely photocatalytic ozonation. In this work, a dendritic bismuth vanadium tetraoxide (BiVO4) material composited with highly dispersed MnOv nanoparticles was synthesized, and its catalytic activity is 86.6% higher than bare BiVO4 in a visible light and ozone combined process. Catalytic ozonation experiments, ultraviolet- visible (UV-Vis) diffuse reflectance spectra and photoluminescence spectra jointly indicate that MnOA plays a triple role in this process. MnOv strengthens the light adsorption and promotes the charge separation on the composite material, and it also shows good activity in catalytic ozonation. The key reactive species in this process is OH, and various pathways for its generation in this process is proposed. This work provides a new direction of catalyst preparation and pushes forward the application of photocatalytic ozonation in water treatment. | Jin Yang Xuelian Liu Hongbin Cao Yanchun Shi Yongbing Xie Jiadong Xiao | 2019 | Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering2019，13，1： | 5 |
| 18 | Effect of Nb and V on the continuous cooling transformation of undercooled austenite in Cr–Mo–V steel for brake discs显示文摘The increasing speed of trains necessitates the development of brake-disc materials that meet more stringent requirements.Therefore,Nb and V have been added to Cr–Mo–V steel to improve its thermal fatigue performance when used in brake discs.In this paper,the influences of Nb and V on the static continuous cooling transformation(CCT)behaviors of undercooled austenite were studied.The microstructures,hardness,and dislocation densities at different cooling rates and with the addition of different alloying elements were also investigated.The results show that the transformation products of ferrite,granular bainite,lower bainite,and martensite form under different cooling conditions.With increasing Nb and V contents,the CCT curves are shifted to the left,ferrite and bainite transformations are promoted,and the critical cooling rate of total martensite formation is increased.The added V mainly forms V-rich M_8C_7 precipitates and reduces the dissolved C content;therefore,the A_(c1),A_(c3),and M_s-point temperatures increase.Moreover,the stability of retained austenite is also reduced;its content therefore decreases.Compared with V,the effect of added Nb is weaker because of its smaller content.However,the addition of Nb improves the hardness at lower cooling rates because of the precipitation of fine Nb C particles and refining of the microstructure. | Dan Wu Fu-ming Wang Jin Cheng Chang-rong Li | 2018 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2018，25，8： | 4 |
| 19 | Analysis of the formation conditions and characteristics of interphase and random vanadium precipitation in a low-carbon steel during isothermal heat treatment显示文摘The characteristics of nanosized precipitates in steels depend on the heat-treatment parameters. The effects of characteristics of vanadium precipitates formed during isothermal heat treatment on the hardness of the ferrite matrix in low-carbon vanadium-alloyed steel were investigated through analysis of transmission electron microscopy images and microhardness measurements. The results show that, during isothermal holding in the temperature range from 675 to 750℃, only interphase precipitation occurs, whereas only random precipitation occurs in the ferrite matrix during holding at 600℃. Furthermore, during isothermal heat treatment between 600 and 675℃, both random and interphase precipitates occurred in the ferrite. Nanoscale vanadium carbides with different atomic ratios of vanadium(V) and carbon(C) were the dominant precipitates in the random and interphase precipitates. The sizes of random precipitation carbides were smaller than those of interphase ones. Also, the sample isothermally heat treated at 650℃ for 900s exhibited a higher hardness with a narrower hardness distribution. | Sayed Ghafar Hashemi B.Eghbali | 2018 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2018，25，3： | 4 |
| 20 | Dispersion state and catalytic properties of vanadia species on the surface of V_2O_5/TiO_2 catalysts显示文摘The dispersion state and catalytic properties of anatase-supported vanadia species are studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), H2 temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and the selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. The almost identical values of the experimental dispersion capacity of V2O5 on anatase and the surface vacant sites available on the preferentially exposed (001) plane of anatase suggest that the highly dispersed vanadium cations are bonded to the vacant sites on the surface of anatase as derived by the incorporation model. When the loading amount of V2O5 is far below its dispersion capacity, the dispersed vanadia species might mainly consist of isolated VOx species bridging to the surface through V-O-Ti bonds. With the increase of V2O5 loading the isolated vanadia species interact with their nearest neighbors (either isolated or polymerized vanadia) through bridging V-O-V at the expenses of V-O-Ti bonds, resulting in the increase of the | 许波连 陈懿 范以宁 刘浏 林明 | 2002 | Science China Chemistry2002，45，4： | 4 |
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