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| 1 | Potential antibacterial activity of berberine against multi drug resistant enterovirulent Escherichia coli isolated from yaks(Poephagus grunniens) with haemorrhagic diarrhoea显示文摘Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of berberine,a plant alkaloid.Methods:Five multi-drug resistant(MDR) STEC/EPEC and five MDR ETEC isolates from yaks with haemorrhagic diarrhoea were selected for the study.Antibacterial activity of berberine was evaluated by broth dilution and disc diffusion methods.The binding kinetics of berberine to DNA and protein was also enumerated.Results:For both categories of enterovirulent Escherichia coli(E.roli) isolates, berberine displayed the antibaclerial effect in a dose dependent manner.The MIC50 of berberine chloride for STEC/EPEC isolates varied from 2.07μM to 3.6μM with a mean of(2.95±0.33)μM where as for ETEC strains it varied from 1.75 to 1.96μM with a mean of(1.87±0.03)μM. Berberine bind more tightly with double helix DNA with Bmax and Kd of(24.68±2.62) and(357.8±57.8),respectively.Berberine reacted with protein in comparatively loose manner with Bmax and Kd of(18.9±3.83) and <286.2±113.6),respectively.Conclusions:The results indicate clearly that berberine may serve as a good antibacterial against multi drug resistant E.coli. | Samiran Bandyopadhyay Pabitra H Patra Achintya Mahanti Dipak K Mondal Premanshu Dandapat Subhasis Bandyopadhyay Indranil Samanta Chandan Lodh Asit K Bera Debasish Bhattacharyya Mihir Sarkar Kishore K Baruah | 2013 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2013，6，4： | 11 |
| 2 | Comparison of rumen archaeal diversity in adult and elderly yaks(Bos grunniens)using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing显示文摘This study was conducted to investigate the phylogenetic diversity of archaea in the rumen of adult and elderly yaks. Six domesticated female yaks, 3 adult yaks((5.3±0.6) years old), and 3 elderly yaks((10.7±0.6) years old), were used for the rumen contents collection. Illumina Mi Seq high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to examine the archaeal composition of rumen contents. A total of 92 901 high-quality archaeal sequences were analyzed, and these were assigned to 2 033 operational taxonomic units(OTUs). Among these, 974 OTUs were unique to adult yaks while 846 OTUs were unique to elderly yaks; 213 OTUs were shared by both groups. At the phylum level, more than 99% of the obtained OTUs belonged to the Euryarchaeota phylum. At the genus level, the archaea could be divided into 7 archaeal genera. The 7 genera(i.e., Methanobrevibacter, Methanobacterium, Methanosphaera, Thermogymnomonas, Methanomicrobiu, Methanimicrococcus and the unclassified genus) were shared by all yaks, and their total abundance accounted for 99% of the rumen archaea. The most abundant archaea in elderly and adult yaks were Methanobrevibacter and Thermogymnomonas, respectively. The abundance of Methanobacteria(class), Methanobacteriales(order), Methanobacteriaceae(family), and Methanobrevibacter(genus) in elderly yaks was significantly higher than in adult yaks. In contrast, the abundance of Thermogymnomonas in elderly yaks was 34% lower than in adult yaks, though the difference was not statistically significant. The difference in abundance of other archaea was not significant between the two groups. These results suggested that the structure of archaea in the rumen of yaks changed with age. This is the first study to compare the phylogenetic differences of rumen archaeal structure and composition using the yak model. | WANG Li-zhi WANG Zhi-sheng XUE Bai WU De PENG Quan-hui | 2017 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2017，16，5： | 6 |
| 3 | Identification of yak lactate dehydrogenase B gene variants by gene cloning显示文摘Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that two types of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) existed in yaks. Based on the electrophoresis characteristics of LDH isoenzymes, yak LDH variants were speculated to be the gene mutation on H subunit encoded by B gene. According to the mobility in electrophoresis, the fast-band LDH type was named LDH-Hf and the slow-band LDH type LDH-Hs. In order to reveal the gene alteration in yak LDH variants, total RNA was extracted from heart tissues of yaks with different LDH variants, and cDNAs of the two variants were reverse transcripted. Two variants of B genes were cloned by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that four nucleotides differed between LDH-Bf and LDH-Bs, which resulted in two amino acids alteration. By Deepview software analysis of the conformation of yak LDH1 variants and H subunit, these four nucleotides altered two amino acids that generated new hydrogen bonds to change the hydrogen bonds network, and further caused subtle conformational changes between the two LDH variants. | ZHENG YuCai1, ZHAO XingBo2, ZHOU Jing1, PIAO Ying1, JIN SuYu1, HE QingHua1, HONG Jian1, LI Ning2 & WU ChangXin2 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China 2 State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China | 2008 | Science China(Life Sciences)2008，51，5： | 5 |
| 4 | Cow, yak, and camel milk diets differentially modulated the systemic immunity and fecal microbiota of rats显示文摘Cow milk is most widely consumed; however,non-cattle milk has gained increasing interest because of added nutritive values. We compared the health effects of yak,cow,and camel milk in rats. By measuring several plasma immune factors,significantly more interferon-c was detected in the camel than the yak(P = 0.0020) or cow(P = 0.0062) milk group. Significantly more Ig M was detected in the yak milk than the control group(P = 0.0071). The control group had significantly less interleukin 6 than the yak(P = 0.0499)and cow(P = 0.0248) milk groups. The fecal microbiota of the 144 samples comprised mainly of the Firmicutes(76.70 ± 11.03%),Bacteroidetes(15.27 ± 7.79%),Proteobacteria(3.61 ± 4.34%),and Tenericutes(2.61 ± 2.53%) phyla. Multivariate analyses revealed a mild shift in the fecal microbiota along the milk treatment. We further identified the differential microbes across the four groups. At day 14,22 and 28 differential genera and species were identified(P = 0.0000–0.0462),while 8 and 11 differential genera and species(P = 0.0000–0.0013) were found at day 28. Some short-chain fatty acid and succinate producers increased,while certain health-concerned bacteria(Prevotella copri,Phascolarctobacterium faecium,and Bacteroides uniformis) decreased after 14 days of yak or camel milk treatment. We demonstrated that different animal milk could confer distinctive nutritive value to the host. | Yongping Wen Qiuwen He Jia Ding Huiyan Wang Qiangchuan Hou Yi Zheng Changkun Li Yuzhu Ma Heping Zhang Lai-Yu Kwok | 2017 | Science Bulletin2017，62，6： | 4 |
| 5 | The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands显示文摘The yak(Bos grunniens),an indigenous herbivore raised at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m above sea level,is closely linked to more than 40 ethnic communities and plays a vital role in the ecological stability,livelihood security,socio-economic development,and ethnic cultural traditions in the Asian highlands.They provide the highlanders with meat,milk,fibres,leather and dung(fuel).They are also used as pack animals to transport goods,for travel and ploughing,and are important in many religious and traditional ceremonies.The Asian highlands are known for an extremely,harsh environment,namely low air temperature and oxygen content and high ultraviolet light and winds.Pasture availability fluctuates greatly,with sparse pasture of poor quality over the long seven-month cold winter.After longterm natural and artificial selections,yaks have adapted excellently to the harsh conditions:1)by genomics,with positively selected genes involved in hypoxia response and energy metabolism;2)anatomically,including a short tongue with a weak sense of taste,and large lung and heart;3)physiologically,by insensitivity to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction,maintaining foetal haemoglobin throughout life,and low heart rate and heat production in the cold season;4)behaviourlly,by efficient grazing and selecting forbs with high nutritional contents;5)by low nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance and low methane emission and nitrogen excretion,namely,‘Low-Carbon’and‘Nitrogen-Saving’traits;6)by harboring unique rumen microbiota with a distinct maturation pattern,that has coevolved with host metabolism.This review aims to provide an overview of the comprehensive adaptive strategies of the yak to the severe conditions of the highlands.A better understanding of these strategies that yaks employ to adapt to the harsh environment could be used in improving their production,breeding and management,and gaining benefits in ecosystem service and a more resilient livelihood to climate change in the Asian highlands. | Xiaoping Jing Luming Ding Jianwei Zhou Xiaodan Huang Allan Degen Ruijun Long | 2022 | Animal Nutrition2022，，2： | 2 |
| 6 | Cloning, sequencing and polymorphism analyzing of the exon 4 of the kappa-casein gene in yak | 樊宝良 李宁 胡晓湘 吴常信 | 2000 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2000，10，10： | 1 |
| 7 | Morphological Observation on the Test and Epididymis in Hybrid of Wild and Domestic Yaks During the Growth Periods显示文摘This paper was carried out on the morphological character of the test and epididymis of three types of yak bull age 6,12,18,24 months old (1/2 wild yak, cross 1/2 wild yak and domestic yak). The results showed that the weight and size of testes and epidiymis was increased with the age which was hardly affected by imbalance of food supply during the cold and warm seasons. The development were similar for three kinds of yak at the same age(P>0.05). | 潘和平 阎萍 | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 1 |
| 8 | Study on the Milk Yield Pattern of Maiwa Yak显示文摘The change in lactation of Maiwa yak was studied based on the data of locating Maiwa yak in warm seasons during 2003- 2009. The results showed that the milk yield was increasing gradually during days 30- 70 after calving,reached the peak at days 70- 110,and decreased gradually to no milking whenafter. The milk yield of Maiwa yak was greatly influenced by lactation age rather than the yearly effect. | Zhou Mingliang Jiang Shihai Xie Rongqing Luo Xiaolin Yang Pinggui | 2014 | Animal Husbandry and Feed Science2014，6，5： | 0 |
| 9 | Isolation and Properties of Melanin in Fine Yak Hair显示文摘Melanin granules were isolated from fine yak hair by means of protein enzyme and hydrochloric acid.Resultsof SEM investigation and amino acid analysis were usedto study the physical and chemical properties of melaningranules.The solubility of melanin granules in differentchemical solutions was also studied. | 闫克路 宋心远 | 1999 | Journal of China Textile University(English Edition)1999，16，4： | 0 |
| 10 | Analysis of Two Chinese Yak(Bos grunniens) Population Using Bovine Microsatellite Primers显示文摘Two Chinese domestic yak populations representing the Plateau type and the Huanhu Alpine type were analysed with 12 bovine microsatellite primers. All primer pairs functioned in the yak genome and polymorphism was found at all loci. The allele size ranges and frequencies of the two yak populations were similar and there was considerable overlap with the allele size ranges observed in cattle. Data for European cattle breeds was obtained from the Cattle Diversity Database(CaDBase)to interpret the heterozygosity and genetic distance estimates in yak populations. Heterozygosity estimated for the two yak populations was comparable to that of European cattle while Nei's Genetic Distance DA between the two yak populations was less than distances between the most closely related German cattle breeds. Bovine microsatellite primers proved to be a valuable tool for characterization of yak populations. | Wang Minqiang S.Weigend A.Barre-Dirie J.W.Carnwath Lou Zhonglin H.Niemann | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 11 | Body weight growth Model of Datong Yak in Qinghai显示文摘Summary:This study was conducted to develop a suitable model for describing the growth pattern of the yak. The data used consisted of body weight records of 76 growing yak aged between 5 to 37 months. Three mathematical models were applied to describe the growth curves during this development period:①Y1=20.105 + 11. 250x-0. 526x2 ;used for describing the growth curve of yak aged 5 to 13 months;②Y2 = -359.687 + 49. 977x - 1. 249x2 ;used for animals aged 13 to 25 months;and ③Y3 = -833. 339 + 63. 772x - 1. 019x2 ;used for animals aged 25 to 37 months. | W.Minqiang Zh.Huiling L.Pingli T.Yongqiang L.Jiye L.Zonglin | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 12 | Study for Trend of genetic Resource on Wild Yak in China显示文摘In this paper, comprehensively studied inhabit environments, population size, population density and distribution regions on wild yak, the results showed that genetic resource of wild yak has been decreased from 1950' to 1980 ', after that, and its genetic resource began to show increasing trend in nature reserves due to protection measures strengthened. | Bohui Yang Ping Yan Chunnian Liang Xia Lang Xiaoping Sun Jian Guo Xian Guo Shengli Cheng | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 13 | Methods to Improve Meat Performance on Yak显示文摘To compare the quality of yak meat with that of other livestock, the growth and development of yak from birth to 48-month old were measured, slaughter tests of 6-, 24-, 48-month old were made. It can improve meat performance on yak to crossbreed with beef cattle or wild yak, to improve traditional feeding and management, etc. | Yan P. Xu B.Z. Yang B,H. | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 14 | Study on The Isozyme of Wild Yak显示文摘We have adopted PAGE method to isolate lactic dehydrogenase(LDH)and α-amylase(α-Am)from wild yak's serum and measure the physical-chemical properties of the two components respectively. The results showed that the yak LDH isozyme distributed into five bands. The sequence according to their activity reads as LDH1 > LDH2> LDH3 > LDH4 > LDH5. The subunit B is relatively occupied a dominant position. It got a wide operating pH range, high thermal stability,well denature resistance and a fairly large adaptability threshold on the physical-chemical change of surrounding environment. α-Am isozyme distributed into seven bands and also got a wide operating pH range. α-Am isozyme is high sensitivity to environmental temperature. | 许玉德 | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 15 | Study on Production and Quality of Hair for Wild Yak with Domestic Yak显示文摘Production of hair and undercoat, type of yak hair fibre, strength, stretched length and ultrastructure of the hair fibre were determined and observed for WY, DY and its offspring in this study. The results showed that hair yield of the 1/2 WY raised by 19.73% and the undercoat by 14% (P<0. 01)more than that of the DY. Its strength improved 8. 31% (P>0.05) more than that of the DY. The stretched length and the ultrastructure of hair fibre were resemblance in the WY and DY. | 阎萍 | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 16 | Study on Intensity of Tissue Respiratory Metabolism in The Calves of Domestic Tak and Filial-generation of Wild Yak显示文摘The ITRM of liver, one of the important indexes of tissue respiratory metabolism in yak, is higher than other tissues. The relationship of ITRM and time belongs to the equation y = aebt. The ITRM of each tissue in reciprocal yaks were significant(P<0.05) lower than that of the domestic yaks which showed that the adaptability to hypoxia of the reciprocal yaks were more powerful than the domestic yaks. | 柏家林 | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 17 | Analysis of High Reproductivity on Wild Yak Bull显示文摘Sperm concentration of wild yak bull is 2. 13 billion per milliliter. Survival time at 0-4 ℃ is 57hrs. After thawing survival time at 37 ℃ is 12 hrs. Resistance coefficient is 144,000. Abnormal sperm rate and acrosomal integrated rate of post-thawing is 9.17% and 87.53% respectively. Moving viscosity is 1. 169 cp. Total nitrogen is 1 437.7 mg/100 ml. Head of sperm is significantly shorter and end piece is significantly longer than that of domestic yak and yellow cattle. Activity of hyaluronidase is highly stronger than the domestic yak,and the activity of LDH is higher than the domestic yak by 48 %. Hence,the fertility of the wild yak bull is powerful and the artificial inseminated rate with domestic yak and yellow cattle is 88.9% and 71.58% respectively. | 陆仲璘 | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 18 | Great Changes in Production System of Yak显示文摘Since the time that yaks were domesticated, due to the special social, natural and economic conditions ,and yaks own biological and economic characteristics, the Yak Production System has been formed, which is different from other livestock production systems. The system has the characteristics of unique breed, herding perennially on grassland and a variety of products. It is a low-efficiency system with the low-cost,low-production,long-cycle and slowfunction. Based on the experiments and research,exercising the measure of stopping milking and mainly producing beef,it's the redisposition of resources and the combination of multi-superiority. By the scientific management, the superiority of grass growing in warm season, the dominant position of total nutrition of mother milk, the superiority of calves developing in early days and the genetic preponderance of new breeds of yak are perfectly integrated. It also got the economic, biological and ecological benefits. | 陆仲璘 | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 19 | Yak Calving Interval and Calving Efficiency显示文摘The results of 439 times of calving interval(CI) from 161 yak cows showed that the average CI is 459(se=131)d. The CI with 3 to 6 calving numbers is 25~48 d shorter than that of 1 to 2 and above 7 calving numbers. Although slaughtering a great number of calves during the late September and early October do bring about relatively higher calving rate that is mos yak cowst can give 3,4,5 and 6calves during 4,5,6 and 7 years old respectively. This makes major calving months shift from April or May to June. | 王敏强 | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
| 20 | Quantitative Histology Studies on the Test in Hybrid Bull of Wild and Domestic Yak显示文摘The testicular tissue of three types of yak bull (1/2 wild yak,cross 1/2 wild yak and domestic yak) were studied quantitatively at 6,12,18 and 24 months old. The results showed that the average values changed from breed to breed at the same age. But there were no significant difference. The volume density and the height of seminiferous tubule and epithelium increased with the age and testicular weight. The capacity rate of the testicular seminiferous tubule in three types were 78.71% ,75.78% and 78.58% respectively, which nearly reached the level of mature bull. | 阎萍 | 2005 | 中国草食动物2005，25，z2： | 0 |
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