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| 1 | The characteristics and recognition of internal-tide and internal-wave deposits显示文摘Internal-tide and internal-wave deposits are a new and important type of deep-water traction-current deposits. Based on an analysis of documented internal-tide and internal-wave deposits, five facies types can be recognized: ( ⅰ ) bidirectional cross-laminated sandstone facies, ( ⅱ ) unidirectional cross-bedded and cross-laminated sandstone facies, ( ⅲ ) rhythmic alternating sandstone facies and mudstone, ( Ⅳ ) flaser, wavy and lenticular bedded foraminiferal limestone facies, ( Ⅴ ) sandy oolitic limestone facies with flaser, wavy and lenticular bedding and epsilon cross bedding, which formed in submarine channel, unchannelized continental slope and plateau environments respectively. Accoding to the available data and knowledge,three sedimentation models are built; some discriminating characteristics of internal-tide and internal-wave deposits, and the distinction between them and contourites and turbidites are summed up. | He, YB Gao, ZZ | 1999 | Chinese Science Bulletin1999，44，7： | 23 |
| 2 | Tectonic uplift and sedimentary evolution of the Jiuxi Basin in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau since 13 Ma BP显示文摘Sediments shed from the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the Qilian Mountains, are widely deposited in the foreland basin, the Jiuxi Basin, archiving plenty of information about the mountain surface uplift and erosion history. The Laojunmiao section, 1960 m thick, representing the upper sequence of the Cenozoic basin sediments, is paleomagnetically dated to about 13-0 Ma BP. Detailed sedimentary study of this sequence has revealed five sedimentary fades associations which determine four stages of sedimentary environment evolution. They are: (I) the half-deep lake system before 12.18 Ma BP, (Ⅱ) the shallow lake system between 12.18 and 8.26 Ma BP, (Ⅲ) the fan delta dominated sedimentary system in dry climate between 8.26 and 6.57 Ma BP, and (IV) alluvial fan system since 6.57 Ma BP. The associated mountain erosion and uplift are suggested to have experienced three phases, that is, tectonic stable (13-8.26 Ma BP), gradual uplift (8.26-<4.96 Ma BP), and rapid intermittent uplift (>3.66-0 Ma BP). | 宋春晖 方小敏 李吉均 高军平 赵志军 范马洁 | 2001 | Science China Earth Sciences2001，44，S1： | 20 |
| 3 | Generating geologically realistic 3D reservoir facies models using deep learning of sedimentary architecture with generative adversarial networks显示文摘This paper proposes a novel approach for generating 3-dimensional complex geological facies models based on deep generative models.It can reproduce a wide range of conceptual geological models while possessing the flexibility necessary to honor constraints such as well data.Compared with existing geostatistics-based modeling methods,our approach produces realistic subsurface facies architecture in 3D using a state-of-the-art deep learning method called generative adversarial networks(GANs).GANs couple a generator with a discriminator,and each uses a deep convolutional neural network.The networks are trained in an adversarial manner until the generator can create 'fake' images that the discriminator cannot distinguish from 'real' images.We extend the original GAN approach to 3D geological modeling at the reservoir scale.The GANs are trained using a library of 3D facies models.Once the GANs have been trained,they can generate a variety of geologically realistic facies models constrained by well data interpretations.This geomodelling approach using GANs has been tested on models of both complex fluvial depositional systems and carbonate reservoirs that exhibit progradational and aggradational trends.The results demonstrate that this deep learning-driven modeling approach can capture more realistic facies architectures and associations than existing geostatistical modeling methods,which often fail to reproduce heterogeneous nonstationary sedimentary facies with apparent depositional trend. | Tuan-Feng Zhang Peter Tilke Emilien Dupont Ling-Chen Zhu Lin Liang William Bailey | 2019 | Petroleum Science2019，16，3： | 16 |
| 4 | Anachronistic facies in the Lower Triassic of South China and their implications to the ecosystems during the recovery time显示文摘The end-Permian mass extinction not only severely distressed the Paleozoic ecosystems but also dramatically changed the sedimentary systems, resulting in a peculiar Early Triassic ecosystem and submarine environment during the recovery time following the mass extinction. The Lower Triassic is characteristic of the wide occurrence of various distinctive sediments and related sedimentary structures, such as flatpebble conglomerates, vermicular limestone, subtidal wrinkle structures, microbialite, carbonate seafloor fans, thin-bedded limestone and zebra limestone-mudstone. These sediments were common in the Precambrian to Early Ordovician marine settings, and then they occurred only in some extreme and unusual environments with the expansion of metazoan faunas. However, the Early Triassic witnessed an 'anachronistic' reappearance of some distinctive sedimentary records in normal shallow marine settings. The study of these anachronistic facies should be of great importance for the understanding of the unique ecosystem and marine environment through the great Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition. The anachronistic facies characterized by vermicular limestone have been documented in many localities in South China and occur at various horizons of the Lower Triassic. Most types of re- ported distinctive sediments over the world have been observed in the Lower Triassic of South China. This provides an excellent opportunity for understanding the Early Triassic environment and its co- evolution with the biotic recovery. Among the anachronistic facies the vermicular limestone is the most characteristic and common distinctive sediments in the Lower Triassic of South China but has received relatively few investigations. Taking it as a case study, we will detail the variation of vermicular limestone and its stratigraphic distribution in the Three Gorges area, Hubei Province. The investigation on the vermicular limestone and other distinctive sediments from the Lower Triassic of South China further indicates that the appearance of anachronistic facies immediately following the mass extinction and the elimination from normal shallow marine facies with the radiation of Mesozoic marine faunas imply the natural response of the sedimentary systems and ecosystems to the great Paleozoic-Mesozoic transitional events and their induced harsh environments. Therefore, the ups and downs of the anachronistic facies may act as a proxy for the evolution of ecosystems independent of fossil analyses. | XiaoMing Zhao (1) (2) JinNan Tong (1) HuaZhou Yao (2) KeXin Zhang (1) Chen Zq (3) | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，11： | 14 |
| 5 | Mineral chemistry, P-T-t paths and exhumation processes of mafic granulites in Dinggye, Southern Tibet显示文摘The mafic granulites in Dinggye, as various scale lense-shaped enclaves within the high Himalayan crystalline rock series, occur along mylonitic foliations at the junction between the Southern Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) and the Xainza-Dinggye normal fault system. The main lithological assemblage comprises garnet plagioclase pyroxenite, garnet two-pyroxene granulite, pyroxene garnet amphibolite and so on. The detailed petrological analyses show that these mafic granulites underwent at least four-stage metamorphic evolution. The first metamor-phic stage, the garnet+clinopyroxene+quart mineral assemblage (M1) was probably formed un-der eclogite facies, the second stage, the plagioclase+clinopyroxene symplectite mineral as-semblage (M2) was produced under high-pressure granulite facies by the early decompressive breakdown of M1 mineral assemblage, the third stage, the plagioclase+clinopyroxene+ hypersthene symplectite mineral assemblage (M3) was formed at granulite facies by the late period decompressive breakdown of M1 and M2 mineral assemblages and the final stage, pla-gioclase+hornblende mineral assemblage (M4) was formed by hydrolysis of earlier mineral as-semblages during late uplifting. The detailed mineral composition analyses suggest that garnets and clinopyroxenes within M1 and M2 mineral assemblages display similar compositions to the equivalents in the B and C types of eclogites, whereas the M3 clinopyroxenes are akin to these of the same kind of minerals in the granulite. These mineral chemistry features and P-T estimates calculated by mineral thermometers and barometers indicate that the early stage relic porphyro-blasts (M1) could be formed at the eclogite facies, the early decompressive breakdown (M2) occurred at the high-pressures granulite facies of 1.35―1.48 GPa and 625―675℃, the M3 mineral assemblage recorded the granulite facies of 0.7―0.95 GPa and 775―900℃ and M4 plagioglase+hornblende retrograde mineral assemblage was produced under the amphibolite facies metamorphism with pressure of 0.4 to 0.75 GPa and temperature at between 660 and 700℃. These construct P-T paths from crustal subduction overthickening to tectonic uplift tectono-thermal evolution. The mineral chemical characteristics and P-T condition at every metamorphic stage of these granulites indicate that these rocks experienced the eclogite facies metamorphism during the early stage. Subsequently, these mafic granulites underwent the three-stage exhuma-tion of the eclogite facies tectonic uplift, isostatic uplift related to the transformation from ec-logite/high-pressure granulite to granulite facies and extensional uplift. | LIU Shuwen ZHANG Jinjiang SHU Guiming LI Qiugen | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，11： | 13 |
| 6 | ^(207)Pb/^(206)Pb Zircon Dating of the Huangtuling Hypersthene-Garnet-Biotite Gneiss from the Dabie Mountains, Luotian County, Hubei Province, China: New Evidence for Early Precambrian Evolution显示文摘The Huangtuling hypersthene-garnet-biotite gneiss at Luotian County, Hubei Provine, is a typicalgranulite-facies rock of the Dabie Group Complex in the Dabie orogenic belt. Investigations on the morphology andoccurrence of zircons and their internal structures shown in the thin sections lead to the recognition of three types ofzircons, which are in good agreement with the types identified on the basis of morphology, colour and external fea-tures from the related zircon concentrates. The observation of zircons in the rock reveals that part of type 1 zirconsshow signs of a double-layered structure. The interval part existed in the protolith prior to the granulite-facies meta-morphism. Type 2, the prismatic zircons which mainly occur in garnet and hypersthene are metamorphic minerals ofthe granulite-facies metamorphism. Type 3, the round multifaceted zircons in felsic minerals and biotite, are proba-bly attributed to a later geological event related to migmatization. The 207Pb/206Pb zircon dating by direct evaporationon (thermal evaporation ion mass spectrometer) yields ages ranging from 2814 Ma to 1992 Ma. The age discrepancyamong these different zircon types is conspicuous. The yellow-brown(type 1) zircons give ages of 2814±29 Ma to2527±6 Ma, the prismatic euhedral zircons (type 2), 2456±7 Ma to 2254±4 Ma, and the round multifaceted zircons(type 3), 1992±10 Ma. The results are geologically interpreted in consideration of the complicated behaviours of zir-cons during Precambrian geological evolution of the Dabie area. (1) If the protolith of the gneiss is a sedimentaryrock, then type 1 zircons are clastic ones and the ages 2814±29 Ma and 2811±27 Ma may reflect the minimum age ofthe rocks of its source region. also the first geological event in the area. Sedimentation of the protolith occurred be-tween 2814 Ma and 2527 Ma, probably close to 2814 Ma. If the protolith is a volcanic rock, then the formation age ofthe supracrustal rocks of the Dabie Group Complex is around 2814 Ma. The age 2456±7 Ma reflects the time whenthe granulite-facies metamorphism took place. The later migmatization event is dated at aboat 1992±10 Ma, and isprobably the latest early Precambrian event in the area. The present work provides geochronological evidence for the existence of the Dabie Archaean craton, whichhad probably experienced 3 or 4 geological events during its early Precambrian evolution. | JIAN Ping YANG Weiran and ZHANG Zichao Institute of Geology,CAGS,26 Baiwanzhuang Rd, Beijing 100037 China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 Yichang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, CAGS, Yichang, Hubei 443003 | 1999 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)1999，73，1： | 12 |
| 7 | Genetic Types of Meter-Scale Cyclic Sequences and Fabric Natures of Facies Succession显示文摘Different genetic types of meter-scale cyclic sequences in stratigraphic records result from episodic accumulation of strata related to Milankovitch cycles. The distinctive fabric natures of facies succession result from the sedimentation governed by different sediment sources and sedimentary dynamic conditions in different paleogeographical backgrounds, corresponding to high-frequency sea-level changes. Naturally, this is the fundamental criterion for the classification of genetic types of meter-scale cyclic sequences. The widespread development in stratigraphic records and the regular vertical stacking patterns in long-term sequences, the evolution characters of earth history and the genetic types reflected by specific fabric natures of facies successions in different paleogeographical settings, all that show meter-scale cyclic sequences are not only the elementary working units in stratigraphy and sedimentology, but also the replenishment and extension of parasequence of sequence stratigraphy. Two genetic kinds of facies succession for meter-scale cyclic sequence in neritic-facies strata of carbonate and clastic rocks, are normal grading succession mainly formed by tidal sedimentation and inverse grading succession chiefly made by wave sedimentation, and both of them constitute generally shallowing upward succession, the thickness of which ranges from several tens of centimeters to several meters. The classification of genetic types of meter-scale cyclic sequence could be made in terms of the fabric natures of facies succession, and carbonate meter-scale cyclic sequences could be divided into four types: L-M type, deep-water asymmetrical type, subtidal type and peritidal type. Clastic meter-scale cyclic sequences could be grouped into two types: tidal-dynamic type and wave-dynamic type. The boundaries of meter-scale cyclic sequences are marked by instantaneous punctuated surface formed by non-deposition resulting from high-frequency level changes, which include instantaneous exposed punctuated surface, drowned punctuated surface as well as their relative surface. The development of instantaneous punctuated surface used as the boundary of meter-scale cyclic sequence brings about the limitations of Walter’s Law on the explanation of facies distribution in time and space, and reaffirm the importance of Sander’s Rule on analysis of stratigraphic records. These non-continuous surface could be traced for long distance and some could be correlative within same basin range. The study of meter-scale cyclic sequences and their regularly vertical stacking patterns in long-term sequences indicate that the research into cyclicity of stratigraphic records is a useful way to get more regularity from stratigraphic records that are frequently complex as well as non-integrated. | Mei Mingxiang Xu Debin Zhou Hongrui Institute of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083 | 2000 | Journal of Earth Science2000，19，4： | 12 |
| 8 | Effect of Organic Matter Type and Maturity on Organic Matter Pore Formation of Transitional Facies Shales: A Case Study on Upper Permian Longtan and Dalong Shales in Middle Yangtze Region, China显示文摘Organic matter(OM)nanopores developed in transitional facies shales,i.e.,the Upper Permian Longtan and Dalong Formations in the Yangtze Platform,China,were investigated to determine the corre-sponding influence of thermal maturity and OM types within the geological conditions.A suite of 16 core samples were taken from Type-Ⅲ Longtan shales and Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales from two wells covering a ma-turity(Ro,vitrinite reflectance)ranging from 1.22%to 1.43%and 2.62%to 2.97%,respectively.Integrated analysis of the shale samples was carried out,including field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),low-pressure N2 and CO2 adsorption,high-pressure CH4 adsorption,and mercury intrusion capillary pressure(MICP)analysis.The fluid inclusions of liquid and gas hydrocarbons trapped in calcite vein samples in Dalong shales of two wells were studied using laser Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy.FE-SEM images indicated that OM pores in different formations varied substantially in terms of shape,size,and distribution density.OM pores in Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales of Well XY1 were mainly micropore,sparsely distributed in the gas-prone kerogen with a spot-like and irregular shape,while bitumen rarely developed observable pores.In contrast,the morphology of OM pores in Type-Ⅲ Longtan shales were significantly different,which was due to differences in the OM type.The primary OM pores in some terrestrial woody debris in Longtan shales had a relatively larger pore diameter,ranging from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers and were al-most all rounded in shape,which might be one of the factors contributing to larger pore volume and gas adsorption capacity than Dalong shales of Well XY1.Comparing Dalong shales of Well XY1 with relatively lower thermal maturity,there were abundant spongy-like pores,densely developed in the pyrobitumen in Type-Ⅱ Dalong shales of Well EY1,with an irregular shape and diameter ranging from several to hundreds of nanometers.Many blue fluorescent oil inclusions and a small number of CH4 inclusions mixed with C2H6 could be observed within calcite veins in Dalong shales of Well XY1,whereas only CH4 inclusions could be identified within calcite veins in Dalong shales of Well EJ1.Therefore,thermal maturity not only controlled the type of hydrocarbons generated,but also makes a significant contribution to the formation of OM pores,resulting in larger pore volumes and adsorption capacity of Type-Ⅱ shale samples in the dry gas window. | Zhongrui Wu Sheng He Yuanjia Han Gangyi Zhai Xipeng He Zhi Zhou | 2020 | Journal of Earth Science2020，31，2： | 12 |
| 9 | Sedimentary facies and depositional model of shallow water delta dominated by fluvial for Chang 8 oil-bearing group of Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin,China显示文摘A systematic analysis of southwestern Ordos Basin's sedimentary characteristics,internal architectural element association styles and depositional model was illustrated through core statistics,well logging data and outcrop observations in Chang 8 oil-bearing group.This analysis indicates that shallow water delta sediments dominated by a fluvial system is the primary sedimentary system of the Chang 8 oil-bearing group of the Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin.Four microfacies with fine grain sizes are identified: distributary channels,sheet sandstone,mouth bar and interdistributary fines.According to the sandbody's spatial distribution and internal architecture,two types of sandbody architectural element associations are identified: amalgamated distributary channels and thin-layer lobate sandstone.In this sedimentary system,net-like distributary channels at the delta with a narrow ribbon shape compose the skeleton of the sandbody that extends further into the delta front and shades into contiguous lobate distribution sheet sandstone in the distal delta front.The mouth bar is largely absent in this system.By analyzing the palaeogeomorphology,the palaeostructure background,sedimentary characteristics,sedimentary facies types and spatial distribution of sedimentary facies during the Chang 8 period,a distinctive depositional model of the Chang 8 shallow water fluvial-dominated delta was established,which primarily consists of straight multi-phase amalgamated distributary channels in the delta plain,net-like distributary channels frequently diverting and converging in the proximal delta front,sheet sandstones with dispersing contiguous lobate shapes in the distal delta front,and prodelta or shallow lake mudstones. | 陈林 陆永潮 吴吉元 邢凤存 刘璐 马义权 饶丹 彭丽 | 2015 | Journal of Central South University2015，22，12： | 11 |
| 10 | 沂水杂岩中变泥砂质岩石的岩石化学特征及年代显示文摘含夕线石十字石榴二云斜长片麻岩是沂水杂岩中首次发现的一种少见的变泥砂质岩石,包裹于沂水牛心官庄岩浆杂岩体中,为残留的变质表壳岩透镜体,它经历了两期变质作用的改造。早期高角闪岩相变质与区域麻粒岩相变质有关,峰期矿物共生组合主要为:石榴子石(中心域)+黑云母±白云母+斜长石+石英,M_1峰期变质温压条件为:T=660±10℃,P=5.7±0.3kb;晚期角闪岩相变质矿物共生组合为:十字石+石榴子石(边部域)+黑云母±白云母+斜长石±夕线石+石英,以形成大量自形-半自形十字石和具有明显的成分环带的石榴子石为特征,晚期石榴子石的形成由核部→边部经历了一降温降压过程,石榴子石核部:T=650±10℃,P=7.7±0.5Kb,石榴子石边部:T=578±10℃,P=4.7±0.1kb;晚期变质作用早期(石榴子石成核)阶段与埋深导致的部分熔融有关,晚期石榴子石生长阶段与岩浆热事件有关。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明:碎屑锆石不一致线上交点年龄为2695±32Ma,代表变泥砂质岩石源区岩浆岩的结晶年龄,变泥砂质岩石的早期变质变质作用年龄小于此值;晚期变质作用年龄为2537±5Ma。 | 赵子然 宋会侠 沈其韩 宋彪 | 2009 | 岩石学报2009，25，8： | 10 |
| 11 | 东南极普里兹带多斯变质作用及其对罗迪尼亚和冈瓦纳超大陆重建的启示显示文摘东南极普里兹带是一条经受格林维尔期和泛非期高级构造热事件影响的多相变质带,其构造演化过程与罗迪尼亚和冈瓦纳超大陆的形成密切相关。新的岩石学和年代学资料表明,普里兹带中的格林维尔期高级变质作用是区域性的,并经历了>970Ma和930~900Ma两个演化阶段(期),变质条件达到相对高温高压的麻粒岩相。格林维尔期造山作用起始于活动大陆边缘或岛弧环境下的岩浆增生,最后发展到陆陆碰撞,从而使印度、东南极西陆块和非洲的卡拉哈里克拉通拼合在一起,构成了罗迪尼亚超大陆的重要组成部分之一。普里兹带中的泛非期高级变质作用并不象前人认为的那样只发生在中低压麻粒岩相条件下,而是达到高压麻粒岩相,并具有近等温减压的顺时针P-T演化轨迹。格林维尔期变质先驱的普遍存在说明泛非期碰撞造山事件主要叠加在印度-南极陆块东缘的基底杂岩之上,所以其主缝合线的位置应该在现今普里兹带的东南方向,并可能向南极内陆延伸到甘布尔采夫冰下山脉。对不同类型岩石的精细定年揭示,普里兹带中泛非期造山作用过程从570Ma一直持续到490Ma,这与东非造山带的晚期碰撞阶段大致相吻合。因此,冈瓦纳超大陆的最后拼合可能是通过西冈瓦纳、印度-南极陆块和澳大利亚-南极陆块等三个陆块的近于同期碰撞来完成的。 | 刘晓春 | 2009 | 岩石学报2009，25，8： | 8 |
| 12 | PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE PALEOSUTURE BETWEEN SIBERIAN PLATE AND SINO-KOREAN PLATE IN EASTERN NEI MONGOL显示文摘Linxi area between Siberian plate and Sino-Korean plate, located in the eastern part of Nei Mongol, is one of the most important regions for studying the paleo-suture between the plates. Up to now, there are two basically different viewpoints on the paleo-suture situation. Some geologists consider that the suture is situated oa the Xar Moron fault belt (almost in accord with the Xar Moron river valley); the others claim that the suture might be locat- | 李锦轶 | 1987 | Chinese Science Bulletin1987，32，23： | 8 |
| 13 | Geochemical characteristics and accumulation of marine oil and gas around Halahatang depression,Tarim Basin,China显示文摘There exists a petroleum system rich of oil and gas around Halahatang depression,where the oil and gas possess obvious local distinctions of properties in different parts.The research proved that the discovered crude oil and natural gas in the region derived mainly from O2+3 source rock,and the differences of its properties were controlled by the oil and gas filling intensity.The comprehensive study result shows the oil and gas reservoirs of the region mainly underwent three important accumulation phases:late Caledonian-Early Hercynian epoch,late Hercynian epoch,and Yanshan-Himalayan epoch. In the first phase,the oil and gas derived mostly from Cambrian source rock,which formed the primary ancient oil reservoirs,then suffered strong degradation and remained a great quantity of pyrobitumen in the high position of Tabei uplift in the present.In the second phase,the O2+3 source rock of Manjia'er depression started its generation of hydrocarbon,which accumulated in the high position of Tabei uplift afterwards,and then biodegradated to heavy oil in the late Hercynian epoch.In the last phase,the O2+3 source rock of southern Halahatang depression and margin of Manjia'er depression started its peak of generating liquid hydrocarbon,which mostly accumulated in the trap formed before the Indo-China and Yanshan epoch,and in somewhere the heavy oil suffered dilutions in various degrees or serious gas invading,to lead to obvious crude oil divergence. | LU YuHong,XIAO ZhongYao,GU QiaoYuan&ZHANG QiuCha Research Institute of Exploration and Development,Tarim Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Korla 841000,China | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，S1： | 7 |
| 14 | 长英质高级片麻岩中夕线石的形成与变形-变质-深熔作用的关系——以南极拉斯曼兵陵区为例显示文摘南极拉斯曼丘陵高级长英质片麻岩的夕线片麻岩中可有两类结构和变质矿物组合均有所不同的两种域,一种含夕线石部分对应于片理组合,另一种对应无夕线石的非片理化组合。岩石的变形尤其是破裂性裂隙的率先出现对于富夕线石部分的形成是必要的。在非破裂性片麻理岩石域中,中-低压/高温条件下黑云斜长片麻岩进变质发展的结果往往是形成Grt+Qtz±Opx组合。这两种不同的变质域的组合与应变分解造成的强应变带和弱应变域相一致。而且,夕线石的形成不是简单的变质早期矿物固相反应的结果,而是反应链上的一部分。其出现是由开放体系中组分的差异迁移造成的,这种差异迁移实际上是碱土金属迁出(淋滤)的过程,与变形相伴的流体活动使得SiO_2发生强烈淋滤,残留组分中SiO_2活度大为降低,并使长英质组分和镁铁质组分分凝,主要组分大都可以单独富集(集中)、形成复杂的矿物演化和分布。这种演化还可从MgO等碱(土)金属组分的外迁程度差异来理解。随着碱(土)金属丢失程度的减小,依次出现夕线石、石榴子石、斜方辉石和堇青石,或者说,不同的变质或分异阶段形成不同的矿物(组合):变形-变质起始阶段,碱(土)金属组分迁移初期残留形成夕线石,之后为镁(铁)质组分迁移,初期残留不透明钛铁氧化物,晚期残留组分形成堇青石。石榴子石-长英质组合为体系基本封闭情况下的结晶。此外,夕线石的形成往往标志着深熔作用的开始,一旦深熔作用发展完善,夕线石呈准稳定状态或趋于消失。拉斯曼丘陵与夕线石有关的长英质岩石经历了复杂的变形、变质和流体活动变化。 | 任留东 杨崇辉 王彦斌 刘晓春 赵越 | 2009 | 岩石学报2009，25，8： | 6 |
| 15 | Permian sequence stratigraphy of slope facies in southern Guizhou and chronostratigraphic correlation显示文摘The Permian in slope facies area of southern Guizhou consists of 16 third order sequences, which can be grouped as four sequence sets and further into two mesosequences. Most of them are delineated by conformable or submarine erosion surfaces, and well controlled by conodont and fusulinid zones. Four important sea-level falls are recognized in the area, which occur respectively at the basal Sweetognathodus white! zone, lower S.aff. hanzhongensis zone, middle Jinogondolella xuanhanensis zone and the basal Clarkina y/n/zone. Among the recognized transgression events, three are regarded as the most significant. They occur respectively at the basal Neogondolella exculptus zone, basal Jinogondolella nankingensis zone and the lower Clarkina postbitteri zone, and are all accompanied by faunal turnovers. The key surfaces in sequences can be used to fine-tune the boundaries of bio-chronozones, stages and series. | 史晓颖 梅仕龙 孙岩 | 2000 | Science China Earth Sciences2000，43，1： | 6 |
| 16 | Organic Geochemical and Petrographic Characteristics of the Coal Measure Source Rocks of Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin: Implications for Coal Measure Gas Potential显示文摘Coal measure source rocks, located in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin, were analyzed to define the hydrocarbon generation potential, organic geochemistry/petrology characteristics, and coal preservation conditions. The Pinghu source rocks in the Xihu Sag are mainly gas-prone accompany with condensate oil generation. The coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation are classified from 'fair' to 'excellent' source rocks with total organic carbon(TOC) contents ranging from 25.2% to 77.2% and 1.29% to 20.9%, respectively. The coals are richer in TOC and S1+S2 than the shales, indicating that the coals have more generation potential per unit mass. Moreover, the kerogen type of the organic matter consists of types Ⅱ-Ⅲ and Ⅲ, which the maturity Ro ranges from 0.59% to 0.83%. Petrographically, the coals and shales are dominated by vitrinite macerals(69.1%–96.8%) with minor proportions of liptinite(2.5%–17.55%) and inertinite(0.2%–6.2%). The correlation between maceral composition and S1+S2 indicates that the main contributor to the generation potential is vitrinite. Therefore, the coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation has good hydrocarbon generation potential, which provided a good foundation for coal measure gas accumulation. Furthermore, coal facies models indicates that the Pinghu coal was deposited in limno-telmatic environment under high water levels, with low tree density(mainly herbaceous) and with low-moderate nutrient supply. Fluctuating water levels and intermittent flooding during the deposition of peat resulted in the inter-layering of coal, shale and sandstone, which potentially providing favorable preservation conditions for coal measure gas. | WANG Yang QIN Yong YANG Liu LIU Shimin Derek ELSWORTH ZHANG Rui | 2020 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2020，94，2： | 6 |
| 17 | Magnetic Structure of Archean Kongling Group from Yangtze Craton,South China显示文摘ThepaperissupportedbyNationalNaturalScienceFoundation,NationalEducationCommiteeandMinistryofGeologyandMineralResourcesofChina... | Liu Qingsheng Department of Applied Geophysics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074 Gao Shan Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074 Xu Qidong Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, W | 1998 | Journal of Earth Science1998，17，2： | 5 |
| 18 | A Model of Hydrothermal Dolomite Reservoir Facies in Precambrian Dolomite, Central Sichuan Basin, SW China and its Geochemical Characteristics显示文摘Hydrothermal mineral assemblages and related hydrothermally enhanced fracturing are common in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of core samples show that the hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of Dengying Formation consist of four main types of pores in the reservoir facies. These include: 1) hydrothermal dissolution vug(or pore), 2) intercrystalline pore, 3) residual inter-breccia vug(or pore), and 4) enlarged dissolved-fracture. There are three different fabrics dolomite in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs, namely, saddle dolomite, fine-medium dolomite and micritic dolomite. Micritic dolomite is the original lithology of host rock. Saddle dolomite with curved or irregular crystal faces was directly crystallized from hydrothermal fluids(average temperature 192°C). Fine-medium dolomites are the products of recrystallization of micritic dolomite, resulting in abnormal geochemical characteristics, such as slight depletion of δ^(18)O, significant enrichment of Mn-Fe and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr, and positive Eu anomaly. A model for the distribution of various hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies is proposed here, which incorporates three fundamental geological controls: 1) extensional tectonics and tectono-hydrothermal events(i.e., the Xingkai Taphrogenesis of Late Sinian-Early Cambrian, and Emei Taphrogenesis of Late Permian), 2) hydrothermal fluid storage in clastic rocks with large thickness(e.g., Nanhua System of Chengjiang Formation and part of Doushantuo Formation), and 3) confining bed for hydrothermal fluids(such as, the shale in Qiongzhusi Formation). The supply of hydrothermal fluid is critical. Large basement-rooted faults and associated grid-like fracture system may function as the channels for upward migration of hydrothermal fluid flow. The intersection of the above-mentioned faults(including the conversion fault), especially transtensional sags above negative flower structures on wrench faults can serve as a key target for future hydrocarbon exploration. | GU Yifan ZHOU Lu JIANG Yuqiang JIANG Chan LUO Mingsheng ZHU Xun | 2019 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2019，93，1： | 5 |
| 19 | The first internal-tide deposits found in China显示文摘NOT until Gao Zhenzhong and Eriksson studied the Ordovician of Fincastle area, Appalachi-ans, the USA in 1990, did sedimentologist recognize internal-tide deposits in the ancientrecord and begin to use the term of 'internal-tide deposit'. In the Ordovician of Fincastlearea, two facies are recognized: (i) bidirectional cross-laminated very fine grained | Gao, ZZ He, YB Li, JM Li, WF Luo, SS Wang, ZZ | 1997 | Chinese Science Bulletin1997，42，13： | 5 |
| 20 | A review of carbonates as hydrocarbon source rocks: basic geochemistry and oil–gas generation显示文摘Carbonates have been known to act as hydrocarbon source rocks, but their basic geochemical and associated hydrocarbon generation characteristics remain not well understood as they occur with argillaceous source rocks in most cases, and the hydrocarbon generation from each rock type is di cult to distinguish, forming one of puzzling issues within the field of petroleum geology and geochemistry. To improve the understanding of this critical issue, this paper reviews recent advances in this field and provides a summary of key areas that can be studied in future. Results show that carbonate source rocks are generally associated with high-salinity environments with low amounts of terrestrial inputs and low dissolved oxygen contents. Petrographically, these source rocks are dark gray or black, fine-grained, stratified, and contain bacterial and algal bioprecursors along with some other impurities. They generally have low organic matter contents, although these can vary significantly in di erent cases(e.g., the total organic carbon contents of marine and lacustrine carbonate source rocks in China are generally 0.1%–1.0% and 0.4%–4.0%, respectively). These rocks contain type I and type II kerogen, meaning there is a lack of vitrinites. This means that assessment of the maturity of the organic matter in these sediments needs to use non-traditional techniques rather than vitrinite reflectance. In terms of molecular geochemistry, carbonate source rocks have typical characteristics indicative of generally reducing and saline environments and lower organism-dominated bioprecursors of organic matter, e.g., high contents of sulfur compounds, low Pr/Ph ratios, and dominance of n-alkanes. Most of the carbonate source rocks are typically dominated by D-type organic facies in an oxidized shallow water mass, although high-quality source rocks generally contain A-and B-type organic facies in saline lacustrine and marine-reducing environments, respectively. The hydrocarbon generation model for the carbonate source rocks can involve early, middle, and late stages, with a diversity of hydrocarbons within these rocks, which can be aggregated, adsorbed, enclosed within minerals, or present as inclusions. This in turn implies that the large-scale hydrocarbon expulsion from these rocks is reliant on brittle deformation caused by external forces. Finally, a number of aspects of these source rocks remain unclear and need further study, including the e ectiveness of carbonates as hydrocarbon source rocks, bioprecursors, and hydrocarbon generation models of carbonate source rock, and the di erences between marine and lacustrine carbonate source rocks. | Liu-Wen Xia Jian Cao Ming Wang Ju-Lei Mi Ting-Ting Wang | 2019 | Petroleum Science2019，16，4： | 5 |
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