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| 1 | Reservoir-forming features of abiotic origin gas in Songliao Basin显示文摘The vertical structure of the crustal block of the Songliao Basin can be divided into upper, middle and low Earth’s crust according to density. There is an about 3-km-thick low density interval between the upper crust and the middle crust. This interval may be a magma chamber accumulated in crust by 'fluid phase' which is precipitated and separated from upper mantle meltmass. The abiogenetic natural gas, other gaseous mass and hydrothermal fluids are provided to the Songliao rifted basin through crustal faults and natural earthquakes. This is a basic condition to form an abiogenetic gas reservoir in the Songliao Basin. On both flanks of the upper crust (or named basin basement) fault there are structural traps in and above the basement and unconformity surface or lateral extended sand, which contains communicated pores, as migration pathway and natural gas reservoir; up to gas reservoirs there is shale as enclosed cap rock, and the suitable arrangement of these conditions is the basic features of | 郭占谦 王先彬 刘文龙 | 1997 | Science China Earth Sciences1997，40，6： | 13 |
| 2 | Internal structures and high-velocity frictional properties of a bedding-parallel carbonate fault at Xiaojiaqiao outcrop activated by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake显示文摘This paper reports internal structures of a bedding-parallel fault in Permian limestone at Xiaoji-aqiao outcrop that was moved by about 0.5 m during the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. The fault is located about 3 km to the south from the middle part of Yingxiu-Beichuan fault, a major fault in the Longmenshan fault system that was moved during the earthquake. The outcrop is also located at Anxian transfer zone between the northern and central segments of Yingxiu-Beichuan fault where fault system is complex. Thus the fault is an example of subsidiary faults activated by Wenchuan earthquake. The fault has a strike of 243°or N63°E and a dip of 38°NW and is nearly optimally oriented for thrust motion, in contrast to high-angle coseismic faults at most places. Surface outcrop and two shallow drilling studies reveal that the fault zone is several centimeters wide at most and that the coseismic slip zone during Wenchuan earthquake is about 1 mm thick. Fault zone contains foliated cataclasite, fault breccia, black gouge and yellowish gouge. Many clasts of foliated cataclasite and black gouge contained in fault breccia indicate multiple slip events along this fault. But fossils on both sides of fault do not indicate clear age difference and overall displacement along this fault should not be large. We also report results from high-velocity friction experiments conducted on yellowish gouge from the fault zone using a rotary shear low to high-velocity frictional testing apparatus. Dry experiments at normal stresses of 0.4 to 1.8 MPa and at slip rates of 0.08 to 1.35 m/s reveal dramatic slip weakening from the peak friction coeffcient of around 0.6 to very low steady-state friction coeffcient of 0.1–0.2. Slip weakening parameters of this carbonate fault zone are similar to those of clayey fault gouge from Yingxiu-Beichuan fault at Hongkou outcrop and from Pingxi fault zone. Our experimental result will provide a condition for triggering movement of subsidiary faults or off-fault damage during a large earthquake. | Toshihiko Shimamoto | 2012 | Earthquake Science2012，25，3： | 6 |
| 3 | Experimental study on patterns of fault interaction显示文摘Based on the data of strain field, fault slip and acoustic emission during the deformation of some fault models, the fault interaction patterns are studied. The experiments reveal four patterns of fault interaction, i.e. static promotion or delay of earthquake, creep triggering, dynamic triggering and dynamic loading-relaxation. Promotion and delay of earthquake caused by fault interaction and mechanical property of fault combinations are preliminarily analyzed from the perspective of series and parallel connection of faults, and the relationship between patterns of fault interaction and mechanical and material properties of fault is discussed. | MA Jin , MA Shengli, LIU Liqiang, WANG Kaiying and HU Xiaoyan(Institute of Geology & Laboratory of Tectonophysics, Beijing 100029, China) | 2002 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2002，12，10： | 5 |
| 4 | Geometrical textures of faults,evolution of physical field and instability characteristics显示文摘Geometricaltexturesoffaults,evolutionofphysicalfieldandinstabilitycharacteristicsJINMA(马瑾),SHENG-LIMA(马胜利),LI-QIANGLIU(刘力强),Z... | 马瑾 马胜利 刘力强 邓志辉 马文涛 刘天昌 | 1996 | Acta Seismologica Sinica(English Edition)1996，9，2： | 5 |
| 5 | Spatio-temporal characteristics of acoustic emission during the deformation of rock samples with compressional and extensional en-echelon faults显示文摘The spatio-temporal characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) during the deformation of rock samples with compressional and extensional en-echelon faults have been studied. The results show that the pre-existing structure can significantly influence the patterns of AE spatial distribution. With increasing of differential stress, AE events firstly cluster around the two ends of pre-existing faults inside the jog and then along the line joining the two ends. The biggish AE events often occur around one end repeatedly. The image of AE clusters indicates the direction and the area of the fracture propagation. The direction of the macroscopic fracture in extensional and compressional jogs is perpendicular and parallel to the direction of axial stress, respectively. The weakening process before the fracturing of jog area is remarkable, and one of the typical precursors for the instability is that the cumulative frequency of AE events increases exponentially. After the fracturing of the jog the frequency and releasing strain energy of AE events decrease gradually. During the friction period, there is no precursory increasing of AE activity before the big stick-slip events. The change of b value in jog shows a typical change of decreasing tendentiously returning quickly before the instability. The decrease of b value occurs in the process of stress increasing and sometime goes down to the weakening stage, and the quick increase b values appears in a short time just before the instability. The comparative analysis shows that the difference in b value due to the different structures is larger than b value variation caused by increase of the differential stress. For the same sample, the temporal sequence of AE is strongly affected by the mechanical state, and the high loading velocity corresponds to the high release rate of strain energy and low b value. Due to its lower failure strength, the broken area is sensitive to small changes in differential stress. Therefore, it offers a potential explanation for the phenomena of precursory window or sensitive point and separation of seismic source and precursors. | 蒋海昆 马胜利 张流 侯海峰 曹文海 | 2002 | Acta Seismologica Sinica(English Edition)2002，15，4： | 4 |
| 6 | Genesis of continental seismogenic zone and a new fault zone model显示文摘Experiments were conducted repeatedly on Mannari granite under different temperature and confining pressure conditions. Systematic micro- and submicro-structural and mechanical analyses of granite samples deformed under 1.5 GPa (confining pressure), at 25 ℃-650 ℃ temperatures and at 2×10-6s-1 strain rate show the brittle-ductile deformation microstructures and microstructural associations similar to those observed in naturally deformed crustal rocks and minerals. Brittle fracturing and crystalline plasticity co-exist and react with each other in the brittle-ductile transition domain of the continental lithosphere. The interaction between the different mechanisms in the transitional domain results in the variation of anomalous strength values, which may best explain the genesis of the continental seismogenic zone. A new fault zone model is proposed on the basis of detailed micromechanical and microstructural analyses. | LIU Junlai & M. Shimada1. Department of Earth Sciences, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130026, China 2. RCEP, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Liu Junlai i | 2000 | Chinese Science Bulletin2000，45，20： | 4 |
| 7 | Fault Geometry and Departure of Precursors From the Epicenter显示文摘Different tectonic elements may play different roles and their deformation styles and types of anomalies are also different in the process of deformation.Such differences may be the cause of the phenomena of the departure from the region with obvious anomalies from the coming epicenter,which are called 'departure of precursors from epicenter.' From some new experimental and numerical modeling results,five types of deformation elements are identified according to their roles in the process of deformation in a region.They are the brake(or locked),slip,yield,sensitive,and valve elements.Spatial distribution of different elements,especially sensitive and slip elements,are discussed by taking the bend fault,extension,compression,and complex en-echelon faults as examples.These elements with different roles may overlap each other in some cases or be separated in other cases.It is obvious that for different fault geometry,the spatial layout of these elements is different and thus the position and style of | Ma Jin,Liu Liqiang,and Ma ShengliInstitute of Geology,SSB,Beijing 100029,China | 1998 | Earthquake Research in China1998，12，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Crust Structures and Tectonic Evolution of Northeast China in Mesozoic显示文摘On the basis of geophysical analyses, the crust structure of Northeast China app ears to be three layers in section and to be three abnormal zones horizontally, which extend at NNE-NE direction. Mesozoic era was an important period to the c hanging of tectonic settings and geodynamic mechanism. Deep faults activated and volcanoes exploded violently in Mesozoic era. Moreo ver, a number of sedimentary basins associated with mountain sets in the region formed at that time. The main tectonic framework in the region displays three NN E-NE strike zones which are composed of mountains of volcanic rocks, sedimentar y basins and deep faults of Mesozoic respectively. The formation and evolution of them were controlled by crustal or lithospheric structure. | Cao Chengrun and Cao Lin (Changchun University of Sciences Technology, China, 130026) | 1999 | Global Geology1999，4，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Large Scale Mass Movements Triggered by the Kashmir Earthquake 2005,Pakistan显示文摘The SPOT image analysis in Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir,northwest Himalayas,Pakistan reveals that the Kashmir earthquake 2005 triggered a number of coseismic mass movements along the hanging wall block of the Muzaffarabad Fault.The Neelidandi and Langarpura rock falls have been identified as two major reactivated mass movements with an estimated volume of 3.1 × 106m3and 5.76 × 106m3,respectively.The Neelidandi and Langarpura mass movements were initiated during earthquake in the direction of northwest-southeast extension and northeastsouthwest directed thrusting,respectively.The Neelidandi rock fall occurred in sheared cherty dolomites and limestones of the Cambrian Muzaffarabad Formation,whereas the Langarpura rock fall occurred in alternating clays,shales,claystones,siltstones and sandstones of the Miocene Murree Formation.These rock units along the fault are highly fractured and jointed.The geotechnical maps and geological longitudinal profiles show the relationship between the geometrical characteristics and mechanism of these mass movements.Their characteristics were analyzed according to the role of topographic,seismic,geological and tectonic factors.The steep topography,sheared rocks,lithology,coseismic uplift and strong ground shaking of the hanging wall block along Muzaffarabad Fault facilitated the gravity collapse of these mass movements. | Muhammad BASHARAT Joachim ROHN Mirza Shahid BAIG Muhammad Rustam KHAN Markus SCHLEIER | 2014 | Journal of Mountain Science2014，11，1： | 0 |
| 10 | ELASTO-PLASTIC STIFFNESS MATRIX OF ROCK MASS ELEMENT WITH SOFT CLAY STRATA AND ITS APPLICATION显示文摘The fault element is used to handle soft clay strata in a rock mass.The formulas or clasto-plastic stiffnessmatrix for the fault element are derived using the constitutive relationship between plastic increment stress andstrain.A numerical example of a circular tunnel with soft clay strata in the rock medium are examined. | Li,Zhenzi Sun,Zongqi Central-South University of Technology,Changsha,Hunan,410083,China | 1993 | 中国有色金属学会会刊:英文版1993，3，2： | 0 |
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