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| 1 | Simultaneous Pancreas‐Kidney Transplantation Utilizing a Common Arterial Conduit: Early Experience and Potential Applications显示文摘 | Michael P.Cash Thomas C.Pearson Christian P.Larsen Kenneth A.Newell | 2003 | American Journal of Transplantation2003，，11： | 1 |
| 2 | Hand‐Assisted Laparoscopic Living‐Donor Nephrectomy as an Alternative to Traditional Laparoscopic Living‐Donor Nephrectomy显示文摘 | Michael J.Hanaway Steven R.Potter David C.Cronin AtsushiYoshida RinoMunda J. WesleyAlexander Kenneth A.Newell David S.Bruce E. SteveWoodle | 2002 | American Journal of Transplantation2002，，10： | 1 |
| 3 | Estimation of alfalfa fall dormancy using spaced plant and sward trials across multiple environments显示文摘Background:Alfalfa is a globally important forage crop.Cultivars are characterized by fall dormancy(FD).FD affects biomass yield and winter survival and is used to identify appropriate growing regions of cultivars.It has historically been assessed by measuring the natural height of regrowth in autumn of spaced plants in the field.Because commercial alfalfa is normally grown as a solid planted sward,FD could be different if plants were grown under real production conditions.The objective of this experiment was to assess whether FD ratings obtained from swards were similar to those obtained on spaced plants.Methods:We evaluated 20 alfalfa cultivars in field trials established in 2015 at five locations in the United States.We harvested the trials in early autumn and measured regrowth plant height approximately 3 weeks later in 2015 and 2016.Results:Autumn plant height responded as expected for the established check cultivars in all locations.Fall dormancy ratings for cultivars under both management systems were highly correlated.Conclusions:Estimating FD from spaced plant height measurements in autumn is very robust,and using height data from sward plots gives equivalent results to that measured in spaced plant nurseries.This finding has many practical advantages. | Scott A.Newell Daniel J.Undersander Donald Viands Julie Hansen Steve Orloff Daniel H.Putnam E.Charles Brummer | 2023 | Grassland Research2023，2，1： | 1 |
| 4 | GPS,一个模拟人类思惟的程序显示文摘GPS 是 General Problem Solver(通用问题解决者)的缩写,是一个计算机程序的名称。GPS 是用来探讨人工智能的一个重要手段,同时,它的各种变式也对人在解决问题时的思惟进行了模拟。GPS(以及在它之前的 Logic Thcory Machine,简称 LT 程序)的建立,标志着对思惟心理学的研究从传统的实验心理学方法跨入了信息加工的领域,用信息加工的观点和方法来探讨人的思惟行为。它为思惟心理学的研究,开拓了更广阔的前景。本文主要讨论 GPS 对人解决问题时的思惟行为的模拟,讨论人的思惟的心理学问题。 | A.Newell H.A.Simon | 1983 | 心理科学进展1983，，1： | 0 |
| 5 | 符号层次与知识层次显示文摘到目前计算机科学和人工智能关于符号系统已有极其完善的观念.H.Simon和我把符号系统称为物理符号系统,其前加'物理'二字是要说明二点:其一是想强调该系统是物理上可实现的系统;其二是想使人们了解该观念提出的来源,也就是说符号系统的观念是对人的符号行为的恰当的见解,是一种经验的发现.在一符号系统中首先需要有某种物理媒介——符号就是该媒介中的模式.只要你能区分某些物理世界中的模式、参量,至于我们谈论的系统具有什么样的物理特性是没有关系的.事实上相互能区分的模式的供应是无穷无尽的.究竟你具有的符号是一无限的集合或是一极大的数量,关系是不大的.这是一个重要的概念. | A.Newell 章士嵘 | 1991 | 世界科学1991，13，3： | 0 |
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