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| 1 | Knockout mouse models of insulin signaling: Relevance past and future显示文摘Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. In an effort to understand and treat this condition, re searchers have used genetic manipulation of mice to uncover insulin signaling pathways and determine the effects of their perturbation. After decades of research much has been learned, but the pathophysiology o insulin resistance in human diabetes remains contro versial, and treating insulin resistance remains a chal lenge. This review will discuss limitations of mouse models lacking select insulin signaling molecule genes In the most influential mouse models, glucose metabo lism differs from that of humans at the cellular, organ and whole-organism levels, and these differences limi the relevance and benefit of the mouse models both in terms of mechanistic investigations and therapeutic development. These differences are due partly to im mutable differences in mouse and human biology, and partly to the failure of genetic modifications to produce an accurate model of human diabetes. Several fac tors often limit the mechanistic insights gained from experimental mice to the particular species and strain including: developmental effects, unexpected meta bolic adjustments, genetic background effects, and technical issues. We conclude that the limitations and weaknesses of genetically modified mouse models of insulin resistance underscore the need for redirection of research efforts toward methods that are more directly relevant to human physiology. | Anne E Bunner P Charukeshi Chandrasekera Neal D Barnard | 2014 | World Journal of Diabetes2014，5，2： | 9 |
| 2 | Metal di- electric-metal surface plasmon-polariton resonators 显示文摘 | Chandran A Barnard E S White J S | 2012 | Physical Review B2012，85，08： | 1 |
| 3 | Joint MAP registration and high- resolution image estimation using a sequence of under-sampled images 显示文摘 | Hardie R C Barnard K J Armstrong E E | 1997 | IEEETransactions on Image Processing1997，6，12： | 1 |
| 4 | A contrast-enhanced ultrasound study of benign and malignant breast tissue 显示文摘 | Barnard S Leen E Cooke T | 2008 | S Mr Med J2008，98，5： | 1 |
| 5 | Two-dimensional supper-resolution radar imaging using theMUSIC algorithm显示文摘 | Odendaal J W Barnard E Pistor C W | 1994 | IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation1994，42，10： | 1 |
| 6 | Backpropagation neural nets with one and two hidden layers显示文摘 | VILLIERS J D BARNARD E | 1993 | Institute of Electri cal and Electronic Engineers Transaction on Neural Net- works1993，4，1： | 1 |
| 7 | An in vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of the relationship be- tween diet and adipose tissue composition 显示文摘 | THOMAS E FROST G BARNARD M | 1996 | Lipids1996，31，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Joint MAP registration and high-resolution image estimation using a sequence of un dersampled images 显示文摘 | Hardie R C Barnard K J Armstrong E E | 1997 | IEEE Trans Image Processing1997，6，12： | 1 |
| 9 | Metabolic profiles of three fiber types of skeletal muscle in guinea pigs and rabbits 显示文摘 | Peter J B Barnard R J Edgerton V R Gillespie C A Stemple K E | 1972 | Biochemistry1972，11，： | 1 |
| 10 | Density and activity characterization of activated sludge floes显示文摘 | SEARS K ALLEMAN J E BARNARD J L | 2006 | Environ Eng2006，132，： | 1 |
| 11 | Optimization for training neural nets显示文摘 | Barnard P E | 1992 | IEEE Trans Neural Networks1992，3，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Optimization for training neural nets显示文摘 | Barnard E | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 13 | Design of Plasmonic Thin-Film Solar Cells with Broadband Absorption Enhancements显示文摘 | Pala R A White J Barnard E | 2009 | Advanced Materials2009，21，34： | 1 |
| 14 | Epidermal growth factor-related peptides and their relevance to gastro intestinal pathophysiology显示文摘 | Barnard J A Beauchamp R D Russell W E | 1995 | Gastroenterol1995，108，： | 1 |
| 15 | Invariance and neural nets显示文摘 | Barnard E Casasent D | 1991 | IEEE Trans Neural Networks1991，2，： | 1 |
| 16 | Theoretical derivation of the depth average of remotely sensed optical parame- ters显示文摘 | Zaneveld J R Barnard A Boss E | 2005 | Optics Express2005，13，22： | 1 |
| 17 | Optimization for training neural nets显示文摘 | Barnard E | 1992 | IEEE Trans on Neural Networks1992，3，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Joint MAP registration and high resolution image estimation using a sequence of under-sampled images显示文摘 | Hardie R C Barnard K J Armstrong E E | 1997 | IEEE Transactions on Image Processing1997，6，12： | 1 |
| 19 | Optimization for training neural nets显示文摘 | BARNARD E | 1992 | IEEE Trans on Neural Networks1992，3，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Reviewing au- tomatic language identification 显示文摘 | Muthusamy Y K Barnard E Cole R A | 1994 | IEEE Signal Pro- cessing Magazine1994，11，4： | 1 |
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