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| 1 | Hawk mimicry does not reduce attacks of cuckoos by highly aggressive hosts显示文摘Background: Resemblance to raptors such as hawks(Accipiter spp.) is considered to be an adaptive strategy of cuckoos(Cuculus spp.), which has evolved to protect cuckoos against host attacks. However, the effectiveness of the mimicry remains controversial, and is not yet fully studied for highly aggressive hosts.Methods: We evaluated the effectiveness of sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) mimicry by common cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) in oriental reed warblers(Acrocephaus orientalis), which are highly aggressive hosts. Using a both the single and the paired dummy experiment, defense behaviors and attack intensities of oriental reed warblers against common cuckoos, sparrowhawks and oriental turtle doves(Streptopelia orientalis) were assessed.Results: Oriental reed warblers exhibit strong nest defense behaviors, and such behaviors do not change with breeding stage(i.e., egg stage and nestling stage). Furthermore, assistance from conspecific helpers may increase attack intensities. However, they were deterred from mobbing overall by the presence of the hawk.Conclusions: Oriental reed warblers are able to distinguish cuckoos from harmless doves. However, they may be deterred from mobbing by the presence of the predatory hawk, suggesting hawk mimicry may be ineffective and does not reduce attacks of cuckoos by highly aggressive hosts. | Laikun Ma Canchao Yang Wei Liang | 2018 | Avian Research2018，9，4： | 7 |
| 2 | Adaptation or ecological trap? Altered nest-site selection by Reed Parrotbills after an extreme flood显示文摘Background:Floods and other extreme events have disastrous effects on wetland breeding birds.However,such events and their consequences are difficult to study due to their rarity and unpredictable occurrence.Methods:Here we compared nest-sites chosen by Reed Parrotbills(Paradoxornis heudei) during June-August 2016 in Yongnianwa Wetlands,Hebei Province,China,before and after an extreme flooding event.Results:Twenty-three nests were identified before and 13 new nests after the flood.There was no significant difference in most nest-site characteristics,such as distance from the road,height of the reeds in which nests were built,or nest volume before or after the flood.However,nests after the flood were located significantly higher in the vegetation compared to before the flood(mean ± SE:1.17 ± 0.13 m vs.0.75 ± 0.26 m,p < 0.01).However,predation rate also increased significantly after the flood(67% vs.25%,p = 0.030).Conclusions:Our results suggested that Reed Parrotbills demonstrated behavioral plasticity in their nest-site selection.Thus,they appeared to increase the height of their nests in response to the drastically changing water levels in reed wetlands,to reduce the likelihood that their nests would be submerged again by flooding.However,predation rate also increased significantly after the flood,suggesting that the change in nest height to combat the threat of flooding made the nests more susceptible to other threats,such as predation.Animals' response to rare climatic events,such as flooding,may produce ecological traps if they make the animals more susceptible to other kinds of threats they are more likely to continue to encounter. | Laikun Ma Jianwei Zhang Jianping Liu Canchao Yang Wei Liang Anders Pape M?ller | 2019 | Avian Research2019，10，1： | 3 |
| 3 | Breeding biology and novel reproductive behaviour in the Hainan Partridge(Arborophila ardens)显示文摘Background: The Hainan Partridge(Arborophila ardens) is endemic to Hainan Island,China,and is listed as vulnerable(VU) because its population size is steadily decreasing due to illegal hunting and habitat loss.Its breeding biology is poorly known.Methods: This study was conducted in three sites in the major tropical primary rainforest in Hainan.Nests of the Hainan Partridge were found by monitoring radio-tracked individuals.Video recorders were set up to monitor reproductive behaviour of Hainan Partridge when nests were found.Results: Here for the first time we report the breeding biology of Hainan Partridge by providing information on its nest site,nest,eggs,and reproductive behaviour.We found that Hainan Partridges laid immaculate white eggs in ground nests which were totally covered by dry leaves and small branches forming arches that provided optimal concealment.A novel and regular behaviour was found in Hainan Partridges since they grasped leaves and small branches and then threw them on or around their nests to provide cover during incubation and after hatching of chicks.Conclusions: Recruitment behaviour in Hainan Partridges benefit from supplementation of nest arch material to nests,cover the nest entrance and thus maintain or increase nest concealment.However,it may also contribute to concealment of the track which could expose their activities and clues for predators.Our finding implies that the Hainan Partridge has evolved such a novel reproductive behaviour under the strong selection of predation pressure.Due to habitat fragmentation and habitat loss,we suggest setting up arch structures and provide small branches and leaves in degraded or fragmented habitats to improve their suitability for partridge reproduction.This method may contribute to increasing the reproductive success of Hainan Partridge and thus compensate for its continuous population decrease. | Xiaodong Rao Canchao Yang Wei Liang | 2017 | Avian Research2017，8，4： | 2 |
| 4 | Specific responses of cuckoo hosts to different alarm signals according to breeding stage:a test of the offspring value hypothesis显示文摘The selective pressure exerted by avian brood parasites forces their hosts to evolve specific defense strategies.When subject to brood parasite attack,avian hosts will often emit alarm calls.To date,few studies have examined whether and how host responses to different alarm calls indicative of different enemies vary with the hosts breeding stage.We carried out alarm call playback experiments during both the egg and nestling stages of the oriental reed warbler Acrocephalus orientals,a host of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus.The playback exemplars were selected from recorded alarm calls of the warbler to the presenee of common cuckoos,sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus,and oriental turtle doves Streptopelia orientalis,which represented brood parasite,predator,and harmless control,respectively.The results showed that the oriental reed warblers did not discriminate alarm calls issued to different intruder types,but the intensity of the response was significantly higher in the nestling stage than in the egg stage.Attack behavior related to sparrowhawk alarm calls was absent in the egg stage,but aggressive behavior in creased dramatically and exceeded the attack frequency in response to the cuckoo alarm call in the nestling stage,implying a shift in the tradeoff between the parents'own survival and the loss of offspring.Alarm calls attracted a larger nu mber of con specifics tha n members of other species.In gen eral,the oriental reed warbler had consistently stronger responses to different alarm calls in the nestling stage than in the egg stage,supporting the offspring value hypothesis. | Jiaojiao Wang Canchao Yang | 2020 | Current Zoology2020，66，6： | 2 |
| 5 | Spatial variation in egg polymorphism among cuckoo hosts across 4 continents显示文摘Although egg color polymorphism has evolved as an effective defensive adaptation to brood parasitism,spatial variations in egg color polymorphism remain poorly characterized.Here,we investigated egg polymorphism in 647 host species(68 families and 231 gen era)parasitized by 41 species of Old Word cuckoos(1 family and 11 gen era)across Asia,Europe,Africa,and Australia.The diversity of parasitic cuckoos differs among continents,reflecting the continent-specific intensities of parasitic selection pressure on hosts.Therefore,host egg polymorphism is expected to evolve more frequently on continents with higher cuckoo diversity.We identified egg polymorphism in 24.1%of all host species and 47.6%of all host families.The common cuckoo Cuculus canorus utilized 184 hosts(28.4%of all host species).Hosts of the common cuckoo and of Chrysococcyx species were more likely to have polymorphic eggs than hosts parasitized by other cuckoos.Both the number of host species and the host families targeted by the cuckoo species were positively correlated with the frequency of host egg polymorphism.Most host species and most hosts exhibiting egg color polymorphism were located in Asia and Africa.Host egg polymorphism was observed less frequently in Australia and Europe.Our results also suggested that egg polymorphism tends to occur more frequently in hosts that are utilized by several cuckoo species or by generalist cuckoo species.We suggest that selecti on pressure on hosts from a given contin ent in creases proportionally to the number of cuckoo species,and that this selection pressure may,in turn,favor the evolution of host egg polymorphism. | Canchao Yang Xingfeng Si Wei Liang Anders Pape Moller | 2020 | Current Zoology2020，66，5： | 2 |
| 6 | Why cuckoos should parasitize parrotbills by laying eggs randomly rather than laying eggs matching the egg appearance of parrotbill hosts?显示文摘The coevolutionary interaction between cuckoos and their hosts has been studied for a long time, but to date some puzzles still remain unsolved. Whether cuckoos parasitize their hosts by laying eggs randomly or matching the egg morphs of their hosts is one of the mysteries of the cuckoo problem. Scientists tend to believe that cuckoos lay eggs matching the appearance of host eggs due to selection caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own eggs.In this paper, we first review previous empirical studies to test this mystery and found no studies have provided direct evidence of cuckoos choosing to parasitize host nests where egg color and pattern match. We then present examples of unmatched cuckoo eggs in host nests and key life history traits of cuckoos, e.g. secretive behavior and rapid egg-laying and link them to cuckoo egg laying behavior. Finally we develop a conceptual model to demonstrate the egg laying behaviour of cuckoos and propose an empirical test that can provide direct evidence of the egg-laying properties of female cuckoos. We speculate that the degree of egg matching between cuckoo eggs and those of the host as detected by humans is caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own eggs, rather than the selection of matching host eggs by cuckoos. The case of Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) and their parrotbill hosts(Paradoxornis alphonsianus), where it has been shown that both have evolved polymorphic eggs(mainly blue and white), was used to develop a conceptual model to demonstrate why cuckoos should utilize parrotbill hosts by laying eggs randomly rather than laying eggs matching the appearance of host eggs.In conclusion, we found no evidence for the hypothesis that cuckoos lay eggs based on own egg color matching that of the parrotbill-cuckoo system. We argue theoretically that laying eggs matching those of the hosts in this system violates a key trait of the life history of cuckoos and therefore should be maladaptive. | Canchao Yang Fugo Takasu Wei Liang Anders P Moller | 2015 | Chinese Birds2015，，2： | 2 |
| 7 | Light matters:Nest illumination alters egg rejection behavior in a cavity-nesting bird显示文摘Egg discrimination by cavity-nesting birds that build nests under dim light conditions was presumed to depend on nest luminance,although this hypothesis has rarely been tested.Tests of egg discrimination ability by cavity-nesting tits under dim light conditions may reveal the selection pressure from brood parasitism that they encounter under natural interactions.We manipulated the intensity of luminance of nests of the Green-backed Tit(Parus monticolus),a potential cuckoo host that possesses a strong discrimination ability of non-mimetic foreign eggs.We performed experiments to test their egg discrimination ability under different light conditions.Our results showed that Green-backed Tits discriminate against non-mimetic foreign eggs under normal light conditions in nest boxes,and this ability persisted at nest luminance as low as 4.78±1.31 lux that is several times lower than normal luminance(38.11±24.02 lux).However,egg discrimination by Green-backed Tits disappeared when nest luminance was reduced to a minimum of 0.35±0.15 lux.The latter value represents total darkness for humans.The present study shows that nest luminance plays a key role in egg discrimination by Green-backed Tits that build nests under dim light conditions.This study provides strong experimental evidence for nest illumination altering egg rejection behavior in cavity-nesting birds. | Canchao Yang Anders Pape Møller Wei Liang | 2022 | Avian Research2022，13，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Breeding biology of the Green-backed Tit(Parus monticolus)in southwest China显示文摘Studies on breeding biology enable us to broaden our understanding of the evolution of life history strategies.We studied the breeding biology of the Green-backed Tit(Parus monticolus)to provide comprehensive data on nest and egg characteristics,parental behavior throughout egg laying and nestling periods,and reproductive outcome.Our study reveals adaptive behavioral patterns and reproductive strategies for P.monticolus. | Ping Ye Xiaogang Yao Jianli Bi Guangrong Li Wei Liang Canchao Yang | 2021 | Avian Research2021，12，4： | 1 |
| 9 | Absence of anti-parasitic defenses in an Asian population of the magpie, a regular host of the great spotted cuckoo in Europe显示文摘Obligate brood parasitism,which refers to parasitic birds,fish,and insects that lay eggs in host nests,imposes strong selective pressure on hosts because the reproductive output of hosts is reduced considerably or eliminated completely while the foster parents provide extra-parental care to unrelated nestlings(Soler 2016).After parasites succeed in laying eggs,egg rejection by hosts plays an important role in avoiding parasitism by recognition and rejection of parasite eggs from host nests(Yang et al.2014). | Canchao Yang Jialiang Huang Wei Liang Anders P.MФLLER | 2021 | Current Zoology2021，67，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Impact of nest sanitation behavior on hosts’egg rejection:an empirical study and meta-analyses显示文摘Egg rejection in birds is a specific adaptation toward avian brood parasitism,whereas nest sanitation is a general behavior for cleaning the nest and avoiding predation.However,both behaviors refer to the action of ejecting objects out of the nest,and nest sanitation has been proposed as a preadaptation for egg rejection.Here,we tested the eliciting effect of nest sanitation on egg rejection in the red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus,a potential host species that are sympatric with parasitic cuckoos.We conducted meta-analyses of previous studies on both nest sanitation and egg rejection,in order to evaluate the consistency of our conclusions.Our results showed that nest sanitation did not elicit egg rejection in P.jocosus.The conclusions concerning such an eliciting effect from previous studies were mixed,whereas the methodologies were inconsistent,making the studies unsuitable for comparisons.However,the ejection frequency of nest sanitation was consistently higher than the frequency of egg rejection across different host species or populations.These results suggest that nest sanitation,which is an ancient behavior,is more fundamental than egg rejection,but the effect of the former on the latter is complex and needs further study.Standardized methodologies and the integration of behavior,physiology,and modeling may provide better opportunities to explore the relationship between nest sanitation and egg rejection. | Qihong LI Jianli BI Jiangwen WU Canchao YANG | 2021 | Current Zoology2021，67，6： | 1 |
| 11 | Development and behavior of Plaintive Cuckoo(Cacomantis merulinus) nestlings and their Common Tailorbird(Orthotomus sutorius) hosts显示文摘Background:Our knowledge of avian brood parasitism is primarily based on studies of a few selected species.Recently,researchers have targeted a wider range of host–parasite systems,which has allowed further evaluation of hypotheses derived from well-known study systems but also disclosed adaptations that were previously unknown.Here we present developmental and behavioral data on the previously undescribed Plaintive Cuckoo(Cacomantis merulinus) nestling and one of its hosts,the Common Tailorbird(Orthotomus sutorius).Methods:We discovered more than 80 Common Tailorbird nests within an area of 25 km2,and we recorded nestling characteristics,body mass,tarsus length and begging display every 3 days for both species.Results:Plaintive Cuckoo nestlings followed a developmental pathway that was relatively similar to that of their well-studied relative,the Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Tailorbird foster siblings were evicted from the nest rim.The cuckoo nestlings gained weight faster than host nestlings,and required 3–9 days longer time to fledge than host nestlings.Predation was high during the early stages of development,but the nestlings acquired a warning display around 11 days in the nest,after which none of the studied cuckoo nestlings were depredated.The cuckoos' begging display,which appeared more intense than that of host nestlings,was initially vocally similar with that of the host nestlings but began to diverge from the host sound output after day 9.Conclusions:The developmental data on Plaintive Cuckoo nestlings and their tailorbird host builds an important foundation for future work on the co-evolutionary interactions in this parasite–host system. | Odd Helge Tunheim B?rd G.Stokke Longwu Wang Canchao Yang Aiwu Jiang Wei Liang Eivin R?skaft Frode Foss?y | 2019 | Avian Research2019，10，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Host selection in parasitic birds: are open‐cup nesting insectivorous passerines always suitable cuckoo hosts?显示文摘 | Canchao Yang B?rd G. Stokke Anton Antonov Yan Cai Suhua Shi Arne Moksnes Eivin R?skaft Anders P. M?ller Wei Liang Tomá? Grim | 2013 | Journal of Avian Biology2013，，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Large Hawk‐Cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides parasitism on the Chinese Babax Babax lanceolatus may be an evolutionarily recent host–parasite system显示文摘 | CANCHAO YANG ANTON ANTONOV YAN CAI B?RD G. STOKKE ARNE MOKSNES EIVIN R?SKAFT WEI LIANG | 2011 | Ibis2011，，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Egg trait variation in a large hawk-cuckoo(Hierococcyx sparverioides)host population of Chinese babax(Babax lanceolatus)显示文摘Mutual interaction between brood parasites and their hosts is a well-known model system for studying host-parasite coevolution.Both parties have acted reciprocally,resembling an evolutionary arms race,in which adaptations and counter-adaptations have evolved as a result of host-parasite dynamics,such as the classical cuckoo-host system.Discrimination among parasite and cuckoo eggs and rejection of foreign eggs is regarded as an important anti-parasitism strategy.The Chinese babax(Babax lanceolatus)is a large hawk-cuckoo(Hierococcyx sparverioides)host distributed in southwest China.A previous study shows that the babax is an intermediate egg rejector,and most cuckoo eggs are accepted by the Chinese babax,although a small proportion of hosts reject cuckoo eggs.Interestingly,the large hawk-cuckoo lays non-mimetic eggs in contrast to the uniform blue eggs of babaxes.Because egg coloration is a critical cue used by host species in favor of the recognition of parasitic eggs by hosts,we used a spectrometer to quantify egg color variation to understand the differentiation in discrimination ability between the egg rejectors and acceptors.We found that the chroma of intra-clutch variation of babax eggs was more consistent in egg rejectors than in acceptors.However,no statistical significance was found in inter-clutch variation between these two types of hosts.Our results suggest that hosts lay eggs with a low level of intra-clutch variation without the necessity of a high level of inter-clutch variation simultaneously as predicted by the egg signature hypothesis.This study may further indicate that selection pressures from evolutionarily recent parasites can drive individual-based differences in an anti-parasitism strategy. | Canchao YANG Yang LIU Wei LIANG | 2015 | Integrative Zoology2015，10，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Egg recognition in Cinereous Tits(Parus cinereus):eggshell spots matter显示文摘Background:Brood parasitic birds such as cuckoos(Cuculus spp.)can reduce their host’s reproductive success.Such selection pressure on the hosts has driven the evolution of defense behaviors such as egg rejection against cuckoo parasitism.Studies have shown that Cinereous Tits(Parus cinereus)in China have a good ability for recognizing foreign eggs.However,it is unclear whether egg spots play a role in egg recognition.The aims of our study were to investigate the egg recognition ability of two Cinereous Tit populations in China and to explore the role of spots in egg recognition.Methods:To test the effect of eggshell spots on egg recognition,pure white eggs of the White-rumped Munia(Lonchura striata)and eggs of White-rumped Munia painted with red brown spots were used to simulate experimental parasitism.Results:Egg experiments showed that Cinereous Tits rejected 51.5%of pure white eggs of the White-rumped Munia,but only 14.3%of spotted eggs of the White-rumped Munia.There was a significant difference in egg recognition and rejection rate between the two egg types.Conclusions:We conclude that eggshell spots on Cinereous Tit eggs had a signaling function and may be essential to tits for recognizing and rejecting parasitic eggs. | Jianping Liu Canchao Yang Jiangping Yu Haitao Wang Wei Liang | 2019 | Avian Research2019，10，4： | 1 |
| 16 | Breeding ecology of the Yellow-bellied Warbler (Abroscopus superciliaris)显示文摘The life history of birds dictates their activities and is crucial to population success.However,the life history traits of only one-third of the world’s bird species have been described;the rest are poorly understood.We studied the breeding ecology of the Yellow-bellied Warbler(Abroscopus superciliaris)and documented reproductive information throughout the egg and nestling periods.The data included natural nest sites,nest components,nest size,egg laying dates and time,egg morph,egg size,clutch size,egg incubation,nestling brooding and feeding,nestling morph and growth,and reproductive outcome.This study provided particular information of breeding ecology that has not been reported before in the Yellow-bellied Warbler. | Jianli Bi Yuxin Jiang Canchao Yang | 2020 | Avian Research2020，11，4： | 1 |
| 17 | Parent-offspring and inter-offspring responses to conspecific versus heterospecific distress calls in 2 sympatric birds显示文摘Distress calls,as a type of alarm call,play important roles in expressing bodily condition and conveying information concerning predation threats.In this study,we examined the communication via distress calls in parent–offspring and inter-offspring interactions.First,we used playback of chick distress calls of 2 sympatric breeders,the vinous-throated parrotbill Sinosuthora webbiana and the oriental reed warbler Acrocephalus orientalis,to the adults/chicks of these 2 species,respectively,and measured the responses of conspecifics or heterospecifics.The playback-to-chicks experiment showed that both species of chicks reduced the number of begging calls and begging duration time as a response to conspecific/heterospecific distress calls compared with natural begging and background noise controls.However,reed warbler chicks also reduced beak opening frequency in the response to conspecific distress calls compared with other playback stimuli.Second,the results of the playback-to-adults experiment showed that reed warbler adults could eavesdrop on distress calls of conspecific neighbors and sympatric heterospecifics.Furthermore,the nest-leaving behavior of reed warblers did not differ significantly when they heard the distress calls of conspecifics or parrotbills.Finally,reed warbler adults responded to heterospecific distress calls more quickly than to conspecific distress calls,and parrotbill adults presented the same response.Our results supported the warnkin hypothesis and show that chick distress calls play an important role in conveying risk and the condition of chicks to enhance individual fitness.In addition,we also found that eavesdropping on distress calls is a congenital behavior that begins in the chick stage. | Yuxin JIANG Jingru HAN Ziqi ZHANG Xiangyang CHEN Canchao YANG | 2022 | Current Zoology2022，68，6： | 0 |
| 18 | Egg rejection based on egg size recognition as a specific strategy against parasitic cuckoos显示文摘In the coevolutionary interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts,egg recognition based on color and/or pattern is a common and effective defense to counter parasitism.However,for egg recognition based on size,only a few studies have found affirmative results,and they do not provide unambiguous evidence that egg size recognition in hosts has evolved as an important and specific anti-parasite adaptation against parasite eggs.We studied the brood parasite system between the Asian emerald cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus and its host,the chestnut-crowned warbler Phylloscopus castaniceps.The cuckoo parasitizes the warbler using non-mimetic and larger eggs at a parasitism rate of 12.9%.The warbler nests used in this experiment were built in a dark environment with the nest illuminance near 0 lux.Experiments with 2 types of model eggs with colors and patterns resembling cuckoo eggs of different sizes(cuckoo egg size or host egg size)showed that the warblers were able to reject 63.6%of cuckoo model eggs under these dim light conditions.However,model eggs with the same color and pattern similar to the warbler egg size were always accepted.This study provides strong evidence supporting the theory that egg size recognition can be evolved in hosts as a specific anti-parasite adaptation against cuckoos.We suggest that the egg size recognition of the warbler is an outcome of the tradeoff between the costs of violating the parental investment rule and suffering cuckoo parasitism. | Ping Ye Yan Cai Neng Wu Xiaogang Yao Guangrong Li Wei Liang Canchao Yang | 2023 | Current Zoology2023，69，2： | 0 |
| 19 | Do swallows(Hirundo daurica)use the visual cue of hatchling down-feathers to discriminate parasite alien nestlings?显示文摘Egg recognition is a variable but common anti-parasitism defense among different species of birds with brood parasites.In contrast,nestling recognition is rare.Very few studies have found nestling recognition in brood parasite hosts and determined the rejection mechanism behind this behavior.Hosts may use the number of hatchling downfeathers to reject parasite nestlings.We tested whether hatchling down-feathers is a visual cue for the red-rumped swallow,a host that can recognize and reject parasite nestlings.Our results indicated that red-rumped swallows do not recognize foreign nestlings based on hatchling down-feathers.The closed nest structure and hatchling morph may explain the absence of such a mechanism.None of the rejection mechanisms found in previous studies could explain the nestling recognition in swallows.Olfactory cues,tactile cues,or other visual cues,except for single nestling or hatchling down-feathers,may provide nestling recognition in red-rumped swallows.More study is needed to evaluate these possibilities. | Jiaojiao WANG Qihong LI Longwu WANG Canchao YANG Wei LIANG | 2020 | Integrative Zoology2020，15，5： | 0 |
| 20 | Russet Sparrows spot alien chicks from their nests显示文摘Background: In coevolutionary interactions between brood parasites and their hosts, host parents are under strong selection to evolve defenses against parasitism. Egg rejection is an efficient and common defense against parasitism, although some apparently suitable hosts do not reject cuckoo eggs.Methods: Sparrows Ploceidae are widespread throughout the Old World, and they have a suitable diet for rearing cuckoos, but still they are rarely exploited by brood parasites. To solve such puzzle, we conducted artificial parasitism and cross-fostering experiments in Russet Sparrow(Passer cinnamomeus).Results: The present study showed that Russet Sparrows have no egg recognition ability, but recognize their own nestlings and eject alien chicks or starve them to death. They may use visual cues in chick recognition, although they accept sister species Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus).Conclusions: By rejecting nestlings of foreign species, Russet Sparrows have succeeded to escape from the brood parasitism by cuckoos and other parasites. Our studies shed light on the puzzle why some species are not utilized by cuckoo parasites as hosts. | Juan Huo Canchao Yang Tongping Su Wei Liang Anders Pape Moller | 2018 | Avian Research2018，9，2： | 0 |
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