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| 1 | Current and future pharmacological therapies for managing cirrhosis and its complications显示文摘Due to the restrictions of liver transplantation,complication-guided pharmacological therapy has become the mainstay of long-term management of cirrhosis.This article aims to provide a complete overview of pharmacotherapy options that may be commenced in the outpatient setting which are available for managing cirrhosis and its complications,together with discussion of current controversies and potential future directions.PubMed/Medline/Cochrane Library were electronically searched up to December 2018 to identify studies evaluating safety,efficacy and therapeutic mechanisms of pharmacological agents in cirrhotic adults and animal models of cirrhosis.Non-selective betablockers effectively reduce variceal re-bleeding risk in cirrhotic patients with moderate/large varices,but appear ineffective for primary prevention of variceal development and may compromise renal function and haemodynamic stability in advanced decompensation.Recent observational studies suggest protective,haemodynamically-independent effects of beta-blockers relating to reduced bacterial translocation.The gut-selective antibiotic rifaximin is effective for secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy;recent small trials also indicate its potential superiority to norfloxacin for secondary prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.Diuretics remain the mainstay of uncomplicated ascites treatment,and early trials suggest alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists may improve diuretic response in refractory ascites.Vaptans have not demonstrated clinical effectiveness in treating refractory ascites and may cause detrimental complications.Despite initial hepatotoxicity concerns,safety of statin administration has been demonstrated in compensated cirrhosis.Furthermore,statins are suggested to have protective effects upon fibrosis progression,decompensation and mortality.Evidence as to whether proton pump inhibitors cause gut-liver-brain axis dysfunction is conflicting.Emerging evidence indicates that anticoagulation therapy reduces incidence and increases recanalisation rates of non-malignant portal vein thrombosis,and may impede hepatic fibrogenesis and decompensation.Pharmacotherapy for cirrhosis should be implemented in accordance with up-to-date guidelines and in conjunction with aetiology management,nutritional optimisation and patient education. | David Kockerling Rooshi Nathwani Roberta Forlano Pinelopi Manousou Benjamin H Mullish Ameet Dhar | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，8： | 16 |
| 2 | Gastric resection in the aged (≥80 years) with gastric careinoma:a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors显示文摘 | Kubota H Kotoh T Dhar DK | 2000 | Aust N Z J Surg2000，70，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Downregulation of KiSS - 1 expression is responsible for tumor invasion and worse prognosis in gastric carcinoma 显示文摘 | Dhar DK Naora H Kubota H | 2004 | Int J Cancer2004，111，6： | 1 |
| 4 | Expression of trefoil factor family members correlates with patient prognosis and neoangiogenesis显示文摘 | Dhar DK Wang TC Tabara H | 2005 | Clin Cancer Res2005，11，18： | 1 |
| 5 | Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with tumor neovascularization and prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma patients显示文摘 | MASUNAGA R KOHNO H DHAR D K | 2000 | Clin Cancer Res2000，6，10： | 1 |
| 6 | Downregulation of KiSS-1 expression is responble for tumor invasion and worse prognosis in gastri carcinoma显示文摘 | Dhar DK Naora H Kubota H | 2004 | Int J Cancer2004，111，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in advanced gastric carcinoma: the impact on FasL-mediated counterattack 显示文摘 | Ohno S Inagawa H Dhar DK | 2005 | Anticancer Res2005，25，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Investigation of Deep Level Traps in Dilute GaAsN Layers Grown by Liquid Phase Epitaxy 显示文摘 | Dhar N H S Mondal A | 2007 | Thin Solid Films2007，515，10： | 1 |
| 9 | cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with tumor neovascularization and prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma patients显示文摘 | Masunnaga R Kohno H Dhar DK etal | 2000 | Clin cancer Res2000，6，： | 1 |
| 10 | The prognostic significance of microvessel density and thymidine phosphorylase expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophague显示文摘 | Igarashi M Dhar DK Kubota H el al | 1998 | Cancer1998，82，7： | 1 |
| 11 | The degree of macrophage infiltration into the cancer cell nest is a significant predictor of survival in gastric cancer patients显示文摘 | Ohno S Inagawa H Dhar DK | 2003 | Anticancer Res2003，23，6： | 1 |
| 12 | Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with tumor neovascularization and prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma patients 显示文摘 | Masunaga R Kohno H Dhar DK | 2000 | Clin Cancer Res2000，6，10： | 1 |
| 13 | Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with tumor neovascularization and prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma patients显示文摘 | Masunaga R Kohno H Dhar DK | 2000 | Clin Cancer Res2000，6，10： | 1 |
| 14 | Tumor vascularity predicts and future directions显示文摘 | Dhar DK Kubota H Kotoh T | 1999 | AJR1999，173，： | 1 |
| 15 | Expression of trefoil factor family members correlates with patient prognosis and neoangiogenesis显示文摘 | Dhar DK Wang TC Tabara H | 2005 | Clin Cancer Res2005，11，18： | 1 |
| 16 | On solid polymer fuel cells 显示文摘 | DHAR H P | 1993 | J Electroanal Chem1993，357，： | 1 |
| 17 | Downregulation of KiSS-1 expression is responsible for tumor invasion and worse prognosis in gastric carcinoma显示文摘 | DHAR DK NAORA H KUBOTA H | 2004 | Iht J Cancer2004，111，6： | 1 |
| 18 | Tumor vascularity predicts recurrence in differentiated thyroid carcinoma显示文摘 | Dhar DK Kubota H Kotoh T | 1998 | Am J Surg1998，176，5： | 1 |
| 19 | On solid polymer fuel cells 显示文摘 | DHAR H P | 1993 | Electroanal Chem1993，357，12： | 1 |
| 20 | Downregulation of KiSS-1 expression is responsible for tumor invasion and worse prognosis in gastric carcinoma显示文摘 | DHAR DK NAORA H KUBOTA H | 2004 | Int J Cancer2004，111，6： | 1 |
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