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| 1 | Multi-scale phylogenetic structure in coastal dune plant communities across the globe显示文摘Aims Studies integrating phylogenetic history and large-scale community assembly are few,and many questions remain unanswered.Here,we use a global coastal dune plant data set to uncover the important factors in community assembly across scales from the local filtering processes to the global long-term diversification and dispersal dynamics.Coastal dune plant communities occur worldwide under a wide range of climatic and geologic conditions as well as in all biogeographic regions.However,global patterns in the phylogenetic composition of coastal dune plant communities have not previously been studied.Methods The data set comprised vegetation data from 18463 plots in New Zealand,South Africa,South America,North America and Europe.The phylogenetic tree comprised 2241 plant species from 149 families.We calculated phylogenetic clustering(Net Relatedness Index,NRI,and Nearest Taxon Index,NTI)of regional dune floras to estimate the amount of in situ diversification relative to the global dune species pool and evaluated the relative importance of land and climate barriers for these diversification patterns by geographic analyses of phylogenetic similarity.We then tested whether dune plant communities exhibit similar patterns of phylogenetic structure within regions.Finally,we calculated NRI for local communities relative to the regional species pool and tested for an association with functional traits(plant height and seed mass)thought to vary along sea–inland gradients.Important Findings Regional species pools were phylogenetically clustered relative to the global pool,indicating regional diversification.NTI showed stronger clustering than NRI pointing to the importance of especially recent diversifications within regions.The species pools grouped phylogenetically into two clusters on either side of the tropics suggesting greater dispersal rates within hemispheres than between hemispheres.Local NRI plot values confirmed that most communities were also phylogenetically clustered within regions.NRI values decreased with increasing plant height and seed mass,indicating greater phylogenetic clustering in communities with short maximum height and good dispersers prone to wind and tidal disturbance as well as salt spray,consistent with environmental filtering along sea–inland gradients.Height and seed mass both showed significant phylogenetic signal,and NRI tended to correlate negatively with both at the plot level.Low NRI plots tended to represent coastal scrub and forest,whereas high NRI plots tended to represent herb-dominated vegetation.We conclude that regional diversification processes play a role in dune plant community assembly,with convergence in local phylogenetic community structure and local variation in community structure probably reflecting consistent coastal-inland gradients.Our study contributes to a better understanding of the globally distributed dynamic coastal ecosystems and the structuring factors working on dune plant communities across spatial scales and regions. | Ane Kirstine Brunbjerg Jeannine Cavender-Bares Wolf L.Eiserhardt Rasmus Ejrnæs Lonnie W.Aarssen Hannah L.Buckley Estelle Forey Florian Jansen Jens Kattge Cynthia Lane Roy A.Lubke Angela T.Moles Ana Laura Monserrat Robert K.Peet Julissa Roncal Louise Wootton Jens-Christian Svenning | 2014 | Journal of Plant Ecology2014，7，2： | 9 |
| 2 | Teaching writing to low proficiency EFL students显示文摘 | Firkins A Forey G Sengupta S | | 0，，4： | 1 |
| 3 | Using bayesian belief networks to predict the reliability of military vehicles 显示文摘 | Neil M Fenton N Forey S | 2001 | Computing and Control Engineering Journal2001，12，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Using Bayesian belief networks to predict the reliability of military vehicles显示文摘 | Neil M Fenton N Forey S | 2001 | Computing and Control Engineering Journal2001，12，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer:A systematic review显示文摘AIM:To review evidence relating passive smoking to lung cancer risk in never smokers,considering various major sources of bias.METHODS:Epidemiological prospective or case-control studies were identified which provide estimates of relative risk(RR) and 95% CI for never smokers for one or more of seven different indices of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS):The spouse; household; workplace; childhood; travel; social and other; and total.A wide range of study details were entered into a database,and the RRs for each study,including descriptions of the comparisons made,were entered into a linked database.RRs were derived where necessary.Results were entered,where available,for all lung cancer,and for squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma.'Most adjusted' results were entered based on results available,adjusted for the greatest number of potential confounding variables.'Least adjusted' results were also entered,with a preference for results adjusted at least for age for prospective studies.A pre-planned series of fixed-effects and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted.Overall analyses and analyses by continent were run for each exposure index,with results for spousal smoking given by sex,and results for childhood exposure given by source of ETS exposure.For spousal exposure,more extensive analyses provide results by various aspects of study design and definition of the RR.For smoking by the husband(or nearest equivalent),additional analyses were carried out both for overall risk,and for risk per 10 cigarettes per day smoked by the husband.These adjusted for uncontrolled confounding by four factors(fruit,vegetable and dietary fat consumption,and education),and corrected for misclassification of smoking status of the wife.For the confounding adjustment,estimates for never smoking women were derived from publications on the relationship of the four factors to both lung cancer risk and at home ETS exposure,and on the correlations between the factors.The bias due to misclassification was calculated on the basis that the proportion of ever smokers denying smoking is 10% in Asian studies and 2.5% elsewhere,and that those who deny smoking have the same risk as those who admit it.This approach,justified in previous work,balances higher true denial rates and lower risk in deniers compared to non-deniers.RESULTS:One hundred and two studies were identified for inclusion,published in 1981 onwards,45 in Asia,31 in North America,21 in Europe,and five elsewhere.Eightyfive were of case-control design and 17 were prospective.Significant(P < 0.05) associations were noted,with random-effects of(RR=1.22,95%CI:1.14-1.31,n=93) for smoking by the husband(RR=1.14,95%CI:1.01-1.29,n=45) for smoking by the wife(RR=1.22,95%CI:1.15-1.30,n=47) for workplace exposure(RR=1.15,95%CI:1.02-1.29,n=41) for childhood exposure,and(RR=1.31,95%CI:1.19-1.45,n=48) for total exposure.No significant association was seen for ETS exposure in travel(RR=1.34,95%CI:0.94-1.93,n=8) or in social situations(RR=1.01,95%CI:0.82-1.24,n=15).A significant negative association(RR=0.78,95%CI:0.64-0.94,n=8) was seen for ETS exposure in childhood,specifically from the parents.Significant associations were also seen for spousal smoking for both squamous cell carcinoma(RR=1.44,95%CI:1.15-1.80,n=24) and adenocarcinoma(RR=1.33,95%CI:1.17-1.51,n=30).Results generally showed marked heterogeneity between studies.For smoking by either the husband or wife,where 119 RR estimates gave an overall estimate of(RR=1.21,95%CI:1.14-1.29),the heterogeneity was highly significant(P < 0.001),with evidence that the largest RRs were seen in studies published in 1981-89,in small studies(1-49 cases),and for estimates unadjusted by age.For smoking by the husband,the additional analyses showed that adjustment for the four factors reduced the overall(RR=1.22,95%CI:1.14-1.31) based on 93 estimates to(RR=1.14,95%CI:1.06-1.22),implying bias due to uncontrolled confounding of 7%.Further correction for misclassification reduced the estimate to a marginally non-significant(RR=1.08,95%CI:0.999-1.16).In the fully adjusted and corrected analyses,there was evidence of an increase in Asia(RR=1.18,95%CI:1.07-1.30,n=44),but not in other regions(RR=0.96,95%CI:0.86-1.07,n=49).Studies published in the 1980's,studies providing dose-response data,and studies only providing results unadjusted for age showed elevated RRs,but later published studies,studies not providing dose-response data,and studies adjusting for age did not.The pattern of results for RRs per 10 cigs/d was similar,with no significant association in the adjusted and corrected results(RR=1.03,95%CI:0.994-1.07).CONCLUSION:Most,if not all,of the ETS/lung cancer association can be explained by confounding adjustment and misclassification correction.Any causal relationship is not convincingly demonstrated. | Peter N Lee John S Fry Barbara A Forey Jan S Hamling Alison J Thornton | 2016 | World Journal of Meta-Analysis2016，4，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Using Bayesian belief networks to predict the reliability of military vehicles 显示文摘 | Neil M Fenton N Forey S | 2001 | Computing and Control Engineering Journal2001，12，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future 显示文摘 | Brooker RW Maestre FT Callaway RM Lortie CL Cavieres LA Kunstler G Liancourt P Tielborger K Travis JMJ Anthelme F Armas C Coll L Corcket E Delzon S Forey E Kikvidze Z Olofsson J Pugnaire FI Quiroz CL Saccone P Schiffers K Seifan M Touzard B Michalet R | 2008 | J Ecol2008，96，： | 1 |
| 8 | Using Bayesian belief networks to predict the reliability of military vehicles显示文摘 | Neil M Fenton N Forey S | 2001 | Computing & Control Engineering Journal2001，12，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Using Bayesian belief networks to predict the reliability of military vehicles显示文摘 | Neil M Fenton N Forey S | 2001 | Computing &Control Engineering Journal2001，12，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Diagnostic yield and safety of CT scans in ICU显示文摘 | Aliaga M ForeI JM De Bourmont S | 2015 | Intensive Care Med2015，41，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Using Bayesian belief networks to predict the reliability of military vehicles 显示文摘 | Neii M Fenton N Forey S | 2001 | Computing and Control Engineering Journal2001，12，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Threedimensional ultrasound device for rapid determination of bladder volume显示文摘 | Marks L S Forey F J Macairan M L | 1997 | Urology1997，50，： | 1 |
| 13 | Supporting effective English communication within the context of teaching and research in a tertiary institute: Developing a genre model for consciousness raising 显示文摘 | Sengupta S Forey G & Hamp-Lyons L | 1999 | English for Specific Purposes1999，，18： | 1 |
| 14 | Using Bayesian belief networks to predict the reliability of military vehicles 显示文摘 | Neil M Fenton N Forey S | 2001 | Computing and Control Engineering Journal2001，12，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Teaching writing to low proficiency EFL students显示文摘 | Firkins A Forey G Sengupta S | | 0，，04： | 1 |
| 16 | Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and heart disease:A systematic review显示文摘AIM To review evidence relating passive smoking to heart disease risk in never smokers. METHODS Epidemiological studies were identified providing estimates of relative risk(RR) of ischaemic heart disease and 95%CI for never smokers for various indices of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS). 'Never smokers' could include those with a minimal smoking experience. The database set up included the RRs and other study details. Unadjusted and confounderadjusted RRs were entered, derived where necessary using standard methods. The fixed-effect and randomeffects meta-analyses conducted for each exposure index included tests for heterogeneity and publication bias. For the main index(ever smoking by the spouse or nearest equivalent, and preferring adjusted to unadjusted data), analyses investigated variation in the RR by sex, continent, period of publication, number of cases, study design, extent of confounder adjustment, availability of dose-response results and biomarkerdata, use of proxy respondents, definitions of exposure and of never smoker, and aspects of disease definition. Sensitivity analyses were also run, preferring current to ever smoking, or unadjusted to adjusted estimates, or excluding certain studies.RESULTS Fifty-eight studies were identified, 20 in North America, 19 in Europe, 11 in Asia, seven in other countries, and one in 52 countries. Twenty-six were prospective, 22 case-control and 10 cross-sectional. Thirteen included 100 cases or fewer, and 11 more than 1000. For the main index, 75 heterogeneous(P < 0.001) RR estimates gave a combined random-effects RR of 1.18(95%CI: 1.12-1.24), which was little affected by preferring unadjusted to adjusted RRs, or RRs for current ETS exposure to those for ever exposure. Estimates for each level of each factor considered consistently exceeded 1.00. However, univariate analyses revealed significant(P < 0.001) variation for some factors. Thus RRs were lower for males, and in North American, larger and prospective studies, and also where the RR was for spousal smoking, fatal cases, or specifically for IHD. For case-control studies RRs were lower if hospital/diseased controls were used. RRs were higher when diagnosis was based on medical data rather than death certificates or self-report, and where the never smoker definition allowed subjects to smoke products other than cigarettes or have a limited smoking history. The association with spousal smoking specifically(1.06, 1.01-1.12, n = 34) was less clear in analyses restricted to married subjects(1.03, 0.99-1.07, n = 23). In stepwise regression analyses only those associations with source of diagnosis, study size, and whether the spouse was the index, were independently predictive(at P < 0.05) of heart disease risk. A significant association was also evident with household exposure(1.19, 1.13-1.25, n = 37). For those 23 studies providing dose-response results for spouse or household exposure, 11 showed a significant(P < 0.05) positive trend including the unexposed group, and two excluding it. Based on fewer studies, a positive, but non-significant(P > 0.05) association was found for workplace exposure(RR = 1.08, 95%CI: 0.99-1.19), childhood exposure(1.12, 0.95-1.31), and biomarker based exposure indices(1.15, 0.94-1.40). However, there was a significant association with total exposure(1.23, 1.12-1.35). Some significant positive dose-response trends were also seen for these exposure indices, particularly total exposure, with no significant negative trends seen. The evidence suffers from various weaknesses and biases. Publication bias may explain the large RR(1.66, 1.30-2.11) for the main exposure index for smaller studies(1-99 cases), while recall bias may explain the higher RRs seen in casecontrol and cross-sectional than in prospective studies. Some bias may also derive from including occasional smokers among the 'never smokers', and from misreporting smoking status. Errors in determining ETS exposure, and failing to update exposure data in long term prospective studies, also contribute to the uncertainty. The tendency for RRs to increase as more factors are adjusted for,argues against the association being due to uncontrolled confounding.CONCLUSION The increased risk and dose-response for various exposure indices suggests ETS slightly increases heart disease risk. However heterogeneity, study limitations and possible biases preclude definitive conclusions. | Peter N Lee Barbara A Forey Jan S Hamling Alison J Thornton | 2017 | World Journal of Meta-Analysis2017，5，2： | 0 |
| 17 | Earthworms promote greater richness and abundance in the emergence of plant species across a grassland-forest ecotone显示文摘Aims Chalk grasslands are subject to vegetation dynamics that range from species-rich open grasslands to tall and encroached grasslands,and woods and forests.In grasslands,earthworms impact plant communities and ecosystem functioning through the modification of soil physical,chemical and microbiological properties,but also through their selective ingestion and vertical transportation of seeds from the soil seed bank.Laboratory experiments showed that seed-earthworm interactions are species specific,but little is known on the impact of seed-earthworm interactions in the field.The overall aim of this study was to better understand seed-earthworm interactions and their impact on the plant community.First we analyzed the composition of seedlings emerging from casts after earthworm ingestion.Then we compared seedling composition in casts to the plant composition of emerging seedlings from the soil and of the aboveground vegetation along four stages of the secondary succession of chalk grasslands.Methods Four stages of the secondary succession of a chalk grassland—from open sward to woods—were sampled in Upper Normandy,France,in February 2010.Within each successional stage(×3 replicates),we sampled the standing vegetation,soil seed bank at three soil depths(0-2,2-5 and 5-10 cm)and earthworm surface casts along transects.Soil and cast samples were water sieved before samples were spread onto trays and placed into a greenhouse.Emerging seedlings were counted and identified.Effect of successional stage and origin of samples on mean and variability of abundance and species richness of seedlings emerging from casts and soil seed banks were analyzed.Plant compositions were compared between all sample types.We used generalized mixed-effect models and a distance-based redundancy multivariate analysis.Important Findings Seedling abundance was always higher in earthworm casts than in the soil seed bank and increased up to 5-fold,4-fold and 3.5-fold,respectively,in the tall grassland,woods and encroached grassland compared to the soil surface layer.Species richness was also higher in earthworm casts than in the soil seed bank in all successional stages,with a 4-fold increase in the encroached grassland.The plant composition of the standing vegetation was more similar to that of seedlings from casts than to that of seedlings from the soil seed bank.Seedlings diversity emerging from casts in the tall and encroached grasslands tended toward the diversity found in woods.Our results indicate that earthworms may promote the emergence of seedlings.We also suggest that the loss of some plant species in the seed bank and the tall grass vegetation in intermediary successional stages modify the local conditions and prevent the further establishment of early-successional plant species. | Julia Clause Sébastien Barot Estelle Forey | 2016 | Journal of Plant Ecology2016，9，6： | 0 |
| 18 | Dose-response relationship of lung cancer to amount smoked, duration and age starting显示文摘AIM: To quantify smoking/lung cancer relationships accurately using parametric modelling. METHODS: Using the International Epidemiological Studies on Smoking and Lung Cancer database of all epidemiological studies of 100+ lung cancer cases published before 2000, we analyzed 97 blocks of data for amount smoked, 35 for duration of smoking, and 27 for age started. Pseudo-numbers of cases and controls(or at risk) estimated from RRs by dose level formed the data modelled. We fitted various models relating loge RR to dose(d), including βd, βdY and βloge(1 + Wd),and investigated goodness-of-fit and heterogeneity between studies. RESULTS: The best-fitting models for loge RR were0.833 loge [1 +(8.1c/10)] for cigarettes/d(c), 0.792(y/10)0.74 for years smoked(y) and 0.176 [(70- a)/10]1.44 for age of start(a). Each model fitted well overall, though some blocks misfitted. RRs rose from 3.86 to 22.31 between c = 10 and 50, from 2.21 to 13.54 between y = 10 and 50, and from 3.66 to 8.94 between a = 30 and 12.5. Heterogeneity(P < 0.001) existed by continent for amount, RRs for 50 cigarettes/d being 7.23(Asia), 26.36(North America) and 22.16(Europe). Little heterogeneity was seen for duration of smoking or age started. CONCLUSION: The models describe the dose-relationships well, though may be biased by factors including misclassification of smoking status and dose. | John S Fry Peter N Lee Barbara A Forey Katharine J Coombs | 2013 | World Journal of Meta-Analysis2013，1，2： | 0 |
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