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| 1 | State-of-the-Art management of knee osteoarthritis显示文摘Osteoarthritis(OA) is the most common type of arthritis found in the United States' population and is also the most common disease of joints in adults throughout the world with the knee being the most frequently affected of all joints. As the United States' population ages along with the increasing trends in obesity prevalence in other parts of the world, it is expected that the burden of OA on the population, healthcare system, and overall economy will continue to increase in the future without making major improvements in managing knee OA. Numerous therapies aim to reduce symptoms of knee OA and continued research has helped to further understand the complex pathophysiology of its disease mechanism attempting to uncover new potential targets for the treatment of OA. This review article seeks to evaluate the current practices for managing knee OA and discusses emerging therapies on the horizon. These practices include non-pharmacological treatments such as providing patient education and self-management strategies, advising weight loss, strengthening programs, and addressing biomechanical issues with bracing or foot orthoses. Oral analgesics and anti-inflammatories are pharmacologicals that are commonly used and the literature overall supports that some of these medications can be helpful for managing knee OA in the short-term but are less effective for long-term management. Additionally, more prolonged use significantly increases the risk of serious associated side effects that are not too uncommon. Diseasemodifying osteoarthritis drugs are being researched as a treatment modality to potentially halt or slow disease progression but data at this time is limited and continued studies are being conducted to further investigate their effectiveness. Intra-articular injectables are also implemented to manage knee OA ranging from corticosteroids to hyaluronans to more recently plateletrich plasma and even stem cells while several other injection therapies are presently being studied. The goal of developing new treatment strategies for knee OA is to prolong the need for total knee arthroplasty which should be utilized only if other strategies have failed. High tibial osteotomy and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are potential alternatives if only a single compartment is involved with more data supporting unicompartmental knee arthroplasty as a good treatment option in this scenario. Arthroscopy has been commonly used for many years to treat knee OA to address degenerative articular cartilage and menisci, however, several high-quality studies have shown that it is not a very effective treatment for the majority of cases and should generally not be considered when managing knee OA. Improving the management of knee OA requires a multi-faceted treatment approach along with continuing to broaden our understanding of this complex disease so that therapeutic advancements can continue to be developed with the goal of preventing further disease progression and even potentially reversing the degenerative process. | Kenton H Fibel Howard J Hillstrom Brian C Halpern | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2015，3，2： | 19 |
| 2 | Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria显示文摘 | Bruno Dubois Howard H Feldman Claudia Jacova Harald Hampel José Luis Molinuevo Kaj Blennow Steven T DeKosky Serge Gauthier Dennis Selkoe Randall Bateman Stefano Cappa Sebastian Crutch Sebastiaan Engelborghs Giovanni B Frisoni Nick C Fox Douglas Galasko Ma | 2014 | Lancet Neurology2014，，6： | 7 |
| 3 | Vaccination of boars with a GnRH(Improvac) eliminates boar taint and increases growth performance显示文摘 | Dunshea F R Colantoni C Howard H | 2001 | J Anim Sci2001，79，10： | 1 |
| 4 | An examination of methods of assessing interacting surface cracks by comparison with experimental data显示文摘 | Leek T H Howard I C | 1996 | Int J Pres & Piping1996，68，： | 1 |
| 5 | Are there other persistent organic pollutants? A challenge for environmental chemists显示文摘 | MUIR D C G HOWARD P H | 2006 | Environmental Science & Technology2006，40，23： | 1 |
| 6 | Methanol conversion for the production of hydrogen 显示文摘 | Taylor C E Howard B H Myers C R | 2007 | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research2007，，： | 1 |
| 7 | The crystal structure of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene显示文摘 | Howard H Cady Allen C Larson | 1965 | Acta Cryst1965，18，： | 1 |
| 8 | Power transmission from a vibrating body to a circular cylin drical shell through passive and active isolators显示文摘 | Howard C Q Hansen C H Pan Jiaqiang | 1997 | Journal of the Aeoustical Society of America1997，101，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Dynamic response and wave propagation in plane masses and frames显示文摘 | PAO Y H KEH D C HOWARD S M | 1999 | AIAA J1999，37，： | 1 |
| 10 | Rapid Devolatilization and Hydrogasification of Bimmlnous Coal 显示文摘 | Anthony D B Howard J B Hottel H C | 1976 | Fuel1976，55，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Vaccina-tion of boars with a GnRH(Improve)eliminates boar taint and in-crease growth performance 显示文摘 | DUNSHER F R COLANTONI C HOWARD H | 2001 | J Anim Sci2001，79，10： | 1 |
| 12 | Calculation of vibratory power transmission for use in active vibration control 显示文摘 | Howard C Q Snyder S D Hansen C H | 2000 | Journal of Sound and Vibration2000，234，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Power transmission from a vibrating body to a circular cylindrical shell through active elastic isolators显示文摘 | Howard C Q Pan J Q Hansen C H | 1997 | Journal of the Acoustical Society of America1997，101，： | 1 |
| 14 | Modeling singlecomponent protein adsorption to the cation exchange s sepharrosee FF显示文摘 | GRAHAM L S BRENDA J H HOWARD A C | 1990 | Journal of Chromatography A1990，498，： | 1 |
| 15 | Vibration analysis of waffle floors 显示文摘 | Howard C Q Hansen C H | 2003 | Computers & Structures2003，81，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Finite dement analysis of non - local effects in ductile fracture 显示文摘 | HOWARD I C Li Z H | 2000 | Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures2000，23，10： | 1 |
| 17 | Vaccination of boars with a GnRH (Improve) Eliminales boar taint and increace growth performance显示文摘 | Dunshea F R Golantoni C Howard H | 2001 | J Anita Sci2001，79，10： | 1 |
| 18 | Acquiring design knowledge through design decision justification 显示文摘 | Garcia A C B Howard H C | 1992 | Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design Analysis and Manufacturing1992，6，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Dynamic response and wave propagation in plane trusses and frames 显示文摘 | PAO Y H HEH D C HOWARD S M | 1999 | AIAA Journal1999，37，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Dynamic re- sponse and wave propagation in plane trusses and frames 显示文摘 | PAO Y H KEH D C HOWARD S M | 1999 | AAIA Journal1999，37，5： | 1 |
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