| 1 | 油气田水套加热炉显示文摘水套加热炉是油气田上广泛使用的油气加热设备.随着油气价格的不断上涨和对环境保护要求的日趋严格,油气田的工程师们越来越关注如何改进现有的加热设备以减少燃料消耗并保护环境.文章通过介绍油气田水套加热炉设计应考虑的基本因素和准则,提出了提高水套加热炉热效率的方法,其中包括多个返回管的使用,过剩空气自动控制和扩大火管对流段的表面积等,特别是文中所述在火管对流段中安装翅片管,只要有足够的传热面积,并设计正确,要使水套加热炉获得85%的热效率是可能的. | Gary H.Palmer Paula Wendland 张华岩 | 2002 | 天然气工业2002，22，1： | 6 |
| 2 | The effect of a urinary incontinence selfmanagement program for older women in South Korea:A pilot study显示文摘Background:Although self-management approaches have shown strong evidence of positive outcomes for urinary incontinence prevention and management,few programs have been developed for Korean rural communities.Objectives:This pilot study aimed to develop,implement,and evaluate a urinary incontinence self-management program for community-dwelling women aged 55 and older with urinary incontinence in rural South Korea.Methods:This study used a one-group pre-post-test design to measure the effects of the intervention using standardized urinary incontinence symptom,knowledge,and attitude measures.Seventeen community-dwelling older women completed weekly 90-min group sessions for 5 weeks.Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests and were used to analyze data.Results:The mean of the overall interference on daily life from urine leakage(pre-test:M=5.76±2.68,post-test:M=2.29±1.93,t=4.609,p<0.001)and the sum of International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire scores(pre-test:M=11.59±3.00,post-test:M=5.29±3.02,t=-5.881,p<0.001)indicated significant improvement after the intervention.Improvement was also noted on the mean knowledge(pre-test:M=19.07±3.34,post-test:M=23.15±2.60,t=7.550,p<0.001)and attitude scores(pre-test:M=2.64±0.19,post-test:M=3.08±0.41,t=5.150,p<0.001).Weekly assignments were completed 82.4%of the time.Participants showed a high satisfaction level(M=26.82±1.74,range 22e28)with the group program.Conclusions:Implementation of a urinary incontinence self-management program was accompanied by improved outcomes for Korean older women living in rural communities who have scarce resources for urinary incontinence management and treatment.Urinary incontinence self-management education approaches have potential for widespread implementation in nursing practice. | Jennie C.De Gagne Aeyoung So Bei Wu Mary H.Palmer Eleanor S.McConnell | 2015 | International Journal of Nursing Sciences2015，2，1： | 3 |
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