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| 1 | Osteoporosis in primary biliary cholangitis显示文摘Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC) is an autoimmune cholestatic liver disease with multiple debilitating complications. Osteoporosis is a common complication of PBC resulting in frequent fractures and leading to significant morbidity in this population, yet evidence for effective therapy is lacking. We sought to summarize our current understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in PBC, as well as current and emerging therapies in order to guide future research directions. A complete search with a comprehensive literature review was performed with studies from Pub Med, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane database, and the Countway Library. Osteoporosis in PBC is driven primarily by decreased bone formation, which differs from the increased bone resorption seen in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Despite this fundamental difference, current treatment recommendations are based primarily on experience with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Trials specific to PBC-related osteoporosis are small and have not consistently demonstrated a benefit in this population. As it stands, prevention of osteoporosis in PBC relies on the mitigation of risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use, as well as encouraging a healthy diet and weight-bearing exercise. The primary medical intervention for the treatment of osteoporosis in PBC remains bisphosphonates though a benefit in terms of fracture reduction has never been shown. This review outlines what is known regarding the pathogenesis of bone disease in PBC and summarizes current and emerging therapies. | Christopher J Danford Hirsh D Trivedi Konstantinos Papamichael Elliot B Tapper Alan Bonder | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，31： | 13 |
| 2 | Low-molecular-weight heparins显示文摘 | Hirsh J | 1994 | Current Opinion in Cardiology1994，9，： | 1 |
| 3 | The Harvard MedicalSchool Cambridge integrated clerkship:an innovativemodel of clinical education显示文摘 | Ogur B Hirsh D Krupat E | 2007 | Acad Med2007，82，4： | 1 |
| 4 | Chiari's syndrome 显示文摘 | Hirsh HL Manchester B | 1946 | N Engl J Med1946，3，235： | 1 |
| 5 | Low molecular weight heparin显示文摘 | Cosmi B Hirsh J | 1994 | Curr Opinion Cardiol1994，9，： | 1 |
| 6 | Coevolution of gene expression among interacting proteins显示文摘 | FRASER H B HIRSH A E WALL D P | 2004 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2004，101，： | 1 |
| 7 | Mechanisms of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and the cytoprotective role of minocyeline : scope and limitations显示文摘 | THIND G S AGRAWAL P R HIRSH B | 2015 | Future Cardiol2015，11，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Low-molecular-weight heparins显示文摘 | Costal B Hirsh J | 1994 | Current opinion in Cardiology1994，9，： | 1 |
| 9 | Beyond batteries: an examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid(V2G) transition显示文摘 | Sovacool B K Hirsh R F | 2009 | Energy Policy2009，37，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Evolutionary rate in the protein interaction network显示文摘 | Hirsh A E Steinmetz L M | 2002 | Science2002，296，： | 1 |
| 11 | Beyond batteries : anexamination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybridelectric vehicles(PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid(V2G)transition显示文摘 | Sovacool B K Hirsh R F | 2009 | Energy Policy2009，，37： | 1 |
| 12 | Positive Affect Increases the Breadth of Attentional Selection 显示文摘 | Rowe G Hirsh J B Anderson A K | 2007 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2007，104，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Ghrelin is suppressed by glucagon and does not mediate glucagon-related growth hormone release显示文摘 | Hirsh D Heinrichs C Leenders B | 2005 | Horm Res2005，63，： | 1 |
| 14 | Low Molecular Weight Heparins显示文摘 | COSMI B HIRSH J | 1994 | Curr Opin Cardiol(S0268-4705)1994，9，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Low molecular weight heparins显示文摘 | Cosmi B Hirsh J | 1994 | Curr Opin Cardiol1994，9，5： | 1 |
| 16 | Erlotinib in previously treated non-small cell lung cancer显示文摘 | Shepherd FA Rodrigues Pereira J Ciuleanu T Tan EH Hirsh V Thongprasert S Campos D Maoleekoonpiroj S Smylie M Martins R van Kooten M Dediu M Findlay B Tu D Johnston D Bezjak A Clark G Santabárbara P Seymour L National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical T | | 0，，02： | 1 |
| 17 | Beyond batteries:an examination of the benefits and barriers to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and a Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) transition显示文摘 | SOVACOOL B K HIRSH R F | 2009 | Energy Policy2009，37，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Long QT syndrome during high-dose cisapride显示文摘 | Bran S Murray W A Hirsh I B | 1995 | Arch Intern Med1995，155，7： | 1 |
| 19 | Low molecular weight heparins显示文摘 | Cosmi B Hirsh J | 1994 | Curr Opin Cardiol1994，9，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Low molecular weight heparins显示文摘 | Cosmi B Hirsh J | 1994 | 21 Current Opinionin Cardiology1994，9，： | 1 |
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