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| 1 | Autoimmune liver serology:Current diagnostic and clinical challenges显示文摘Liver-related autoantibodies are crucial for the correct diagnosis and classification of autoimmune liver diseas-es(AiLD),namely autoimmune hepatitis types 1 and 2(AIH-1 and 2),primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC),and the sclerosing cholangitis variants in adults and children.AIH-1 is specified by anti-nuclear antibody(ANA) and smooth muscle antibody(SMA).AIH-2 is specified by antibody to liver kidney microsomal antigen type-1(anti-LKM1) and anti-liver cytosol type 1(anti-LC1).SMA,ANA and anti-LKM antibodies can be present in de-novo AIH following liver transplantation.PBC is specified by antimitochondrial antibodies(AMA) react-ing with enzymes of the 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complexes(chiefly pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 subunit) and disease-specific ANA mainly react-ing with nuclear pore gp210 and nuclear body sp100.Sclerosing cholangitis presents as at least two variants,first the classical primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC) mostly affecting adult men wherein the only(and non-specific) reactivity is an atypical perinuclear antineutro-phil cytoplasmic antibody(p-ANCA),also termed peri-nuclear anti-neutrophil nuclear antibodies(p-ANNA) and second the childhood disease called autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis(ASC) with serological features resembling those of type 1 AIH.Liver diagnostic serol-ogy is a fast-expanding area of investigation as new purified and recombinant autoantigens,and automatedtechnologies such as ELISAs and bead assays,become available to complement(or even compete with) tradi-tional immunofluorescence procedures.We survey for the first time global trends in quality assurance impact-ing as it does on(1) manufacturers/purveyors of kits and reagents,(2) diagnostic service laboratories that fulfill clinicians' requirements,and(3) the end-user,the physician providing patient care,who must properly interpret test results in the overall clinical context. | Dimitrios P Bogdanos Diego Vergani Pietro Invernizzi Ian R Mackay | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，21： | 40 |
| 2 | Etiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis显示文摘Primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) is an autoimmune disease of the liver characterized by progressive bile duct destruction eventually leading to cirrhosis and liver failure.The serological hallmark of the disease is the presence of circulating antimitochondrial antibodies(AMA).These reflect the presence of autoreactive T and B cells to the culprit antigens,the E2 subunits of mitochondrial 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase enzymes,chiefly pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDC-E2).The disease results from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors.Genetic predisposition is indicated by the higher familial incidence of the disease particularly among siblings and the high concordance rate among monozygotic twins.Environmental triggering events appear crucial to disrupt a pre-existing unstable immune tolerance of genetic origin allowing,after a long latency,the emergence of clinical disease.Initiating mimetopes of the vulnerable epitope of the PDC-E2 autoantigen can be derived from microbes that utilize the PDC enzyme or,alternatively,environmental xenobiotics/chemical compounds that modify the structure of native proteins to make them immunogenic.A further alternative as a source of antigen is PDC-E2 derived from apoptotic cells.In the effector phase the biliary ductular cell,by reason of itsproclivity to express the antigen PDC-E2 in the course of apoptosis,undergoes a multilineage immune attack comprised of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and antibody.In this article,we critically review the available evidence on etiopathogenesis of PBC and present interpretations of complex data,new developments and theories,and nominate directions for future research. | Ana Lleo Pietro Invernizzi Ian R Mackay Harry Prince Ren-Qian Zhong M Eric Gershwin | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，21： | 9 |
| 3 | Historical reflections on autoimmune hepatitis显示文摘Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH),initially known as chronic active or active chronic hepatitis(and by various other names),first came under clinical notice in the late 1940s.However,quite likely,chronic active hepatitis(CAH) had been observed prior to this and was attributed to a persistently destructive virus infection of the liver.An earlier(and controversial) designation in 1956 as lupoid hepatitis was derived from associated L.E.cell test positivity and emphasized accompanying multisystem features and immunological aberrations.Young women featured prominently in early descriptions of CAH.AIH was first applied in 1965 as a descriptive term.Disease-characteristic autoantibodies were defined from the early 1960s,notably antinuclear antibody(ANA),smooth muscle antibody(SMA) and liver-kidney microsomal(LKM) antibody.These are still widely used diagnostically but their relationship to pathogenesis is still not evident.A liver and disease specific autoantigen has long been searched for but unsuccessfully.Prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with predisolone and azathioprine in the 1960s proved beneficial and remains standard therapy today.AIH like many other autoimmune diseases is associated with particular HLA alleles especially with the 'ancestral' B8,DR3 haplotype,and also with DR4.Looking forwards,AIH is one of the several enigmatic autoimmune diseases that,despite being(relatively) organ specific,are marked by autoimmune reactivities with non-organ-specific autoantigens.New paradigms are needed to explain the occurrence,expressions and pathogenesis of such diseases. | Ian R Mackay | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，21： | 2 |
| 4 | Oil-immersed static coefficient of friction-definition and methods of determination显示文摘 | Grambo R E Dowell R E Ian Mackay | 1984 | SAE Technical Paper1984，84，4： | 1 |
| 5 | The lymphoid liver: Considerations on pathways to autoimmune injury显示文摘 | Hiroto Kita Ian R. Mackay Judy van de Water M. Eric Gershwin | 2001 | Gastroenterology2001，，6： | 1 |
| 6 | Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: a review显示文摘 | Thorsten Piske Ian R.A. MacKay James E. Flege | 2001 | Journal of Phonetics2001，，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Autoimmune liver diseases显示文摘The liver was one of the earliest recognized sites among autoimmune diseases yet autoimmune hepatitis,primary biliary cirrhosis,primary sclerosing cholangitis,and their overlap forms,are still problematic in diagnosis and causation.The contributions herein comprise 'pairs of articles' on clinical characteristics,and concepts of etiopathogenesis,for each of the above diseases,together with childhood autoimmune liver disease,overlaps,interpretations of diagnostic serology,and liver transplantation.This issue is timely,since we are witnessing an ever increasing applicability of immunology to a wide variety of chronic diseases,hepatic and non-hepatic,in both developed and developing countries.The 11 invited expert review articles capture the changing features over recent years of the autoimmune liver diseases,the underlying immunomolecular mechanisms of development,the potent albeit still unexplained genetic influences,the expanding repertoire of immunoserological diagnostic markers,and the increasingly effective therapeutic possibilities. | Pietro Invernizzi Ian R Mackay | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，21： | 1 |
| 8 | Sub-Electron Read Noise at MHz Pixel Rates显示文摘 | Craig D Mackay Robert N Tubbs Ray Bell David Burr Ian Moody | 2001 | SPIE Sensors and Camera Systems for Scientific Industrial and Digital Photography Applications II2001，2001，4306： | 1 |
| 9 | Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: a review显示文摘 | Thorsten Piske Ian R.A. MacKay James E. Flege | 2001 | Journal of Phonetics2001，，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: a review显示文摘 | Thorsten Piske Ian R.A. MacKay James E. Flege | 2001 | Journal of Phonetics2001，，2： | 1 |
| 11 | UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes显示文摘 | Robert Turner Irene Stratton Virginia Horton Sue Manley Paul Zimmet Ian R Mackay Marion Shattock Gian Franco Bottazzo Rury Holman | 1997 | The Lancet1997，，9087： | 1 |
| 12 | Correlating the physical–chemical properties of phthalate esters using the `three solubility’ approach显示文摘 | Ian Cousins Donald Mackay | 2000 | Chemosphere2000，，9： | 1 |
| 13 | Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2: a review显示文摘 | Thorsten Piske Ian R.A. MacKay James E. Flege | 2001 | Journal of Phonetics2001，，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Real-time PCR in virology显示文摘 | Ian M Mackay Katherine E Arden Andreas Nitsche | 2002 | Nucleic Acids Res2002，30，6： | 1 |
| 15 | Guideline to reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR显示文摘 | Aleksandar Radoni? Stefanie Thulke Ian M Mackay Olfert Landt Wolfgang Siegert Andreas Nitsche | 2003 | Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications2003，，4： | 1 |
| 16 | Grass pollen immunotherapy inhibits allergen-induced infiltration of CD4 + T lymphocytes and eosinophils in the nasal mucosa and increases the number of cells expressing messenger RNA for interferon-γ显示文摘 | Stephen R. Durham Sun Ying Veronica A. Varney Mikila R. Jacobson Robert M. Sudderick Ian S. Mackay A.Barry Kay Qutayba A. Hamid | 1996 | The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology1996，，6： | 1 |
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