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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Serotonin Transporter Promoter Gain-of-Function Genotypes Are Linked to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder显示文摘 | Xian-Zhang Hu Robert H. Lipsky Guanshan Zhu Longina A. Akhtar Julie Taubman Benjamin D. Greenberg Ke Xu Paul D. Arnold Margaret A. Richter James L. Kennedy Dennis L. Murphy David Goldman | 2006 | The American Journal of Human Genetics2006，，5： | 2 |
| 3 | Development of a geospatial model to quantify, describe and map urban growth显示文摘 | Emily Hoffhine Wilson James D. Hurd Daniel L. Civco Michael P. Prisloe Chester Arnold | 2003 | Remote Sensing of Environment2003，，3： | 2 |
| 4 | Mesenchymal stem cells as trophic mediators显示文摘 | Arnold I.Caplan James E.Dennis | 2006 | J Cell Biochem2006，，5： | 1 |
| 5 | Mesenchymal stem cells as trophic mediators显示文摘 | Arnold I.Caplan James E.Dennis | 2006 | J Cell Biochem2006，，5： | 1 |
| 6 | Efficient target tracking using dynamic programming 显示文摘 | JAMES Arnold SCOTT Shaw | 1993 | IEEE Trans on Aerospace and Electronic Systems1993，29，1： | 1 |
| 7 | An approach for the interoperation of web- distributed applications with a design model 显示文摘 | Arnold James Andrew | 1999 | Automation in Construction1999，8，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Safety and Tolerability of Tegaserod in Patients With Chronic Constipation: Pooled Data From Two Phase III Studies显示文摘 | Eamonn M.M. Quigley Arnold Wald James Fidelholtz Michel Boivin Eckhard Pecher David Earnest | 2006 | Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology2006，，： | 1 |
| 9 | The Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia: a review of a 27-year experience with 81 patients显示文摘 | Barbara E Wildhaber Arnold G Coran Robert A Drongowski Ronald B Hirschl James D Geiger Joseph L Lelli Daniel H Teitelbaum | 2003 | Journal of Pediatric Surgery2003，，10： | 1 |
| 10 | Genomic characterization of human adenovirus 36, a putative obesity agent显示文摘 | John Arnold Máté Jánoska Adriana E. Kajon David Metzgar Nolan Ryan Hudson Sarah Torres Balázs Harrach Donald Seto James Chodosh Morris S. Jones | 2010 | Virus Research2010，，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Mesenchymal stem cells: Progenitors, progeny, and pathways显示文摘 | Arnold I. Caplan James E. Dennis | 1996 | Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism1996，，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Efficient target tracking using dynamic programming显示文摘 | James Arnold Scott Shaw | 1993 | IEEE Trans on Aerospace and Electronic Systems1993，29，1： | 1 |
| 13 | RESULTS OF A PROSPECTIVE PROTOCOL OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY IN PLACE OF CATHETER ANGIOGRAPHY AS THE ONLY DIAGNOSTIC AND PRETREATMENT PLANNING STUDY FOR CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS BY A COMBINED NEUROVASCULAR TEAM显示文摘 | Brian L. Hoh Arnold C. Cheung James D. Rabinov Johnny C. Pryor Bob S. Carter Christopher S. Ogilvy | 2004 | Neurosurgery2004，，6： | 1 |
| 14 | Synthesis and thermal properties of para-aromatic polymers with 2,6-benzobisthiazole unitsin the main chain显示文摘 | James F wolfe Bock H L Arnold F E | 1981 | macromolecules1981，14，： | 1 |
| 15 | Controversies Concerning Pathophysiology and Management of Acalculous Biliary-Type Abdominal Pain显示文摘 | Amit Rastogi MD Adam Slivka MD PhD Arthur James Moser MD Arnold Wald MD | 2005 | Digestive Diseases and Sciences2005，，8： | 1 |
| 16 | Limitations with light microscopy in the detection of colorectal cancer cells显示文摘 | Charles L. Hitchcock James Sampsel Donn C. Young Edward W. Martin Mark W. Arnold | 1999 | Diseases of the Colon & Rectum1999，，8： | 1 |
| 17 | Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Stereoisomers in U.S. Food from Dallas, Texas显示文摘 | Schecter Arnold Szabo David T Miller James Gent Tyra L Malik-Bass Noor Petersen Malte Paepke Olaf Colacino Justin A Hynan Linda S Harris T Robert Malla Sunitha Birnbaum Linda S | 2012 | EN2012，，9： | 1 |
| 18 | Efficient Target Tracking Using Dynamic Programming显示文摘 | | 1993 | IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems1993，29，1： | 1 |
| 19 | The Pain Quality re-sponse profile of pregabalin in the treatment of neuropathic pain显示文摘 | MARK P ARNOLD R JAMES B | 2011 | Clin J Pain2011，24，2： | 1 |
| 20 | 显示文摘 | Wolfe James F Arnold F E | 1981 | Macromolecules1981，14，4： | 1 |
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