| 1 | Influences of Freshwater from Major Rivers on Global Ocean Circulation and Temperatures in the MIT Ocean General Circulation Model显示文摘Responses of global ocean circulation and temperature to freshwater runoff from major rivers were studied by blocking regional runoff in the global ocean general circulation model(OGCM)developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Runoff into the tropical Atlantic,the western North Pacific,and the Bay of Bengal and northern Arabian Sea were selectively blocked.The blocking of river runoff first resulted in a salinity increase near the river mouths(2 practical salinity units).The saltier and,therefore,denser water was then transported to higher latitudes in the North Atlantic,North Pacific,and southern Indian Ocean by the mean currents.The subsequent density contrasts between northern and southern hemispheric oceans resulted in changes in major ocean currents.These anomalous ocean currents lead to significant temperature changes(1°C-2°C)by the resulting anomalous heat transports.The current and temperature anomalies created by the blocked river runoff propagated from one ocean basin to others via coastal and equatorial Kelvin waves.This study suggests that river runoff may be playing an important role in oceanic salinity,temperature,and circulations;and that partially or fully blocking major rivers to divert freshwater for societal purposes might significantly change ocean salinity,circulations,temperature,and atmospheric climate.Further studies are necessary to assess the role of river runoff in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. | Vikram M.MEHTA | 2010 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2010，27，3： | 3 |
| 3 | “Closing the chasm”-guidelines bridge the gap from evidence to implementation显示文摘Since the beginning of the Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,over 9000 articles related to COVID-19 have been released in print by the end of December 2020.1 A majority of these articles were commentaries,several hundred were observational studies,55 were systematic reviews,and 4 were randomized controlled trials.The American College of Rheumatology has published updated clinical guidance for the management of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with SARS-CoV-2,the most recent version in April 2021.2,3 Additionally,practice guidelines for pediatric specialties in the setting of COVID-19 have also been published,including pulmonology,anesthesiology,infectious disease,orthopedics,and anticoagulation.4-8 The rapid development and dissemination of these guidelines during the pandemic has been unprecedented.Many of these guidelines are based primarily on consensus statements rather than randomized control trials,which have been the gold standard of evidence-based medicine.In this commentary,we discuss the role of practice guidelines from credible sources that are based on incrementally emerging evidence to guide bedside practice,until they can be updated with more robust data from meta-analyses of randomized trials. | Youyang Yang Nilesh M.Mehta | 2021 | Pediatric Investigation2021，5，3： | 0 |
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