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| 1 | Role of observation of live cases done by Japanese experts in the acquisition of ESD skills by a western endoscopist显示文摘AIM:To evaluate the role of observation of experts performing endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)in the acquisition of ESD skills.METHODS:This prospective study is documenting the learning curve of one Western endoscopist.The study consisted of three periods.In the first period(preobservation),the trainee performed ESDs in animal models in his home institution in the United States.The second period(observation)consisted of visit to Japan and observation of live ESD cases done by experts.The observation of cases occurred over a 5-wk period.During the third period(post-observation),the trainee performed ESD in animal models in a similar fashion as in the first period.Three animal models were used:live40-50 kg Yorkshire pig,explanted pig stomach model,and explanted pig rectum model.The outcomes from the ESDs done in the animal models before and after observation of live human cases(main study intervention)were compared.Statistical analysis of the data included:Fisher’s exact test to compare distributions of a categorical variable,Wilcoxon rank sum test to compare distributions of a continuous variable between the two groups(pre-observation and post-observation),and Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate the impact of lesion location and type of model(ex-vivo vs live pig)on lesion removal time.RESULTS:The trainee performed 38 ESDs in animal model(29 pre-observation/9 post-observation).The removal times post-observation were significantly shorter than those pre-observation(32.7±15.0 min vs 63.5±9.8 min,P<0.001).To minimize the impact of improving physician skill,the 9 lesions post-observation were compared to the last 9 lesions pre-observation and the removal times remained significantly shorter(32.7±15.0 min vs 61.0±7.4 min,P=0.0011).Regression analysis showed that ESD observation significantly reduced removal time when controlling for the sequence of lesion removal(P=0.025).Furthermore,it was also noted a trend towards decrease in failure to remove lesions and decrease in complications after the period of observation.This study did not find a significant difference in the time needed to remove lesions in different animal models.This finding could have important implications in designing training programs due to the substantial difference in cost between live animal and explanted organ models.The main limitation of this study is that it reflects the experience of a single endoscopist.CONCLUSION:Observation of experts performing ESD over short period of time can significantly contribute to the acquisition of ESD skills. | Peter V Draganov Myron Chang Roxana M Coman Mihir S Wagh Qi An Takuji Gotoda | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，16： | 3 |
| 2 | The role of acute and early HIV infection in the spread of HIV and implications for transmission prevention strategies in Lilongwe, Malawi: a modelling study显示文摘 | Kimberly A Powers Azra C Ghani William C Miller Irving F Hoffman Audrey E Pettifor Gift Kamanga Francis EA Martinson Myron S Cohen | 2011 | The Lancet . 2011 (9787)2011，，： | 1 |
| 3 | Acquirement of rituximab re- sistance in lymphoma cell lines is associated with both global CD20 gene and protein down - regulation regulated at the pretranscriptional and posttranscriptional Levels 显示文摘 | Myron S Czuczman S Olejniczak AG | 2008 | Clin Cancer Res2008，14，5： | 1 |
| 4 | Sublethal effects of alizarin complexone marking on Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) eggs and larvae 显示文摘 | Stefan M Sune R S Myron A P | 2012 | Aquaculture2012，，15： | 1 |
| 5 | The Capital Asset Prieing Model: Some Empirical Tests 显示文摘 | Jensen M C Black F Scholes Myron S | 1972 | Social Science Electronic Publish- ing1972，94，8： | 1 |
| 6 | Discourse changes in early Alzheimer disease,mild cognitive impairment,and normal aging显示文摘 | Jennifer Z Myron W | 2002 | Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord2002，16，： | 1 |
| 7 | The pricing of options and corporate liabilities显示文摘 | FISCHER B MYRON S | 1973 | Journal of Political Economy1973，81，： | 1 |
| 8 | China' s syphilis epidemic: epidemiology, proximate determinants of spread, and control responses 显示文摘 | Joseph D Tucker Myron S Cohen | 2011 | Curr Opin Infect Dis2011，24，1： | 1 |
| 9 | The Market for Securities: Substitution versus Price Pressure and Effects of Information on Share Prices显示文摘 | Scholes Myron S | 1972 | Journal of Business1972，，45： | 1 |
| 10 | The pricing of options and corporate liabilities 显示文摘 | Black Fischer Scholes Myron S | 1973 | Journal of Political Economy1973，81，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Differential efficacy of bortezomib plus chemotherapy within molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lyrnphoma显示文摘 | Dunleavy K Pittaluga S Myron S | 2009 | Blood2009，113，： | 1 |
| 12 | Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate diversity in sea cucumbers: A review显示文摘 | Myron P Siddiquee S | 2014 | Carbohydrate Polymers2014，112，： | 1 |
| 13 | Syphilis in China: results of a national surveillance programme显示文摘 | Zhi-Qiang Chen Guo-Cheng Zhang Xiang-Dong Gong Charles Lin Xing Gao Guo-Jun Liang Xiao-Li Yue Xiang-Sheng Chen Myron S Cohen | 2007 | The Lancet2007，，9556： | 1 |
| 14 | The pricing of options and corporate liabilities显示文摘 | Fischer B Myron S | 1973 | Journal of Political Economy1973，81，3： | 1 |
| 15 | The pricing of options and corporate liabilities显示文摘 | FISCHER B MYRON S | 1973 | The Journal of Political Economy1973，81，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Effect of Mild Hypothermia on Ischemia-Induced Release of Neurotransmitters and Free Fatty Acids in Rat Brain显示文摘 | Raul Busto Mordecai Y-T. Globus W. Dalton Dietrich Elena Martinez Isabel Valdés Myron D. Ginsberg | 1989 | Stroke1989，，7： | 1 |
| 17 | Macroregenerative nodules in a series of adult cirrhotic liver explants: issues of classification and nomenclature显示文摘 | Prodromos H Neil DT Myron S | 1995 | Hepatology1995，21，3： | 1 |
| 18 | The finite layer method for groundwater flow models显示文摘 | Smith Stanley S Allen Myron B Puckett Jay | 1992 | Water Resources Research1992，28，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Sexual transmitted diseases enhance HIV transmission:no longer a hypothesis显示文摘 | Myron S C | 1998 | Lancet1998，351，： | 1 |
| 20 | The finite layer method for groundwater flow models显示文摘 | SMITH Stanley S ALLEN Myron B PUCKETT Jay | 1992 | Water Resources Research1992，28，6： | 1 |
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