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| 1 | An operational two-layer remote sensing model to estimate surface flux in regional scale: Physical background显示文摘Based on the improved interaction mechanism of two-layer model, this paper proposed Pixel Component Arranging and Comparing Algorithm (PCACA) and theoretically positioning algorithm, estimated the true temperature of mixed pixel in four extreme points in combination with the measurements of dry and wet points in calibration fields and improved the reliability of positioning dry and wet line. A new two-layer energy-separation algorithm was proposed,which was simple and direct without resistance network parameters for each pixel. We also proposed a new thought about the effect of advection. The albedo of mixed pixel was also separated with PCACA. In combination with two-layer energy-separation algorithm, the net radiation of mixed pixel was separated to overcome the uncertainty of conventional energy-separation algorithm using Beer's Law. Through the validation of retrieval result, this method is proved to be feasible and operational. At the same time, the uncertainty of this algorithm was objectively analyzed. | ZHANG Renhua SUN Xiaomin WANG Weimin XU Jinping ZHU Zhilin TIAN Jing | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，z1： | 16 |
| 2 | Investigation on optimization design of equivalent water depth truncated mooring system显示文摘The oil industry is now increasingly concentrating their efforts and activities in connection with de- veloping fields in deeper waters, ranging typically from 500 m to 3000 m worldwide. However, the modeling of a full-depth system has become difficult presently; no tank facility is sufficiently large to perform the testing of a complete FPS with compliant mooring in 1000 m to 3000 m depth, within rea- sonable limits of model scale. Until recently, the most feasible procedure to meet this challenge seems to be the so-called 'hybrid model testing technique'. To implement this technique, the first and im- portant step is to design the equivalent water depth truncated mooring system. In this work, the opti- mization design of the equivalent water depth truncated mooring system in hybrid model testing for deep sea platforms is investigated. During the research, the similarity of static characteristics between the truncated and full depth system is mainly considered. The optimization mathematical model for the equivalent water depth truncated system design is set up by using the similarity in numerical value of the static characteristics between the truncated system and the full depth one as the objective function. The dynamic characteristic difference between the truncated and full depth mooring system can be minished by selecting proper design rule. To calculate the static characteristics of the mooring system, the fourth order Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the static equilibrium equation of the single mooring line. After the static characteristic of the single mooring line is calculated, the static charac- teristic of the whole mooring system is calculated with Lagrange numerical interpolation method. The mooring line material database is established and the standard material name and the diameter of the mooring line are selected as the primary key. The improved simulated annealing algorithm for continual & discrete variables and the improved complex algorithm for discrete variables are employed to per- form the optimization calculation. The C++ programming language is used to develop the computer program according to the object-oriented programming idea. To perform the optimization calculation with the two algorithms mentioned above respectively and the better result is selected as the final one. To examine the developed program, an example of equivalent water depth truncated mooring system optimum design calculation on a 100,000-t, turret mooring FPSO in water depth of 320 m are performed to obtain the conformation parameters of the truncated mooring system, in which the truncated water depth is 160 m. The model test under some typical environment conditions are performed for both the truncated and the full depth system with model scale factor λ=80. After comparing the corresponding results from the test of the truncated system with those from the full depth system test, it’s found that the truncated mooring system design in this work is successful. | ZHANG HuoMing SUN ZhiLin YANG JianMin GAO MingZheng | 2009 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2009，52，2： | 14 |
| 3 | Ozone concentrations, flux and potential effect on yield during wheat growth in the NorthwestShandong Plain of China显示文摘Ozone(O3) concentration and flux(Fo) were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a wheat field in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China. The O3-induced wheat yield loss was estimated by utilizing O3exposure-response models. The results showed that:(1) During the growing season(7 March to 7 June, 2012), the minimum(16.1 ppb V) and maximum(53.3 ppb V)mean O3 concentrations occurred at approximately 6:30 and 16:00, respectively. The mean and maximum of all measured O3 concentrations were 31.3 and 128.4 ppb V, respectively. The variation of O3 concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and temperature.(2) The mean diurnal variation of deposition velocity(V d) can be divided into four phases, and the maximum occurred at noon(12:00). Averaged V d during daytime(6:00–18:00) and nighttime(18:00–6:00) were 0.42 and 0.14 cm/sec, respectively. The maximum of measured V d was about1.5 cm/sec. The magnitude of V d was influenced by the wheat growing stage, and its variation was significantly correlated with both global radiation and friction velocity.(3) The maximum mean F o appeared at 14:00, and the maximum measured F o was-33.5 nmol/(m2·sec). Averaged F o during daytime and nighttime were-6.9 and-1.5 nmol/(m2·sec), respectively.(4) Using O3 exposure-response functions obtained from the USA, Europe, and China, the O3-induced wheat yield reduction in the district was estimated as 12.9% on average(5.5%–23.3%). Large uncertainties were related to the statistical methods and environmental conditions involved in deriving the exposure-response functions. | Zhilin Zhu Xiaomin Sun Fenghua Zhao Franz X.Meixner | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，8： | 12 |
| 4 | Correcting method of eddy covariance fluxes over non-flat surfaces and its application in ChinaFLUX显示文摘Although Eddy Covariance (EC) technique is one of the best methods for estimating the energy and mass exchanges between underlying surface and atmosphere in micrometeorology, errors and uncertainties still exist without necessary corrections. In this paper, we will focus on the effect of coordinate system on the eddy fluxes. Based on the data observed over four sites (one farmland site, one grassland site and two forest sites), the effects of three coordinate system transforming methods (Double Rotation-DR, Triple Rotation-TR and Planar Fit-PF)on the turbulent fluxes are analyzed. It shows that (i) the corrected fluxes are more or less than the uncorrected fluxes, which is related mainly to the sloping degree of surface, wind speed and wind direction; and (ii) pitch angle has a sinusoidal dependence on wind direction, especially in the regular sloping terrain; and (iii) PF method is something like the simplification of TR or DR,and there are not obvious distinctions in correction in sloping grassland and flat farmland, but PF method is not suitable for uneven and irregular forest sites. | ZHU Zhilin, SUN Xiaomin, ZHOU Yanlian, XU Jinping, YUAN Guofu & ZHANG Renhua Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，z1： | 10 |
| 5 | Water, heat fluxes and water use efficiency measurement and modeling above a farmland in the North China Plain显示文摘Net radiation (Rn), water vapor flux (LE), sensible heat flux (Hs) and soil heat flux (G)were measured above a summer maize field with the eddy-covariance technique, simulation and analysis of water, heat fluxes and crop water use efficiency were made with the RZ-SHAW model at the same time in this study. The results revealed significant diurnal and seasonal variability of water vapor flux for summer maize. Most part of Rn was consumed by the evapotranspiration of the summer maize. The proportion of water vapor flux to net radiation ((LE/Rn) increased with the crop development and peaked around milk-filling stage with a value of 60%, a slightly lower than that obtained by the RZ-SHAW model. Daily evapotranspiration estimated by the model agreed with the results measured with the eddy-covariance technique, indices of agreement (IA) for hourly water vapor fluxes simulated and measured were above 0.75, root mean square errors (RMSE) were no more than 1.0. Diurnal patterns of Hs showed the shape of inverted 'U' shifted to the forenoon with a maximum value around 11:30 (Beijing time), while LE exhibited an inverted 'V' with a maximum value at around 13:00, about an hour later than Hs. Diurnal change of CO2showed an asymmetrical 'V' curve and its maximal rates occurred at about 11:30. Variations of water use efficiency during the phonological stages of the summer maize showed a rapid increase with the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) after sunrise, a state of equilibrium around 10:00 followed a decrease. Maximum values of water use efficiency were 24.3, and its average value ranged from 7.6 to 10.3 g kg-1. | QIN Zhong, YU Qiang, XU Shouhua, HU Bingmin, SUN Xiaomin, LIU Enmin, WANG Jishun, YU Guirui & ZHU Zhilin Ecology academy, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029,China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China College of Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，z1： | 5 |
| 6 | Diurnal variation of ozone flux over corn field in Northwestern Shandong Plain of China显示文摘High concentration ground-level ozone(O3)has adverse effects on plant growth and photosynthesis.Compared to the O3concentration-based index,the O3flux-based(especially stomatal O3uptake)index has been considered the better criterion for assessing the impact of ozone on vegetation and ecosystems.This paper reports on a study of O3flux using the eddy covariance technique over a corn field in the Northwestern Shandong Plain of China.Diurnal variation of atmospheric O3concentration,deposition velocity and flux,and their relationships to environmental factors are analyzed.The results show that:(1)During the observation period(9 August–28 September,2011),there was a strong diurnal variation of O3concentration,with low(16.5 nL L?1)and high(60.1 nL L?1)O3mean concentrations observed around 6:30 and 16:00,respectively.Mean O3concentrations during daytime(6:00–18:00)and nighttime(18:00–6:00)were 39.8±23.1 and 20.7±14.1 nL L?1(mean±std),respectively.The maximum observed concentration was 97.5 nL L?1.The concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and air temperature.(2)Whether daytime or nighttime,ground-level O3flux is always downward.The diurnal course of mean deposition velocity was divided into 4 phases:a low and stable process during nighttime,fast increasing in early morning,relatively large and steady changes around noon,and quickly decreasing in later afternoon.Daytime and nighttime mean deposition velocities were 0.29 and 0.09 cm s?1,respectively.The maximum deposition velocity was 0.81 cm s?1.The magnitude of deposition velocity was influenced by the corn growth period,and its diurnal variation was significantly correlated with global radiation and relative humidity.(3)O3flux was affected by variations of both O3concentration and deposition velocity,with mean O3fluxes-317.7 and?70.2 ng m?2s?1during daytime and nighttime,respectively.There was strong correlation between O3flux and CO2flux or latent heat flux.By comparing the deposition velocities of daytime and nighttime,we infer that stomatal uptake was probably the main sink of ground-level O3. | ZHU ZhiLin SUN XiaoMin DONG YunShe ZHAO FengHua Franz X MEIXNER | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，3： | 5 |
| 7 | On the applicability of Kirchoff's law and the principle of heat balance in thermal infrared remote sensing:A non-isothermal system显示文摘This paper proposes a basic equation of thermal radiation interaction between surface objects on the basis of the principle of heat balance in the interface. The solution of this equation takes account of the contribution of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux more completely, compared with traditional solution for surface cooling and heating processes. By the aid of the experimental data conducted in the Xiaotangshan experimental site, Beijing, both the non-applicability of Kirchoff's law and the measurability of surface emissivity in a non-isothermal system have been highlighted. Two methods called ventilation and time-delay compensations have been proposed to reduce the error induced by change of surface temperatures of non-isothermal objects during the measurement of emissivity. Based on the solution of the basic equation, this paper has analyzed and pointed out the misunderstanding in comprehension and application of Kirchoff's law published in literature. | ZHANG Renhua, LI Zhaoliang, SUN Xiaomin, ZHU Zhilin & WANG Weimin Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China LSIIT (CNRS UMR7005), Bld Sebastien Brant, BP.10413, 67412 Illkirch, France | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，1： | 4 |
| 8 | Controlling the coal dust at transshipment point: A study of the foam-sol foaming device显示文摘In order to effectively control the dust at the transshipment point with foam-sol, this paper attempted to study the characteristics of dust diffusion at transshipment point and the foam-sol foaming device with diffusion outlet was also designed in this paper. To study the diffusion rules of coal dust, fluent discrete phase model was utilized in the numerical simulation, as the coal dust was thrown down at a horizontal velocity of 2.5 m/s. A foam-sol foaming device was designed, through which foaming agent could be automatically sucked into the Venturi by the negative pressure. The automatic controller was also equipped,which could transform the energy of the compressed air into the constant pressure difference so that the gelling agent could be qualitatively added into the gel container. The diffusion outlet that could spray out foam-sol in a continuous, conical and 3D manner was also designed. Moreover, this paper also carried out the contrast experiments on dust removal efficiency among water, aqueous foam and foam-sol. The results clearly show that the symmetrical whirlpools appeared below the inlet where the largest whirlpool diameter was 0.52 m, and the horizontal distance from swirl range to the inlet was approximately0.69 m. By using the self-designed foaming device, the foaming was multiplied by 30 times and the volume ratio with water and foaming agent reached 95%:5%. In this context, the gas pressure was controlled at 0.3 MPa, with gas flow at 15 m3/h and water flow at 0.5 m3/h, with water pressure controlled between0.34 and 0.36 MPa. The foam-sol has the highest dust removal efficiency than other agents. | Xi Zhilin Jiang Manman Sun Changping Tu Xian | 2014 | International Journal of Mining Science and Technology2014，24，5： | 4 |
| 9 | Calculation of the covalent electron density of (001) crystal plane of Fe_3C显示文摘THE calculation method of the average covalent electron density (CED) of crystal planes with relatively dense atom arrangement in austenite and martinsite in Fe-C alloy has been advanced in refs. [1, 2]. The electron density of the biphase interface between (111) of austenite and (110) of martensite has also been discussed with that method. In this note, taking another important phase in Fe-C alloy, cementite (Fe3C) as research object, we advance a | SUN Zhenguo, LI Zhilin and LIU ZhilinDepartment of Material Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China | 1997 | Chinese Science Bulletin1997，42，1： | 3 |
| 10 | Determination of averaging period parameter and its effects analysis for eddy covariance measurements显示文摘It is more and more popular to estimate the exchange of water vapor, heat and CO2fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere using the eddy covariance technique. To get believable fluxes, it is necessary to correct the observations based on the different surface conditions and to determine relevant techinical parameters. The raw 10 Hz eddy covariance data observed in the Yucheng and Changbai Mountains stations were recalculated by various averaging periods (from 1 to 720 min) respectively, and the recalculated results were compared with the results calculated by the averaging period of 30 mins. Meanwhile, the distinctions of fluxes calculated by different averaging periods were analyzed. The continuous 15 days observations over wheat fields in the Yucheng station were mainly analyzed. The results are shown that: (i) In the Yucheng station, compared with the observations by 30 min, when the averaging period changes from 10 to 60 min, the variations of the eddy-covariance estimates of fluxes were less than 2%; when the averaging period changes less than 10 min, the estimate of fluxes reduced obviously with the reduction of the averaging period (the max relative error was -12%); and when the averaging period exceeds 120 min, the eddy covariance estimates of fluxes will be increased and become unsteady (the max relative error is over 10%); (ii) the eddy covariance estimates of fluxes over wheat field in the Yucheng station suggusted that it is much better to take 10 min as an averaging period in studying diurnal change of fluxes, and take 30min for a long-term flux observation; and (iii) normalized ratio was put forward to determine the range of averaging period of eddy covariance measurements. By comparing the observations over farmlands and those over forests, it is indicated that the increase of eddy covariance estimates over tall forest was more than that over short vegetation when the averaging period increased. | SUN Xiaomin, ZHU Zhilin, XU Jinping, YUAN Guofu , ZHOU Yanlian & ZHANG Renhua Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，z1： | 3 |
| 11 | The retrieval of two-dimensional distribution of the earth's surface aerodynamic roughness using SAR image and TM thermal infrared image显示文摘After having analyzed the requirement on the aerodynamic earth’s surface rough- ness in two-dimensional distribution in the research field of interaction between land surface and atmosphere, this paper presents a new way to calculate the aerodynamic roughness using the earth’s surface geometric roughness retrieved from SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) and TM thermal infrared image data. On the one hand, the SPM (Small Perturbation Model) was used as a theoretical SAR backscattering model to describe the relationship between the SAR back- scattering coefficient and the earth’s surface geometric roughness and its dielectric constant re- trieved from the physical model between the soil thermal inertia and the soil surface moisture with the simultaneous TM thermal infrared image data and the ground microclimate data. On the basis of the SAR image matching with the TM image, the non-volume scattering surface geo- metric information was obtained from the SPM model at the TM image pixel scale, and the ground pixel surface’s equivalent geometric roughness—height standard RMS (Root Mean Square) was achieved from the geometric information by the transformation of the typical to- pographic factors. The vegetation (wheat, tree) height retrieved from spectrum model was also transferred into its equivalent geometric roughness. A completely two-dimensional distribution map of the equivalent geometric roughness over the experimental area was produced by the data mosaic technique. On the other hand, according to the atmospheric eddy currents theory, the aerodynamic surface roughness was iterated out with the atmosphere stability correction method using the wind and the temperature profiles data measured at several typical fields such as bare soil field and vegetation field. After having analyzed the effect of surface equivalent geo- metric roughness together with dynamic and thermodynamic factors on the aerodynamic surface roughness within the working area, this paper first establishes a scale transformation model to calculate the aerodynamic surface roughness from surface equivalent geometric roughness. The final result retrieved from above series of models was validated using the filed measurements. It is concluded that the proposed approach is operational and feasible to derive the aerodynamic surface roughness at the pixel scale from a combination of the SAR and TM images. | ZHANG Renhua 1 ,WANG Jinfeng 1 ,ZHU Caiying 1,2 ,SUN Xiaomin 1 & ZHU Zhilin 1 1.Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China 2.Institute of Surveying and Mapping,Information Engineering University of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army,Zhengzhou 450052,China | 2004 | Science China Earth Sciences2004，47，12： | 2 |
| 12 | Vertical concentration profile of nonuniform sediment显示文摘A new formula for the concentration profile of nonuniform sediment is derived using the diffusion differential equation with equilibrium bed concentration.The interaction coefficient for nonuniform sediment particles as a function of both relative diameter and geometric standard deviation of nonuniform sediment is taken into account in the settling velocity.The diffusion coefficient is obtained from the logarithmic velocity profile.This new formula possesses several advantages as follows:(1)avoids theoretical defect of the Rouse formula,which states that the sediment concentration is infinite at the bottom and zero at the water surface.(2)suitable for an arbitrary fraction of nonuniform sediment,and(3)easy to apply with a simple form.The formula yields less difference among concentration profiles for various particles than that for uniform sediment and reveals the lawfor fractional concentration distribution of nonuniform sediment.The calculated concentration agrees well with the measured data from the Yangtze River. | Zhilin Sun Haolei Zheng Dan Xu Chunhong Hu Chaofan Zhang | 2021 | International Journal of Sediment Research2021，36，1： | 2 |
| 13 | The impace of averaging period on eddy fluxes observed at China FLUX sites 显示文摘 | Sun Xiaomin Zhu Zhilin Wen Xuefa | 2006 | Agricultural and Forest Meteorology2006，137，： | 1 |
| 14 | Roles of vegetation, flow type and filled depth on livestock wastewater treatment through multi-level mineralized refuse-based constructed wetlands显示文摘 | Donglin Zhu Cheng Sun Houhu Zhang Zhilin Wu Bo Jia Yi Zhang | 2011 | Ecological Engineering2011，，： | 1 |
| 15 | Application of Yug theory and Chengs theory to alloy research显示文摘 | LIU Zhilin SUN Zhenguo LI Zhilin | 1998 | Progress in Natural Science1998，8，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Numerical modeling on hydrodynamic performance of abottom-hinged flap wave energy convertor显示文摘 | ZHAO Haitao SUN Zhilin HAO Chunling | 2013 | ChineseOcean Engineering2013，27，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Hydraulic jump basins with wedge- shaped batTles显示文摘 | ELLAYN A F SUN Zhilin | 2012 | Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A (App1 Phys & Eng)2012，13，7： | 1 |
| 18 | Valence electron structure of cast iron and graphitization behaviour criterion of elements显示文摘 | Liu Zhilin Li Zhilin Sun Zhengguo | 1995 | Science in China Series A1995，38，12： | 1 |
| 19 | Valence electron theory of graphite spheroidizing in primary erystallization 显示文摘 | Liu Zhilin Sun Zhengguo Li Zhilin | 1995 | Science in China Series A1995，38，12： | 1 |
| 20 | Catalysis mechanism and catalyst design of diamond growth显示文摘 | Zhilin Liu Zhilin Li Zhenguo Sun | 1999 | Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A1999，，11： | 1 |
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