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| 1 | The effects of exercise on cognition in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review显示文摘Cognitive impairments are highly prevalent in Parkinson’s disease(PD)and can substantially affect a patient’s quality of life.These impairments remain difficult to manage with current clinical therapies,but exercise has been identified as a possible treatment.The objective of this systematic review was to accumulate and analyze evidence for the effects of exercise on cognition in both animal models of PD and human disease.This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)statement.Fourteen original reports were identified,including six pre-clinical animal studies and eight human clinical studies.These studies used various exercise interventions and evaluated many different outcome measures;therefore,only a qualitative synthesis was performed.The evidence from animal studies supports the role of exercise to improve cognition in humans through the promotion of neuronal proliferation,neuroprotection and neurogenesis.These findings warrant more research to determine what roles these neural mechanisms play in clinical populations.The reports on cognitive changes in clinical studies demonstrate that a range of exercise programs can improve cognition in humans.While each clinical study demonstrated improvements in a marker of cognition,there were limitations in each study,including non-randomized designs and risk of bias.The Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)system was used and the quality of the evidence for human studies were rated from“low”to“moderate”and the strength of the recommendations were rated from“weak”to“strong”.Studies that assessed executive function,compared to general cognitive abilities,received a higher GRADE rating.Overall,this systematic review found that in animal models exercise results in behavioral and corresponding neurobiological changes in the basal ganglia related to cognition.The clinical studies showed that various types of exercise,including aerobic,resistance and dance can improve cognitive function,although the optimal type,amount,mechanisms,and duration of exercise are unclear.With growing support for exercise to improve not only motor symptoms,but also cognitive impairments in PD,health care providers and policy makers should recommend exercise as part of routine management and neurorehabilitation for this disorder. | Danielle K Murray Matthew A Sacheli Janice J Eng A Jon Stoessl | 2014 | Translational Neurodegeneration2014，3，1： | 3 |
| 2 | Impairment of coronary vascular reserve and Ach2induced coronary vasodilatation in diabetic patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and normal left ventricular systolic function显示文摘 | Nitenberg A Valemi P Sachs R | 1993 | Diabetes1993，42，： | 1 |
| 3 | The maize cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene family: organ-specific expression and genetic analysis 显示文摘 | Russell D A Sachs M M | 1991 | Mol Gen Genet1991，229，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Random breakage and reunion chromosome aberration formation model: an interac-tion-distance version based on chromatin geometry 显示文摘 | Sachs R K Levy D Chen A M | 2000 | Int J Radiat Biol2000，76，： | 1 |
| 5 | Stability and sensitivity of an EWMA controller 显示文摘 | INGOLFSSON A SACHS E | 1993 | Journal of Quality Technology1993，25，4： | 1 |
| 6 | , Surface structures and charge characteristics of mesocarbon microbeads as the anodes for secondary lithium-Jan batteries显示文摘 | Hara M Sach A Takami N | 1994 | Tanso1994，165，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Safey and tolerability of methacholine challenge in infants with recurrent wheeze显示文摘 | Bez C Sach G Jarisch A | | 0，，07： | 1 |
| 8 | Long-term outcome and alloantibody production in a non-myeloablative regimen for induction of renal allograft tolerance 显示文摘 | Kawai T Poncelet A Sachs DH | 1999 | Transplantation1999，68，11： | 1 |
| 9 | Design and fabrica- tion of cast orthopedic implants with freeform surface tex- tures from 3D printed ceramic shell显示文摘 | Curodeau A Sachs E Caldarise S | 2000 | J Biomed Mater Res2000，53，5： | 1 |
| 10 | The curse of natural resources 显示文摘 | Sachs J D Warner A M | 2001 | European economic review2001，45，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Trends in regional inequality in China显示文摘 | Jian T Sachs J D Warner A M | 1996 | China Economic Review1996，7，1： | 1 |
| 12 | The curse of natural resources显示文摘 | Sachs J Warner A | 2001 | European Economic Review2001，，45： | 1 |
| 13 | Compensation for 'Meaningful Participation' in Climate Change Control: A Modest Proposal and Empirical Analysis 显示文摘 | Panayotou T Sachs J D Zwane A P | 2002 | Journal of Environmental Economics and Management2002，43，： | 1 |
| 14 | Run by Run Process Control: Combing SPC and Feedback Control显示文摘 | Ingolfsson A Sachs E | 1995 | IEEE Trans on Semiconductor Manufacturing1995，8，1： | 1 |
| 15 | 查看详情显示文摘 | K(r)epelová A Reich T Sachs S | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 16 | Persistent rejection of peritubular capillaries and tubules is associated with progressive interstitial fibrosis显示文摘 | Shimizu A Yamada K Sachs D et a1 | 2002 | Kidney Int2002，61，5： | 1 |
| 17 | Clinical value of vesical leukoplakia and evaluation of the neoplastic risk hy mutation analyses of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 显示文摘 | Staack A Sehleehte H Sachs M | 2006 | Int J Urol2006，13，8： | 1 |
| 18 | The Curse of Natural Resources 显示文摘 | Sachs J D Warner A M | 2001 | European Economic Review2001，，46： | 1 |
| 19 | 查看详情显示文摘 | K(r)epelová A Sachs S Bernhard G | | 0，，12： | 1 |
| 20 | Sites of reaction of the gastric H,K-ATPase with extracytoplasmic thiol reagents显示文摘 | Besancon M Simon A Sachs G | 1997 | J Biol Chem1997，272，22： | 1 |
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