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| 1 | Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders:Revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance显示文摘Autism spectrum disorders(ASD)comprise a group of neurodevelopmental abnormalities that begin in early childhood and are characterized by impairment of social communication and behavioral problems including restricted interests and repetitive behaviors.Several genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD,most of them are involved in neuronal synaptogenesis.A number of environmental factors and associated conditions such as gastrointestinal(GI)abnormalities and immune imbalance have been linked to the pathophysiology of ASD.According to the March 2012 report released by United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,the prevalence of ASD has sharply increased during the recent years and one out of 88 children suffers now from ASD symptoms.Although there is a strong genetic base for the disease,several associated factors could have a direct link to the pathogenesis of ASD or act as modifiers of the genes thus aggravating the initial problem.Many children suffering from ASD have GI problems such as abdominal pain,chronic diarrhea,constipation,vomiting,gastroesophageal reflux,and intestinal infections.A number of studies focusing on the intestinal mucosa,its permeability,abnormal gut development,leaky gut,and other GI problem raised many questions but studies were somehow inconclusive and an expert panel of American Academy of Pediatrics has strongly recommended further investigation in these areas.GI tract has a direct connection with the immune system and an imbalanced immune response is usually seen in ASD children.Maternal infection or autoimmune diseases have been suspected.Activation of the immune system during early development may have deleterious effect on various organs including the nervous system.In this review we revisited briefly the GI and immune system abnormalities and neuropeptide imbalance and their role in the pathophysiology of ASD and discussed some future research directions. | Mohtashem Samsam Raheleh Ahangari Saleh A Naser | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，29： | 3 |
| 2 | Cardiovascular effects of oral toluene exposure in the rat monitored by radiotelemetry 显示文摘 | Gordon CJ Samsam TE Oshiro WM | 2007 | Neurotoxieol Teratol2007，29，： | 1 |
| 3 | Simultaneous depletion of neurokinin A,substance Pand calcitnnin gene-related peptide from the caudal trigeminal nucleus of the rat during electrical stimulation of the trigeminalganglion显示文摘 | Samsam M Covenas R Ahangari R | 2000 | Pain2000，84，： | 1 |
| 4 | Patient-controlledropivacaine analgesia after arthroscopisubacromial decompression显示文摘 | Harvey GP Chelly JE Samsam TA | 2004 | Arthroscopy2004，20，3： | 1 |
| 5 | The effect of baclofen on gastroesophageal reflux lower esoph- ageal sphincter function and reflux symptom in patients with reflux disease显示文摘 | van Herwaarden MA Samsam M Rydholm H | 2002 | Aliment Pharmacol Ther2002，16，9： | 1 |
| 6 | Effects of chronic dietary and repeated acute exposure to chlorpyrifos on learning and sustained attention in rats显示文摘 | Samsam TE Hunter DE Bushnell PJ | 2005 | Toxicol Sci2005，87，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Effects of chronic dietary and repeated acute exposure to chlorpyrifos on learning and sustained attention in rats显示文摘 | SAMSAM T E HUNTER D L BUSHNELL P J | 2005 | Toxicol Sci2005，87，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Expression of cholera toxin B-proinsulin fusion protein in lettuce and tobacco chloroplasts-oral administration protects against development of insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice显示文摘 | RUHLMAN T A HANGARI R DEVINE A SAMSAM M DANIELL H | 2007 | Plant Biotech nology2007，5，4： | 1 |
| 9 | Buckling of thick functionally graded plates under mechanical and thermal loads 显示文摘 | Samsam Shariat B A Eslami M R | 2005 | Compos Structures2005，11，： | 1 |
| 10 | Thermal buckling of imperfect functionally graded plates 显示文摘 | Samsam Shariat B A Eslami M R | 2006 | International Journal of Solids and Structures2006，43，1415： | 1 |
| 11 | Depletion after Electrical Stimulation of Gasserian Ganglion显示文摘 | KNYIHAR-CSILLIK E TAJTI J SAMSAM M | 1998 | Exp Brain Res(S0014 - 4819)1998，118，1： | 1 |
| 12 | 显示文摘 | Samsam Bakhtiari A M | 2001 | Hydrocarbon Process2001，80，12： | 1 |
| 13 | Cardiovascular effects of oral toluene expo- sure in the rat monitored by radiotelemetry 显示文摘 | Gordon C J Samsam T E | 2007 | Neurotoxicology and Teratology2007，，29： | 1 |
| 14 | Preserved myelin integrity and reduced axonopathy in eonnexin32-deficient mice lacking the recombination activating gmr-1显示文摘 | KOBSAR I BERGHOFF M SAMSAM M | 2003 | Brain2003，126，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Receptor-mediated oral delivery of a bioencapsulated green fluorescent protein expressed in transgenic chloroplasts into the mouse circulatory system显示文摘 | Limaye A Koya V Samsam M | 2006 | FASEB J2006，20，7： | 1 |
| 16 | Gas-to-Liquid:Much Smok,Little Fire显示文摘 | Samsam A M | 2001 | Hydrocarbon Processing2001，78，12： | 1 |
| 17 | Thermal buckling of imperfect functionally graded plates显示文摘 | B.A. Samsam Shariat M.R. Eslami | 2005 | International Journal of Solids and Structures2005，，14： | 1 |
| 18 | Chronic developmental lead exposure reduces neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus but does not impair spatial learning显示文摘 | Gilbert ME Kelly ME Samsam TE | 2005 | Toxicol Sci2005，86，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Simultaneous depletion of neurokinin A,substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide from the caudal trigeminal nucleus of the rat during electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion显示文摘 | Samsam M Covenas R Ahangari R Yajeya J Narvaez JA Tramu G | 2000 | Pain2000，84，： | 1 |
| 20 | Implication of the neuropeptides methionine enkephalin,neurotensin and somatostatin of the caudal trigeminal nucleus in the experimental migraine显示文摘 | Samsam M Covenas R Yajeya J | 2002 | Rev Neuro12002，34，8： | 1 |
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