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| 1 | Identification and characterization of Trichoderma species aggressive to Pleurotus in Italy显示文摘In the late 1980’s the deve lop ment of a severe epidemic of green mold caused by Trichoderma spp. was not ed in the commercial production of Agaricus bisporus (champignon) in the U nited Kingdom, North America, Spain and Holland, which caused extensive economic losses. The parasitic fungi isolated from the edible mushroom belonged to four biotypes, Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th4 of T. harzianum. However, among these biotypes, only Th2 (since c lassified as T. aggressivum f. europaeum) and Th4 (T. aggressivum f. aggressivum) were identified as the fungi causing problems in Agaricus production. In general, mushroom compost hosts both aggressive and innocuous is olates of Trichoderma, which are not morphologically distinguishable. Abo ut four years ago, a problem with green mold became apparent in the production o f Pleurotus ostreatus in Northern Italy, which eventually developed to a c risis situation in the South two years later and threatened to seriously comprom ise the Pleurotus market. This study was initiated to: isolate and identif y the aggressive fungi, then morphologically, physiologically and genetically characterize the isolates, dete rmine the source and phases of infection, and study methods of control. Samples were obtained from different phases of compost preparation at the locality of a major producer and supplier of compost to the mushroom industry in Southern Ital y, and microbial counts were conducted. Although the presence of Trichoderma was detected in the initial stages of composting, this value was reduced to zero from the phase of pasteurization to seeding with Pleurotus. Trichoderma infestations were noted in the packaged Pleurotus bales at various time s during the incubation phase (7-15 days after seeding) and after shipping to th e mushroom greenhouses, where the pathogen infestations greatly reduced the qual ity and quantity of the mushroom yield, as well as the number of potential harvest cycles. Preliminary r esults from the morphological and genetic characterization of Trichoderma isolates parasitic to Pleurotus indicated that they are different from bot h T. aggressivum forms parasitic to Agaricus, and the majority of the isolates probably belong to the species T. harzianum. In vitr o confrontation plates were performed with 26 isolates of aggressive Trich oderma obtained from compost, three Trichoderma isolates used in biolog ical control and 12 varieties of Pleurotus. No inhibitory effect was obse rved between any of the Trichoderma isolates with Pleurotus, althou gh some growth inhibition was caused by the biocontrol isolates of Trichoderm a on some of the aggressive isolates. The temperature optimum for Pleurotus growth was at 28 ℃, whereas Trichoderma grew well at a wider range (20- 28 ℃), and exceeded the growth rate of Pleurotus by three times at 25 ℃. T he pH optimum for the growth of Pleurotus was alkaline (pH 8-9) whereas Trichoderma preferred acidic-neutral pH (5-7) . Various commercial fungicides used in agriculture (procloraz, thiabendazole, dichloran, benomyl, p r opiconazole, thiofanatomethyl) were tested against the aggressive and biocontro l isolates of Trichoderma, as well as the different varieties of Pleuro tus to determine dose response curves and combinations that would inhibit spo re germination, mycelial growth and subsequent sporulation. Both procloraz and thiabendazole, which are pesticides allowed in e dible mushroom production, were found to control the growth of the aggressive Trichoderma isolates and did not have a negative effect on Pleurotus. | Woo S L Di Benedetto P Senatore M Abadi K Gigante S Soriente I Ferraioli S Scala F Lorito M | 2004 | 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)2004，30，4： | 2 |
| 2 | Antibacterial and antioxidant activities in Sideritis italica (Miller) Greuter et Burdet essential oils 显示文摘 | Basile A Senatore F Gargano R | 2006 | J Ethnopharmacol2006，107，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Diet and arterial hypertension: is the sodium ion alone important显示文摘 | BUEMI M SENATORE M CORICA F | 2002 | Medicinal Research Reviews2002，22，4： | 1 |
| 4 | Improved positioning for side milling of ruled surfaces: analysis of the rotation axis's influence on machining error显示文摘 | SENATORE J MONIES F REDONNET J M | 2007 | International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture2007，47，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Analysis of Improved Positioning in Five-axis Ruled Surface Milling Using Envelope Surface显示文摘 | Senatore J Monies F Redonnet J M | 2005 | Computer-aided Design2005，37，10： | 1 |
| 6 | Analy sis of improved positioning in five-axis ruled surface milling u- sing envelope surface显示文摘 | SENATORE J MONIES F REDONNET J M | 2005 | Computer-Aided Design2005，37，10： | 1 |
| 7 | Approximate TF-IDF based on topic extraction from massive message stream using the GPU显示文摘 | Erra U Senatore S Minnella F | 2015 | Information Sciences2015，292，： | 1 |
| 8 | Modeling torque transmissibility for automotive dry clutch engagement显示文摘 | Vasca F Iannelli L Senatore A | 2008 | Proc of American Control Conf Seattle WA2008，2008，： | 1 |
| 9 | Potential allelochemicals from the essential oil of ruta graveolens 显示文摘 | FEO V D Simone F D Senatore F | 2002 | Phytochemistry2002，61，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Isolation of peppermint oil using supercritical CO2 extraction 显示文摘 | Reverchon E Ambruosi A Senatore F | 1994 | Flavour and Fragrance Journal1994，9，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Composition of the essential oil of Petagnaea gussonei(Sprengel)Rauschert,a relict species from Sicily(Southern Italy)显示文摘 | De Castro O Senatore F Rigano D | 2008 | Flavour and Fragrance Journal2008，23，： | 1 |
| 12 | Statins and progressive renal disease显示文摘 | Buemi M Senatore M Corica F at al | 2002 | Med Res Rev2002，22，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Optimizing positioning of the axis of a milling cutter on an offset surface by geometric error minimization 显示文摘 | Senatore J Monies F Landon Y et ai | 2008 | International Journal of Advance Manufacturing Technology2008，37，910： | 1 |
| 14 | Supercritical CO2 extraction and fractionation of Lavender essential oil and waxes 显示文摘 | Reverchon E Della Porta G Senatore F | 1995 | J Agric Food Chem1995，43，6： | 1 |
| 15 | lmproved positioning for side milling of ruled surfaces:Analysis of the rotation axis's influence on machining error显示文摘 | Senatore J Monies F Redonnet J M | 2007 | International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture2007，47，： | 1 |
| 16 | Composition of the essential oil of Petagnaea gussonei(Sprengel)Raus- chert,a relict species from Sicily(Southern Italy)显示文摘 | De Castro O Senatore F Rigano D | 2008 | Flavour and Fragrance Journal2008，23，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Statins and progressive renal disease显示文摘 | Buemi M Senatore M Corica F | 2002 | Med Res Rev2002，22，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Improved po- sitioning for side milling of ruled surfaces: Analysis of the rotation axis's influence on machining error显示文摘 | Senatore J Monies F Redonnet J M | 2007 | Interna tional Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture2007，47，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Utility of cardiac biomar- kers in predicting infarct size, left ventricular function, and clinical outcome after primary percutaneous coronary inter-vention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 显示文摘 | Chia S Senatore F Raffel OC | 2008 | JACC Cardiovasc Interv2008，1，4： | 1 |
| 20 | Statins and progressive renal disease显示文摘 | Buemi M Senatore M Corica F | 2002 | Med Res Rev2002，22，1： | 1 |
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