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| 1 | Strategies to tackle the challenges of external beam radiotherapy for liver tumors显示文摘Primary and metastatic liver cancer is an increasingly common and difficult to control disease entity.Radiation offers a non-invasive treatment alternative for these patients who often have few options and a poor prognosis.However,the anatomy and aggressiveness of liver cancer poses significant challenges such as accurate localization at simulation and treatment,management of motion and appropriate selection of dose regimen.This article aims to review the options available and provide information for the practical implementation and/or improvement of liver cancer radiation programs within the context of stereotactic body radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy guidelines.Specific patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented given the significant toxicity found in certain sub-populations treated with radiation.Indeed,certain sub-populations,such as those with tumor thrombosis or those with larger lesions treated with transarterial chemoembolization,have been shown to have significant improvements in outcome with the addition of radiation and merit special consideration.Implementing a liver radiation programrequires three primary challenges to be addressed:(1) immobilization and motion management;(2) localization;and(3) dose regimen and constraint selection.Strategies to deal with motion include simple internal target volume(ITV) expansions,non-gated ITV reduction strategies,breath hold methods,and surrogate marker methods to enable gating or tracking.Localization of the tumor and organs-at-risk are addressed using contrast infusion techniques to take advantage of different normal liver and cancer vascular anatomy,imaging modalities,and margin management.Finally,a dose response has been demonstrated and dose regimens appear to be converging.A more uniform approach to treatment in terms of technique,dose selection and patient selection will allow us to study liver radiation in larger and,hopefully,multicenter randomized studies. | Michael I Lock Jonathan Klein Hans T Chung Joseph M Herman Edward Y Kim William Small Nina A Mayr Simon S Lo | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，14： | 2 |
| 2 | Parameter and process significance in mechanistic modeling of cellulose hydrolysis显示文摘 | Rotter B E Barry D A Gerhard J I Small J S | 2009 | Bioresource Technol2009，99，13： | 1 |
| 3 | Hyaluronic acid (HA) binding to CD44 activates Rac 1 and induces lamellipodia out growth显示文摘 | Oliferenko S Kaverina I Small JV | 2000 | J Cell Biol2000，148，6： | 1 |
| 4 | The evolution of RNA editing and pentatricopeptide repeat genes显示文摘 | Fujii S Small I | 2011 | New Phytol2011，191，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Hyaluronic acid ( HA ) binding to CD44 activates Racl and induces larnel lipodia outgrowth 显示文摘 | Oliferenko S Kaverina I Small JV | 2000 | J Cell Biol2000，149，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Hyaluronic acid(HA) binding to CD44 activates Rac1 and induces lamellipodia outgrowth显示文摘 | Oliferenko S Kaverina I Small JV | 2000 | J Cell Biol2000，149，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Hyaluronic acid(HA) binding to CD44 activates Racl and induces lamellipodia outgrowth显示文摘 | Olifereko S Kaverina I Small JV | 2000 | J Cell Biol2000，148，6： | 1 |
| 8 | Electromagnetic flat docking system for in-orbit self-assembly of small spacecraft显示文摘 | Small S Underwood C I | 2009 | Advances in the Astronautical Sciences2009，134，： | 1 |
| 9 | The atomic structural dynamics of 7-A12 03 supported Ir- Pt nanocluster catalysts prepared from a bimetallic molecular precursor: A study using aberration-corrected electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy 显示文摘 | SMALL M W SANCHEZ S I NUZZO R G | 2011 | J AmChemSoc2011，133，10： | 1 |
| 10 | Hubble space telescope observations of the lensing cluster Abell 2218 显示文摘 | KNEIB J P ELLIS R S SMALL I | 1996 | Astrophysical Journal1996，471，： | 1 |
| 11 | The evolution of RNA editing and pentatricopeptide repeat genes显示文摘 | FUJII S SMALL I | 2011 | New Phytologist2011，191，： | 1 |
| 12 | The evolution of RNA editing and pentatricopeptide repeat genes显示文摘 | Fyjii S Small I | 2011 | New Phytologist2011，191，： | 1 |
| 13 | Climatic suitability for malaria transmission in Africa,1911-1995显示文摘 | Small J Goetz S J Hay S I | 2003 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2003，100，15： | 1 |
| 14 | Human T cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are evolutionarily hyperconserved 显示文摘 | Comas I Chakravartti J Small PM Galagan J Niemann S Kremer K Ernst JD Gagneux S | 2010 | Nat Genet2010，42，6： | 1 |
| 15 | A principled taxonomy of software visualization 显示文摘 | Price B A Baecker R M Small I S | 1993 | Visual Languages and Computing1993，3，3： | 1 |
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