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| 1 | Biofeedback therapy for dyssynergic defecation显示文摘Dyssynergic defecation is one of the most common forms of functional constipation both in children and adults; it is defined by incomplete evacuation of fecal material from the rectum due to paradoxical contraction or failure to relax pelvic floor muscles when straining to defecate. This is believed to be a behavioral disorder because there are no associated morphological or neurological abnormalities, and consequently biofeedback training has been recommended for treatment. Biofeedback involves the use of pressure measurements or averaged electromyographic activity within the anal canal to teach patients how to relax pelvic floor muscles when straining to defecate. This is often combined with teaching the patient more appropriate techniques for straining (increasing intra-abdominal pressure) and having the patient practice defecating a water filled balloon. In adults, randomized controlled trials show that this form of biofeedback is more effective than laxatives, general muscle relaxation exercises (described as sham biofeedback), and drugs to relax skeletal muscles. Moreover, its effectiveness is specific to patients who have dyssynergic defecation and not slow transit constipation. However, in children, no clear superiority for biofeedback compared to laxatives has been demonstrated. Based on three randomized controlled studies in the last two years, biofeedback appears to be the preferred treatment for dyssynergic defecation in adults. | Giuseppe Chiarioni Steve Heymen William E Whitehead | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，44： | 44 |
| 2 | Biofeedback to be Superior to Alternative Treatments for Patients with Pelvic Floor Dyssynergia-Type Consti- pation显示文摘 | Steve Heymen Yolanda Scarlett Kenneth Jones | 2007 | Dis Colon Rectum2007，50，： | 1 |
| 3 | Biofeedback to be Superior to Alternative Treatments for Patients with Pelvic Floor Dyssynergia-Type Constipation显示文摘 | Steve Heymen Yolanda Scarlett Kenneth Jones | 2007 | Dis Colon Rectum2007，50，： | 1 |
| 4 | Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence-A critical review显示文摘 | Steve Heymen Kenneth R Jones Yehuda Ringel et al | 2001 | Dis Colon Rectum2001，44，5： | 1 |
| 5 | Biofeedback Treatment for Functional Anorectal Disorders: A Comprehensive Efficacy Review显示文摘 | Olafur S. Palsson Steve Heymen William E. Whitehead | 2004 | Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback2004，，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Randomized Controlled Trial Shows Biofeedback to be Superior to Pelvic Floor Exercises for Fecal Incontinence显示文摘 | Steve Heymen Yolanda Scarlett Kenneth Jones Yehuda Ringel Douglas Drossman William E. Whitehead | 2009 | Diseases of the Colon & Rectum2009，，： | 1 |
| 7 | Biofeedback Treatment of Constipation显示文摘 | Steve Heymen M.S. Kenneth R. Jones Ph.D. Yolanda Scarlett M.D. William E. Whitehead Ph.D | 2003 | Diseases of the Colon & Rectum2003，，9： | 1 |
| 8 | Biofeedback for Intractable Rectal Pain Outcome and Predictors of Success显示文摘 | Robert Gilliland MB Steve Heymen Donato F | 1997 | Dis Colon Rectum1997，40，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Fecal incontinence in primary care: prevalence, diagnosis, and health care utilization显示文摘 | Gena C. Dunivan Steve Heymen Olafur S. Palsson Michael von Korff Marsha J. Turner Jennifer L. Melville William E. Whitehead | 2010 | American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology2010，，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Biofeedback Treatment for Functional Anorectal Disorders: A Comprehensive Efficacy Review显示文摘 | Olafur S. Palsson Steve Heymen William E. Whitehead | 2004 | Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback2004，，3： | 1 |
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