| 1 | Validation of different pediatric triage systems in the emergency department显示文摘BACKGROUND: Triage system in children seems to be more challenging compared to adults because of their different response to physiological and psychosocial stressors. This study aimed to determine the best triage system in the pediatric emergency department.METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. This study was divided into two phases. The fi rst phase determined the inter-rater reliability of fi ve triage systems: Manchester Triage System(MTS), Emergency Severity Index(ESI) version 4, Pediatric Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale(CTAS), Australasian Triage Scale(ATS), and Ramathibodi Triage System(RTS) by triage nurses and pediatric residents. In the second phase, to analyze the validity of each triage system, patients were categorized as two groups, i.e., high acuity patients(triage level 1, 2) and low acuity patients(triage level 3, 4, and 5). Then we compared the triage acuity with actual admission.RESULTS: In phase I, RTS illustrated almost perfect inter-rater reliability with kappa of 1.0(P<0.01). ESI and CTAS illustrated good inter-rater reliability with kappa of 0.8–0.9(P<0.01). Meanwhile, ATS and MTS illustrated moderate to good inter-rater reliability with kappa of 0.5–0.7(P<0.01). In phase II, we included 1 041 participants with average age of 4.7±4.2 years, of which 55% were male and 45% were female. In addition 32% of the participants had underlying diseases, and 123(11.8%) patients were admitted. We found that ESI illustrated the most appropriate predicting ability for admission with sensitivity of 52%, specifi city of 81%, and AUC 0.78(95%CI 0.74–0.81).CONCLUSION: RTS illustrated almost perfect inter-rater reliability. Meanwhile, ESI and CTAS illustrated good inter-rater reliability. Finally, ESI illustrated the appropriate validity for triage system. | Kanokwan Aeimchanbanjong Uthen Pandee | 2017 | World Journal of Emergency Medicine2017，8，3： | 9 |
| 4 | Facile preparation of polybenzoxazine-based carbon microspheres with nitrogen functionalities:effects of mixed solvents on pore structure and supercapacitive performance显示文摘In this study,polybenzoxazine(PBZ)-based carbon microspheres were prepared via a facile method using a mixture of formaldehyde(F)and dimethylformamide(DMF)as the solvent.The PBZ microspheres were successfully obtained at the F/DMF weight ratios of 0.4 and 0.6.These microspheres exhibited high nitrogen contents after carbonization.The microstructures of all the samples showed an amorphous phase and a partial graphitic phase.The porous carbon with the F/DMF ratio of 0.4 showed significantly higher specific capacitance(275.1 F·g^-1)than the reference carbon(198.9 F·g^-1)at 0.05 A-g This can be attributed to the synergistic electrical double-layer capacitor and pseudo-capacitor behaviors of the porous carbon with the F/DMF ratio of 0.4.The presence of nitrogen/oxygen functionalities induced pseudo-capacitance in the microspheres,and hence increased their total specific capacitance.After activation with CO2,the specific surface area of the carbon microspheres with the F/DMF ratio of 0.4 increased from 349 to 859 m^2•g^-1 and the specific capacitance increased to 424.7 F·g^-1 This value is approximately two times higher than that of the reference carbon.The results indicated that the F/DMF ratio of 0.4 was suitable for preparing carbon microspheres with good supercapacitive performance.The nitrogen/oxygen functionalities and high specific surface area of the microspheres were responsible for their high capacitance. | Uthen Thubsuang Suphawadee Chotirut Apisit Thongnok Archw Promraksa Mudtorlep Nisoa Nicharat Manmuanpom Sujitra Wongkasemjit Thanyalak Chaisuwan | 2020 | Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering2020，14，6： | 0 |
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