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| 1 | 西方现代教学理念与策略之剖析显示文摘当代西方教育理念的发展趋势已转入以建构主义学习理论为指导,以学生为中心,以问题为基础的学习(Problem-basedlearning,PBL)、个案学习(Casestudy)、概念图形成(Conceptmapping)、团队工作(Teamwork)及网络学习(e-learning),是国际上流行的几种发展学生自主性学习、主动学习、个性化学习的教学策略与方法,有效学习评估体系特别是过程性评估是实施高等教育改革的必要保证。 | 陈萍 臧伟进 | 2005 | 中国高等医学教育2005，，3： | 118 |
| 2 | DNA barcoding:species delimitation in tree peonies显示文摘Delimitations of species are crucial for correct and precise identification of taxa.Unfortunately 'spe-cies' is more a subjective than an objective concept in taxonomic practice due to difficulties in revealing patterns of infra-or inter-specific variations.Molecular phylogenetic studies at the population level solve this problem and lay a sound foundation for DNA barcoding.In this paper we exemplify the necessity of adopting a phylogenetic concept of species in DNA barcoding for tree peonies(Paeonia sect.Moutan).We used 40 samples representing all known populations of rare and endangered species and several populations of widely distributed tree peonies.All currently recognized species and major variants have been included in this study.Four chloroplast gene fragments,i.e.ndhF,rps16-trnQ,trnL-F and trnS-G(a total of 5040 characters,96 variable and 69 parsimony-informative characters) and one variable and single-copy nuclear GPAT gene fragment(2093?2197 bp,279 variable and 148 parsi-mony-informative characters) were used to construct phylogenetic relationships among the taxa.The evolutionary lineages revealed by the nuclear gene and the chloroplast genes are inconsistent with the current circumscriptions of P.decomposita,P.jishanensis,P.qiui,and P.rockii based on morphology.The inconsistencies come from(1) significant chloroplast gene divergence but little nuclear GPAT gene divergence among population systems of P.decomposita + P.rockii,and(2) well-diverged nuclear GPAT gene but little chloroplast gene divergence between P.jishanensis and P.qiui.The incongruence of the phylogenies based on the chloroplast genes and the nuclear GPAT gene is probably due to the chloro-plast capture event in evolutionary history,as no reproductive barriers exist to prevent inter-specific hybridization.We also evaluated the suitability of these genes for use as DNA barcodes for tree peonies.The variability of chloroplast genes among well-defined species or population systems of a species complex is 4.82 times the figure within the groups,and the GPAT gene is twice as variable between the groups as within the groups.The number of completely divergent sites is sufficient to mark the two subsections,the two species in subsection Delavayanae,and the well-divergent species in subsection Vaginatae.But the genes currently used either from the chloroplast genome or from the nuclear genome alone cannot correctly assign samples of P.decomposita,P.jishanensis,P.qiui,or P.rockii to the spe-cies as currently defined.We conclude that(1) DNA barcoding should be based on prior phylogenetic studies to understand the evolutionary lineages and how well the taxonomic species correspond to the lineages;(2) it is unlikely to find a single short fragment as a barcode for every plant and such a frag-ment could result in misidentification when a chloroplast capture event happened in the evolutionary history of plants like tree peonies;and(3) we suggest striving for a universal marker at the familial level and locally universal barcodes within a family instead of looking for a universal barcode for all plants. | ZHANG JinMei1,2,WANG JianXiu1,2,XIA Tao1,2 & ZHOU ShiLiang1 1State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany,Institute of Botany,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093,China 2Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China | 2009 | Science China(Life Sciences)2009，52，6： | 22 |
| 3 | 基于正向开发流程的车身轻量化设计显示文摘从概念设计阶段开始,通过隐式参数化建模的方法建立一个全参数化白车身模型,采用分步优化设计的方法,在保持对整车性能控制的同时,使轻量化设计贯穿整个过程。在不同阶段分别针对整车模态、弯扭刚度、碰撞性能和质量等指标进行优化。先后经过结构拓扑优化、车身尺寸优化、局部形状优化、零件厚度优化、碰撞性能优化,最终得到车身多个性能均满足要求时的最佳车身尺寸和轻量化方案。 | 王磊 刘莹 乔鑫 | 2015 | 汽车工程学报2015，5，6： | 23 |
| 4 | Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation: From Concept to Application显示文摘Whether in the West or the East,the connection between the ear and the rest of the body has been explored for a long time.Especially in the past century or more,the relevant theoretical and applied research on the ear has greatly promoted the development of ear therapy,and finally the concept of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation(taVNS)has been proposed.The purpose of taVNS is to treat a disease non-invasively by applying electrical current to the cutaneous receptive field formed by the auricular branch of the vagus nerve in the outer ear.In the past two decades,taVNS has been a topic of basic,clinical,and transformation research.It has been applied as an alternative to drug treatment for a variety of diseases.Based on the rapid understanding of the application of taVNS to human health and disease,some limitations in the development of this field have also been gradually exposed.Here,we comprehensively review the origin and research status of the field. | Yu Wang Shao-Yuan Li Dan Wang Mo-Zheng Wu Jia-Kai He Jin-Ling Zhang Bin Zhao Li-Wei Hou Jun-Ying Wang Lei Wang Yi-Fei Wang Yue Zhang Zi-Xuan Zhang Pei-Jing Rong | 2021 | Neuroscience Bulletin2021，37，6： | 10 |
| 5 | 基于隐式参数化的车身概念开发显示文摘以某新车型研发为契机,运用'分析驱动设计'进行概念阶段的车身开发。基于参数化技术构建白车身和覆盖件的全参模型,通过模态和刚度仿真评估车辆的NVH性能,并基于模态和刚度进行厚度灵敏度分析;同时,通过与同级别车型前/后悬架、动力总成等有限元模型进行耦合,进行了整车碰撞仿真,以评估其耐撞性能,在早期阶段快速获得整车综合性能,缩短满足结构刚度、NVH性能、耐撞性和轻量化等要求的车身结构的开发周期。 | 唐辉 门永新 毛雪峰 彭鸿 朱贞英 | 2014 | 汽车工程2014，36，10： | 9 |
| 6 | 当代外国主要教学模式的探讨显示文摘 | 张万义 | 1997 | 北京第二外国语学院学报1997，19，6： | 7 |
| 7 | CONCEPT, DISTRIBUTION LAW AND FORMATION MACHANISM OF INLAND SALINE ALKALINE WETLAND─ ─ Taking Songliao Plain for Example显示文摘The paper, taking Songliao Plain for example, studied the concept, distribution law and formation mechanism of inland saline alkaline wetland. The inland saline alkaline wetland is distributed over the inland region of arid or semi arid climate; it is the wet or slightly stagnant environment, forming saline alkaline soil and salt vegetation and making the geogra phical environment fonming complex with an ecosystem of saline alkaline wetland. The laws of zone nature and non zone nature control the distribution of the inland saline alkaline wetland that extensively spreads in north part of China and other countries. The inland saline alkaline wetland is formed jointly by atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere including intellectual sphere. Under the special condition, the artificial activity is possibly the key function. In order to improve the human environment, it is a great duty confronting the whole world to rationally transform the inland saline alkaline wetland. Therefore, we presented an anti inland theory to promote the environment transformation. | SUN Guang you1, LUO Xin zheng2 , YI Fu ke1 , ZHANG Xiao ping1 (1.Changchun Institute of Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun 130021,P.R.China 2.Institute of Geography, Academy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450052,P.R.China) | 2000 | Chinese Geographical Science2000，10，3： | 5 |
| 8 | Considerations on the concept, definition, and diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis显示文摘The concept, definition, and diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) currently present some problems. This article systematically reviews the literature on the history, current concepts, definition, and diagnosis of ALS, and discloses the present problems based on the retrieved literature and the authors' clinical experience. The current concepts and definitions of ALS have not yet been unified or standardized in clinical practice, and are sometimes vague or inaccurate, which can cause difficulties for neurologists in the clinical treatment of ALS. The concept and definition of ALS need to be further ascertained, and the current diagnostic criteria for ALS require further development. The identification of effective and objective biomarkers may be a feasible method for the early and accurate diagnosis of ALS. Therefore, future research should focus on the identification of reliable biomarkers—especially neuroimaging biomarkers—through autopsy. Standardizing the concept and definition of ALS and formulating clear diagnostic criteria will largely avoid many uncertainties in the future clinical research and treatment of ALS, which will greatly benefit patients. | Ren-Shi Xu Min Yuan | 2021 | Neural Regeneration Research2021，16，9： | 5 |
| 9 | A Classifier Using Online Bagging Ensemble Method for Big Data Stream Learning显示文摘By combining multiple weak learners with concept drift in the classification of big data stream learning, the ensemble learning can achieve better generalization performance than the single learning approach. In this paper,we present an efficient classifier using the online bagging ensemble method for big data stream learning. In this classifier, we introduce an efficient online resampling mechanism on the training instances, and use a robust coding method based on error-correcting output codes. This is done in order to reduce the effects of correlations between the classifiers and increase the diversity of the ensemble. A dynamic updating model based on classification performance is adopted to reduce the unnecessary updating operations and improve the efficiency of learning.We implement a parallel version of EoBag, which runs faster than the serial version, and results indicate that the classification performance is almost the same as the serial one. Finally, we compare the performance of classification and the usage of resources with other state-of-the-art algorithms using the artificial and the actual data sets, respectively. Results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain better accuracy and more feasible usage of resources for the classification of big data stream. | Yanxia Lv Sancheng Peng Ying Yuan Cong Wang Pengfei Yin Jiemin Liu Cuirong Wang | 2019 | Tsinghua Science and Technology2019，24，4： | 5 |
| 10 | Operational concepts of HVDC in the context of security assessment in the German transmission grid显示文摘Because of the realization of HVDC connections parallel to the synchronous grid in Germany, operational concepts become more important in the context of system security aspects. In this article commonly known concepts are analyzed regarding their suitability for the German transmission system. Therefore, an approach for the analysis was developed and exemplary results are given using this approach. Under consideration of the overall system, the concepts of reducing losses in combination with minimizing(n-1)-warnings or-indications^1 as well as the sole minimization of(n-1)-warnings and-indications are the most reasonable approaches. However, under grid security aspects best results can be achieved by reducing operational limits and therefore, by the minimization of(n-1)-warnings. | Annika Klettke Marius Sieberichs Albert Moser | 2019 | Global Energy Interconnection2019，2，2： | 5 |
| 11 | Design and Optimization for the Occupant Restraint System of Vehicle Based on a Single Freedom Model显示文摘Throughout the vehicle crash event, the interactions between vehicle, occupant, restraint system (VOR) are complicated and highly non-linear. CAE and physical tests are the most widely used in vehicle passive safety development, but they can only be done with the detailed 3D model or physical samples. Often some design errors and imperfections are difficult to correct at that time, and a large amount of time will be needed. A restraint system concept design approach which based on single-degree-of-freedom occupant-vehicle model (SDOF) is proposed in this paper. The interactions between the restraint system parameters and the occupant responses in a crash are studied from the view of mechanics and energy. The discrete input and the iterative algorithm method are applied to the SDOF model to get the occupant responses quickly for arbitrary excitations (impact pulse) by MATLAB. By studying the relationships between the ridedown efficiency, the restraint stiffness, and the occupant response, the design principle of the restraint stiffness aiming to reduce occupant injury level during conceptual design is represented. Higher ridedown efficiency means more occupant energy absorbed by the vehicle, but the research result shows that higher ridedown efficiency does not mean lower occupant injury level. A proper restraint system design principle depends on two aspects. On one hand,the restraint system should lead to as high ridedown efficiency as possible, and at the same time, the restraint system should maximize use of the survival space to reduce the occupant deceleration level. As an example, an optimization of a passenger vehicle restraint system is designed by the concept design method above, and the final results are validated by MADYMO, which is the most widely used software in restraint system design, and the sled test. Consequently, a guideline and method for the occupant restraint system concept design is established in this paper. | ZHANG Junyuan MA Yue CHEN Chao ZHANG Yan | 2013 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2013，26，3： | 5 |
| 12 | PLC在炼钢精炼加料系统中的应用显示文摘介绍了一种精炼加料系统中的控制方案。从软、硬件两方面阐述了系统的组成和功能,对加料的方法进行了介绍。系统以昆腾PLC为控制核心,使用Concept V2.2 XL组态软件,在保证现场设备按要求稳定运行的基础上,完成了数据的分析和处理。同时结合变频技术,实现了下料、计量及物料精度的稳定控制。用户也可以根据需要灵活调整频率。从技术概述、系统特点、软硬件配置及程序设计等几个方面对系统展开论述,并给出部分程序。 | 屠袁飞 杨小健 | 2008 | 电气应用2008，27，12： | 4 |
| 13 | Hyponymy Graph Model for Word Semantic Similarity Measurement显示文摘Measuring word semantic similarity is a generic problem with a broad range of applications such as ontology mapping, computational linguistics and artificial intelligence. Previous approaches to computing word semantic similarity did not consider concept occurrence frequency and word's sense number. This paper introduced Hyponymy graph, and based on which proposed a novel word semantic similarity model. For two words to be compared, we first retrieve their related concepts; then produce lowest common ancestor matrix and distance matrix between concepts; finally calculate distance-based similarity and information-based similarity, which are integrated to get final semantic similarity. The main contribution of our method is that both concept occurrence frequency and word's sense number are taken into account. This similarity measurement more closely fits with human rating and effectively simulates human thinking process. Our experimental results on benchmark dataset M&C and R&G with Word Net2.1 as platform demonstrate roughly 0.9%–1.2%improvements over existing best approaches. | WANG Junhua ZUO Wanli PENG Tao | 2015 | Chinese Journal of Electronics2015，24，1： | 4 |
| 14 | New insights into the species problem显示文摘Historical opinions of the 'species problem' are briefly reviewed, and four salient stages are recognized according to origin of species concepts. We propose that species is the unit preserving superior gene assembly and is maintained by specific mechanisms. Based on characteristics of plant evolution, we assume that understanding plant species may include three stages, i.e. morphological recognition stage, multidisciplinary verification stage, and illuminating mechanisms preserving superior gene assembly. | YANG Yong1 & ZHOU ZheKun2 1State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China 2Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，8： | 4 |
| 15 | Who says this is a modern disorder? The early history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder显示文摘Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although the first clinical description of a constellation of symptoms highly resembling to what currently could be diagnosed as ADHD is generally attributed to George F Still in 1902, there are scattered but significant published historical medical, scientific and non-scientific reports, much prior to Still's lectures, of what is currently conceptualized as ADHD. The present report aimed at exploring the early history of ADHD, prior to the 20^(th) century in the medical literature and in other historical sources, to provide clinicians, researchers and other professionals with a better understanding of the roots and current conceptualization of this disorder. It is possible to find clues and highly suggestive descriptions of individuals presenting symptoms resembling what is currently defined as ADHD in the literature, in paintings or in the Bible. However, the earliest medical reports of individuals with abnormal degrees of inattention, distractibility and overactivity date from the last quarter of the 18^(th) century, included in two of the first textbooks specifically on the subject of mental diseases, published by the German Melchior Adam Weikard and the Scottish Sir Alexander Crichton. During the 19^(th) century some eminent physicians from Germany, France or Great Britain, such as Charles West, Thomas C Albutt, Thomas S Clouston, William W, Ireland, John Haslam, Heinrich Neumann, or Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, among others provided clinical depictions of patients that most likely presently would be diagnosed as having ADHD. Whilst some of the children described by Still and his predecessors may have suffered from a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, many of these patients showed clear symptoms of ADHD and may present with comorbid disorders, as it is commonly the case in clinical practice. | Jose Martinez-Badía Jose Martinez-Raga | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 4 |
| 16 | 基于隐式参数化正向建模的车身概念设计方法研究显示文摘传统的前期概念车身设计流程中,存在着有效开发车身综合性能和缩短整体研发周期的矛盾,其问题实质是解决CAD与CAE的并行处理难题。本文提出一种在新车型概念设计阶段运用参数化建模技术,对车型刚度、模态和碰撞等性能进行预先评估,同时兼顾轻量化目标。让CAE工作提前4个月介入,为车身设计提供指导,使传统研发手段在前期无法介入到全面CAE分析的问题得以解决,实现真正意义上的'分析驱动设计'。 | 黄炎 苏松松 冯明松 | 2018 | 时代汽车2018，，6： | 3 |
| 17 | Core concepts of landscape ecology显示文摘1IntroductionLandscapeecologyisanewlyemergedtransdisiplinarysubject.Thismultidisciplinecharacteristicbringsbenefitstoitsdeve... | Xiao Du ning, Li Xiu zhen Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015, China | 1999 | Journal of Environmental Sciences1999，11，2： | 3 |
| 18 | 串级控制在PLC控制系统中的实现及应用显示文摘结合某企业小型PLC控制系统的开发,介绍了在Modicon昆腾(Quantum)PLC控制系统中使用iFix3.0及Con-ceptV2.5XL编程组态软件实现串级控制的设计和编程组态方法。该控制方案简单有效,能有效改善系统控制性能。 | 左兵 杨小健 | 2005 | 工业控制计算机2005，18，4： | 3 |
| 19 | QUANTUH PLC系统在烧结生产工艺中的应用显示文摘本文介绍了QUANTUM PLC系统在烧结生产工艺中的应用,实现了整个烧结工艺流程的连锁控制和上位机监控,并介绍了网络组成。 | 杨卫成 于建萍 | 2008 | 可编程控制器与工厂自动化(PLC FA)2008，，7： | 2 |
| 20 | Landscape Architecture Design in China under the Influence of Postmodernism显示文摘Based on interpretation of post-modernism, basic design techniques of landscape architecture in China under the influence of post-modernism were summarized through analyzing its influence and comparing domestic and overseas scholars' understanding of post-modern landscape architecture. The study aims at providing scientific references for the future theoretical and practical researches on the design of post-modern landscape architecture in China. | LIANG Liang LI Jing | 2012 | Journal of Landscape Research2012，4，10： | 2 |
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