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| 1 | Wheat breeding in northern China: Achievements and technical advances显示文摘Common wheat is the major cereal crop that underpins the food safety of China. Both winter wheat and spring wheat are grown on ~24 million ha. This review aims to summarize the current status of wheat production and breeding progress in the northern wheat production areas of the country, and to review recently advanced technologies being applied in wheat breeding, including the use of dwarf-male-sterile(DMS) wheat, speed breeding and specialized wheat breeding SNP chips. Crossing is the initial step in most breeding programs. DMS wheat is a convenient tool for large scale production of hybrid seed. Speed breeding or accelerated generation turnover attempts to reduce the time taken in cultivar development. Several different SNP chips are high-throughput, genome-wide genotyping platforms for breeding and research. | Hongjie Li Yang Zhou Wenli Xin Yiqin Wei Junling Zhang Lilei Guo | 2019 | The Crop Journal2019，7，6： | 16 |
| 2 | DEVELOPMENT OF COMMON WHEAT GERM-PLASM RESISTANT TO BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS BY BIOTECHNOLOGY显示文摘Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is one of the most serious wheat diseases in China. So far no resistance has been described in common wheat. A certain level of BYDV resistance was found in thirteen Triticeae species. Thinopyrum intermedium, two octoploids derived from TH. intermedium/wheat, Zhong 4 awnless and TAF46, and one disomic addition line, L1 derived from TAF46, showed good resistance to BYDV by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two wheat/TA. intermedium translocation lines, CPI 119880 and CPI 119899, showing good BYDV resistance were developed from L1 by using both CSph mutant and tissue culture. It is found that their BYDV resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. Two cDNA probes pEleAcc3 and pPJN8 (E1-T1) were screened for detecting Th. intermedium DNA in wheat background. A specific band for the DNA of Th. intermedium and its derivatives was found in Southern hybridization. It is also possible to determine the size of the alien segment by comparing the relative density | 辛志勇 徐惠君 陈孝 林志珊 周广和 钱幼亭 成卓敏 P. J. LARKIN P. BANKS R. APPELS B. GLARKE AND R. I. S. BRETTELL | 1991 | Science China Chemistry1991，34，9： | 13 |
| 3 | A point mutation resulting in a 13 bp deletion in the coding sequence of Cldf leads to a GA-deficient dwarf phenotype in watermelon显示文摘The dwarf architecture is an important and valuable agronomic trait in watermelon breeding and has the potential to increase fruit yield and reduce labor cost in crop cultivation.However,the molecular basis for dwarfism in watermelon remains largely unknown.In this study,a recessive dwarf allele(designated as Cldf(Citrullus lanatus dwarfism))was fine mapped in a 32.88 kb region on chromosome 09 using F2 segregation populations derived from reciprocal crossing of a normal line M08 and a dwarf line N21.Gene annotation of the corresponding region revealed that the Cla015407 gene encoding a gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase functions as the best possible candidate gene for Cldf.Sequence analysis showed that the fourth polymorphism site(a G to A point mutation)at the 3′AG splice receptor site of the intron leads to a 13 bp deletion in the coding sequence of Cldf in dwarf line N21 and thus results in a truncated protein lacking the conserved domain for binding 2-oxoglutarate.In addition,the dwarf phenotype of Cldf could be rescued by exogenous GA3 application.Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the small multigene family GA3ox(GA3 oxidase)in cucurbit species may originate from three ancient lineages in Cucurbitaceae.All these data support the conclusion that Cldf is a GA-deficient mutant,which together with the cosegregated marker can be used for breeding new dwarf cultivars. | Chunhua Wei Chunyu Zhu Liping Yang Wei Zhao Rongxue Ma Hao Li Yong Zhang Jianxiang Ma Jianqiang Yang Xian Zhang | 2019 | Horticulture Research2019，6，1： | 12 |
| 4 | Two quantitative trait loci, Dw1 and Dw2, are primarily responsible for rootstock-induced dwarfing in apple显示文摘The apple dwarfing rootstock‘Malling9’(‘M9’)has been used worldwide both to reduce scion vigour and as a genetic source for breeding new rootstocks.Progeny of‘M9’segregate for rootstock-induced dwarfing of the scion,indicating that this trait is controlled by one or more genetic factors.A quantitative trait locus(QTL)analysis of a rootstock population derived from the cross between‘M9’בRobusta5’(non-dwarfing)and grafted with‘Braeburn’scions identified a major QTL(Dw1)on linkage group(LG)5,which exhibits a significant influence on dwarfing of the scion.A smaller-effect QTL affecting dwarfing(Dw2)was identified on LG11,and four minor-effect QTLs were found on LG6,LG9,LG10 and LG12.Phenotypic analysis indicates that the combination of Dw1 and Dw2 has the strongest influence on rootstock-induced dwarfing,and that Dw1 has a stronger effect than Dw2.Genetic markers linked to Dw1 and Dw2 were screened over 41 rootstock accessions that confer a range of effects on scion growth.The majority of the dwarfing and semi-dwarfing rootstock accessions screened carried marker alleles linked to Dw1 and Dw2.This suggests that most apple dwarfing rootstocks have been derived from the same genetic source. | Toshi M Foster Jean-Marc Celton David Chagné D Stuart Tustin Susan E Gardiner | 2015 | Horticulture Research2015，2，1： | 10 |
| 5 | The complete nucleotide sequence and its organization of the genome of Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV显示文摘The complete nucleotide sequence of genomic RNA of BYDV-GAV was determined. It comprised 5685 nucleotides and contained six open reading frames and four un-translated regions. The size and organization of BYDV-GAV genome were similar to those of BYDV PAV-aus. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the six ORFs were aligned and compared with those of other luteoviruses. The results showed that there was a high degree of identity between BYDV-GAV and MAV-PS1 in all ORFs except ORF5 and ORF6, which had only 87.4% and 70.2% identities respectively. The reported genomic nucleotide sequence of MAV was shorter than that of BYDV-GAV, but the comparison of the genomic nucleotide sequences for MAV-PS1 and GAV showed 90.4% sequence identity for the same region of the genome. Ac-cording to the level of sequence similarities, BYDV-GAV should be closely related to BYDV-MAV. | JIN Zhibo WANG Xifeng CHANG Shengjun ZHOU Guanghe | 2004 | Science China(Life Sciences)2004，47，2： | 10 |
| 6 | Construction of a genetic map and location of quantitative trait loci for dwarf trait in maize by RFLP markers显示文摘Using F2 population derived from the cross of tall inbred 7922 by dwarf inbred 5003, an RFLP linkage map of maize has been constructed, on which 85 markers are distributed among 10 linkage groups and span maize genome about 1827.8 cM with an average distance (24.4 cM) between markers. 106 F2:3 lines of the population were grown in a 10×11 simple rectangular lattice design of one-raw plots with two replications and evaluated for plant height (PH). With interval mapping procedure, 5 QTLs controlling plant height have been identified and their genetic effects and gene action determined. 2 major OTLs with opposite effect have been discovered. One for increasing plant height is ph 1 which is located at chromosome 2 and accounts for 51.8% of the total phenotypic variation; the other for decreasing plant height is ph3 which is located at chromosome 5 and accounts for 38.6% of the total phenotypic variation. The chromosomal location of ph3 might be the same as or close to the position of bv1, a dwarf mutant | CAO Yongguo WANG Guoying WANG Shoucai WEI Yanling LU Jiang XIE Youju DAI Jingrui | 2000 | Chinese Science Bulletin2000，45，3： | 9 |
| 7 | 水稻矮化并花发育异常突变体dwarf and deformed flower 2(ddf2)的基因定位与候选基因分析显示文摘【目的】对一个同时导致营养和生殖器官发育异常的水稻突变体进行表型鉴定、基因定位和候选基因分析,为下一步的基因克隆与功能分析奠定基础。【方法】在水稻籼型恢复系602组织培养后代中,发现一个矮化并花发育异常突变体dwarf and deformed flower 2(ddf2)。抽穗期,以野生型为对照,对ddf2株高、主穗长、节间和功能叶的长宽等性状进行统计分析;同时利用冷冻切片等技术对茎、叶和花器官进行详细的形态和组织学分析。分别以西农1A和中花11为母本,以DDF2/ddf2杂合株系为父本构建2个F2群体进行遗传分析和基因定位,并对候选基因进行实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)分析。【结果】相较于野生型,突变体各节间的长和茎粗均极显著降低,叶片极显著变短、变窄,同时花序也极显著变短。组织细胞学分析发现,突变体大叶脉数目和相邻2个大叶脉之间的小叶脉数都没有明显的变化,但相邻2个大叶脉之间的宽度明显减小,进一步比较2个小叶脉之间的叶肉细胞,发现在突变体中细胞数目和尺寸均显著降低;突变体茎秆维管束的数目与野生型相比没有明显的变化,但统计发现2个大维管束之间基本组织细胞的数量和细胞的大小都显著小于野生型,表明ddf2突变体茎、叶细胞分裂和膨胀都受到了抑制;此外,ddf2突变体的花器官特征发育受到了严重干扰:第一轮外稃顶部弯曲、内稃不同程度退化,第三轮雄蕊器官严重退化,部分甚至转化为雌蕊状器官,另外部分ddf2小穗的护颖过度发育,转变成稃片状,一些小穗还表现分生组织确定性的丢失,发育出2个以上的小花。遗传分析表明该突变性状受1对隐性基因控制。利用中花11/ddf2的1 024株F2分离群体,最终将DDF2精细定位在第11染色体短臂近着丝粒位置处,位于insertion/deletion(in/del)标记S-11和S-14之间,遗传距离分别为0.049和0.098c M,物理距离为90.295 kb,并与标记S-24共分离。分析定位区间的基因,发现共有MSU注释基因12个,其中一个编码Sec3_C蛋白的LOC_Os11g17600内部包含共分离标记S-24,进一步对该基因进行表达分析,发现该基因在突变体的叶、茎和穗中都表现出明显的下调,初步将LOC_Os11g17600作为DDF2候选基因。【结论】DDF2是一个同时控制水稻茎/叶和花器官发育的新基因。 | 张玲 郭爽 汪玲 张天泉 庄慧 龙珏臣 何光华 李云峰 | 2015 | 中国农业科学2015，48，10： | 8 |
| 8 | Cloning and functional characterization of Rht8,a“Green Revolution”replacement gene in wheat显示文摘Dear Editor,Wheat(Triticum aestivum)is a major staple crop in the world and provides~20%of the food calories for human consumption(Appels et al.,2018).During the 1960s and 1970s,the introduction of two semi-dwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b in wheat varieties strikingly improved lodging resistance and harvest index,and therefore substantially increased grain yield,resulting in the well-known'Green Revolution'(Peng et al.,1999).However,plants carrying Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b suffer from several drawbacks. | Hongchun Xiong Chunyun Zhou Meiyu Fu Huijun Guo Yongdun Xie Linshu Zhao Jiayu Gu Shirong Zhao Yuping Ding Yuting Li Jiazi Zhang Ke Wang Xuejun Li Luxiang Liu | 2022 | Molecular Plant2022，15，3： | 7 |
| 9 | 一种统一的调试信息管理方法显示文摘调试信息的分析和管理是调试系统的重要组成部分。调试信息在被调试文件中的存储格式有很多种。一个成熟的调试系统需要支持分析和管理多种格式的调试信息。BWDSP芯片的调试系统使用一种统一的调试信息管理方法。不同格式的调试信息经过分析后可以转换为统一的格式。调试系统的其他模块在使用调试信息时不需要关心被调试文件的调试信息格式,可以以统一的方式使用调试信息。经实践证明该方法可以以统一的方式管理C语言文件的DWARF和STABS格式的调试信息。 | 林广栋 黄光红 | 2014 | 中国集成电路2014，23，11： | 6 |
| 10 | Overexpression of blueberry FLOWERING LOCUS T is associated with changes in the expression of phytohormone-related genes in blueberry plants显示文摘Flowering locus T(FT)is a primary integrator in the regulation of plant flowering.Overexpressing a blueberry(Vaccinium corymbosum L.)FT gene(VcFT)(herein VcFT-OX)resulted in early flowering and dwarfing in‘Aurora’plants(herein‘VcFT-Aurora’).In this study,we found that VcFT-OX reduced shoot regeneration from leaf explants.To investigate the potential roles of the phytohormone pathway genes associated with VcFT-OX,differentially expressed(DE)genes in leaf tissues of‘VcFT-Aurora’plants were annotated and analyzed using non-transgenic‘Aurora’plants as a control.Three DE floral genes,including the blueberry SUPPRESSOR of Overexpression of constans 1(VcSOC1)(gibberellin related),Abscisic acid responsive elements-binding factor 2(VcABF2)and protein related to ABI3/VP1(VcABI3/VP1)(ethylene-related),are present under both the phytohormone-responsive and the dwarfing-related Gene Ontology terms.The gene networks of the DE genes overall showed the molecular basis of the multifunctional aspects of VcFT overexpression beyond flowering promotion and suggested that phytohormone changes could be signaling molecules with important roles in the phenotypic changes driven by VcFT-OX. | Xuan Gao Aaron E Walworth Charity Mackie Guo-qing Song | 2016 | Horticulture Research2016，3，1： | 6 |
| 11 | Retrotransposon-mediated DELLA transcriptional reprograming underlies semi-dominant dwarfism in foxtail millet显示文摘Retrotransposons account for a large proportion of the genome and genomic variation, and play key roles in creating novel genes and diversifying the genome in many eukaryotic species. Although retrotransposons are abundant in plants, their roles had been underestimated because of a lack of research. Here, we characterized a gibberellin Acid (GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant, 84133, in foxtail millet. Map-based cloning revealed a 5.5-kb Copia-like retrotransposon insertion in DWARF1 (D1), which encodes a DELLA protein. Transcriptional analysis showed that the Copia retrotransposon mediated the transcriptional reprogramming of D1 leading to a novel N-terminal-deleted truncated DELLA transcript that was putatively driven by Copia's LTR, namely D1-TT, and another chimeric transcript. The presence of D1-TT was confirmed by protein immunodetection analysis. Furthermore, D1-TT protein was resistant to GA3 treatment compared with the intact DELLA protein due to its inability to interact with the GA receptor, SiGID1. Overexpression of D1-TT in foxtail millet resulted in dwarf plants, confirming that it determines the dwarfism of 84133. Thus, our study documents a rare instance of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon-mediated transcriptional reprograming in the plant kingdom. These results shed light on the function of LTR retrotransposons in generating new gene functions and genetic diversity. | Meicheng Zhao Hui Zhi Xue Zhang Guanqing Jia Xianmin Diao | 2019 | The Crop Journal2019，7，4： | 5 |
| 12 | 竹类植物Dwarf 14(D14)基因的多态性分析显示文摘独脚金内酯(SL)是一种新型的植物激素,可调控植物分枝。DWARF14(D14)蛋白可作为该激素受体,也可以在该激素信号传导过程中起一定作用。为研究D14基因与竹类植物地下茎类型的相关性,通过基因克隆和生物信息学手段,分析具有不同地下茎类型(散生型、丛生型和混生型)的17种竹种材料中该基因序列变异。结果表明,各竹种中D14基因均含有2个外显子和1个内含子,序列间同源性为92.57%,c DNA序列的同源性为98.97%,氨基酸序列的同源性为98.61%。所编码的蛋白序列均含催化中心的保守氨基酸(Ser147、Asp268和His297)及包裹SL裂解物的氨基酸残基(Phe186、Val194、Trp205、Tyr209、Phe245和Ser270)。DNA序列富含单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,SNP的频率为1SNP/22 bp,多样性指数πCDS为0.01476。其中,7个SNP位点能将丛生竹与其他2个类型的竹区分开来。基于D14基因的基因组序列所构建的系统进化树基本能反映供试材料的地下茎类型,该研究有助于了解竹类植物不同地下茎类型的分子差异,为提高竹笋产量提供了理论依据。 | 龚莺 陈虹君 许在恩 郭小勤 | 2018 | 核农学报2018，32，1： | 5 |
| 13 | 一种DWARF格式行号调试信息解析方法显示文摘调试系统是嵌入式芯片配套基础软件的重要组成部分。而调试系统的核心是对可执行文件中调试信息的解析以及对调试信息的管理。DWARF调试信息格式是一种普遍使用的调试信息格式,它可以以压缩的二进制格式存储调试信息,并具有丰富的表达形式。BWDSP芯片是一款自主开发的高性能通用DSP,其调试系统使用一种自主创新的方法解析DWARF行号调试信息。经实践证明,该方法可以高效正确地解析出DWARF行号调试信息。 | 林广栋 刘谷 王强 刘玉 | 2014 | 现代计算机(中旬刊)2014，，9： | 4 |
| 14 | The complete sequence of a sugarcane mosaic virus isolate causing maize dwarf mosaic disease in China显示文摘The complete sequence of a potyvirus from maize in Zhejiang Province was determined. The RNA was 9596 nucleotides long, excluding the 3′-poly (A) tail, and there was a single long open reading frame (ORF) of 9192 nts encoding a 346.1 ku polyprotein. The polyprotein had substantial amino acid sequence homology with those encoded by the RNAs of a Chinese isolate of sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV-C) and a Bulgarian isolate of maize dwarf mosaic virus, but it was most closely related to sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) isolates, for which only partial sequences have been published. According to the published criteria for distinguishing potyviruses, the sequence reported here is clearly a strain of SCMV, but it also showed a surprisingly high amino acid homology with SrMV-C in the HC-Pro, P3 and CI proteins. | 程晔 陈炯 陈剑平 | 2002 | Science China(Life Sciences)2002，45，3： | 4 |
| 15 | Breeding with dominant genic male-sterility genes to boost crop grain yield in the post-heterosis utilization era显示文摘APPLICABLE CROP DGMS TECHNOLOGY IN THE POST-HETEROSIS UTILIZATION ERA,The global population is predicted to grow by 25%and reach 10 billion by the mid-21st century(Hickey et al.,2019).To meet the food demands of the growing population with limited agricultural land and fresh water resources,greater and more consistent crop production under fluctuating climate conditions,including various environmental stresses,must be achieved by reducing resource inputs and minimizing environmental impacts(Bailey-Serres et al.t 2019).Thanks to the extensive use of semi-dwarf Green Revolution varieties and single-cross hybrids of major crops(e.g.,rice and maize),grain yield has increased steeply over the past 60 years(Figure 1A and 1B).For example。 | Xiangyuan Wan Suowei Wu Xiang Li | 2021 | Molecular Plant2021，14，4： | 4 |
| 16 | Apple dwarfing rootstocks exhibit an imbalance in carbohydrate allocation and reduced cell growth and metabolism显示文摘Apple dwarfing rootstocks cause earlier shoot termination and reduced root and shoot mass.To identify physiological factors responsible for rootstock-induced growth restriction,we compared vascular-enriched gene expression between two dwarfing rootstocks(‘M27’and‘M9’)and the vigorous rootstock‘M793’using RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR.Differentially expressed genes common to both dwarfing rootstocks belonged to five main biological processes:(1)primary metabolism,(2)cell wall synthesis and modification,(3)secondary metabolism,(4)hormone signalling and response and(5)redox homeostasis.Genes promoting the biosynthesis of amino acids,lipids and cell walls were downregulated in dwarfing rootstocks,whereas genes promoting the breakdown of these compounds were upregulated.The only exception to this trend was the upregulation of starch synthesis genes in dwarfing rootstocks.Non-structural carbohydrate analysis demonstrated that starch concentrations in‘M9’roots,stems and grafted‘Royal Gala’(‘RG’)scions were double that of equivalent tissues from‘RG’homo-grafted trees(‘RG’/‘RG’).Fructose and glucose concentrations were much lower in all three tissues of the‘RG’/‘M9’trees.Together,these data indicate that dwarfing rootstocks are in a state of sugar depletion and reduced cellular activity despite having large starch reserves.Another significant finding was the over-accumulation of flavonoids and the downregulation of auxin influx transporters MdAUX1 and MdLAX2 in dwarfing rootstocks.We propose that both factors reduce polar auxin transport.The results of this study contribute novel information about the physiological state of dwarfing rootstocks. | Toshi M Foster Peter A McAtee Chethi N Waite Helen L Boldingh Tony K McGhie | 2017 | Horticulture Research2017，4，1： | 4 |
| 17 | Genetic Analysis of a Dwarf Vine and Small Fruit Watermelon Mutant显示文摘The dwarf vine and small fruit watermelon, referred to as ‘dsh' in this study, is a natural mutant of the ordinary watermelon, ‘Hanxuan Lvyuan'.Morphological assessment indicated that its main vine length, internode length, and single-fruit weight were significantly lower than those of the ordinary watermelon(P < 0.05). After crossing the mutant with two ordinary watermelons, following by inbreeding the F_1 and backcrossing(BC)F_1 to ‘dsh', the F_1, F_2, and BC generations were obtained. Genetic analysis of vine type and single-fruit weight showed that the F_1 generation consisted of long-vine plants, with single-fruit weight significantly higher than that of the ordinary parent watermelon(P < 0.05). The long and short vine plant ratios of the F_2 and BC populations conform to the Mendel's segregation ratios of 3:1 and 1:1(P > 0.05), respectively. It was suggested that this dwarf and small fruit mutation was a single recessive gene trait that followed a Mendel's inheritance. | LI Yuge XU Aijiao DONG Wei LI Zhi LI Guoshen | 2016 | Horticultural Plant Journal2016，2，4： | 4 |
| 18 | An insight into dwarfing mechanism:contribution of scion-rootstock interactions toward fruit crop improvement显示文摘Grafting has been commonly practiced for many centuries in the cultivation of horticultural crops.The use of dwarfing rootstocks has enabled a high-density plantation to produce maximum yield.Rootstock regulates scion phenotype,including precocity,fruit size,yield,quality characteristics,and tolerance to various environmental stresses.This review summarizes the existing information on the influence of rootstocks on scion growth and dwarfing mechanisms induced by multiple factors,including hormone signaling,photosynthesis,mineral transport,water relations,anatomical characteristics,and genetic markers.It has been shown that the complex interactions between scion and rootstock can regulate plant development and its structure.This information will provide interesting insights for future research related to rootstock-mediated dwarfing mechanisms and accelerate the breeding progress of dwarfing rootstocks. | Faisal Hayat Shahid Iqbal Daouda Coulibaly Muhammad Khuram Razzaq Muhammad Azher Nawaz Weibing Jiang Ting Shi Zhihong Gao | 2021 | Fruit Research2021，1，1： | 3 |
| 19 | Maize WI5 encodes an endo-1,4-β-xylanase required for secondary cell wall synthesis and water transport in xylem显示文摘Water transport from roots to leaves through xylem is important for plant growth and development.Defects in water transport can cause drought stress,even when there is adequate water in the soil.Here,we identi-fied the maize(Zea mays)wilty5(wi5)mutant,which ex-hibits marked dwarfing and leaf wilting throughout most of its life cycle under normal growth conditions.wilty5 seed-lings exhibited lower xylem conductivity and wilted more rapidly under drought,NaCl,and high temperature treat-ments than wild-type plants.Map-based cloning revealed that WI5 encodes an active endo-1,4-β-xylanase from gly-cosyl dehydration family 10,which mainly functions in degrading and reorganizing cell wall xylan.Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction andβ-glucuronidase assays revealed that WI5 is highly expressed in stems,especially in internodes undergoing secondary wall as-sembly.RNA sequencing suggested that WI5 plays a unique role in internode growth.Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy confirmed that wi5 is defective in xylan deposition and secondary cell wall thickening.Lignin deposition and xylan content were markedly re-duced in wi5 compared to the wild-type plants.Our results suggest that WI5 functions in xylem cell wall thickening through its xylanase activity and thereby regulates xylem water transport,the drought stress response,and plant growth in maize. | Xiaojiao Hu Yang Cui Xiaomin Lu Weibin Song Lei Lei Jinjie Zhu Jinsheng Lai Lizhu E Haiming Zhao | 2020 | Journal of Integrative Plant Biology2020，62，10： | 3 |
| 20 | Effect of Rice Breeding Process on Improvement of Yield and Quality in China显示文摘Rice,Oryza sativa,is a major global food staple,90%of which is cultivated in Asian countries.Its two major subspecies are japonica and indica,differing in geographical distribution and morphological characteristics(Wang W S et al,2018).The indica subspecies occupies 90%of the rice cultivation area,as opposed to only 10%occupied by the japonica subspecies,which is mainly distributed in northern China,Japan and Korea(Xu and Chen,2016).China is the only country in which japonica and indica are of equal importance.Two-thirds of the rice grown in China is indica,which is cultivated mostly in low-altitude and low-latitude regions,and one-third is japonica,farmed prevalently in high-altitude and high-latitude regions(Wang Y H et al,2018).After the introduction of semi-dwarf gene sdl,the ideal plant architecture breeding and the application of the Fi hybrid,accompanied by the improvement of cultivation methods and field management。 | Fei Cheng Xu Quan Xu Zhengjin Chen Wenfu | 2020 | Rice science2020，27，5： | 3 |
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