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| 1 | The first offshore natural gas hydrate production test in South China Sea显示文摘Natural gas hydrates (NGH)is one of key future clean energy resources.Its industrialized development will help remit the huge demand of global natural gas,relieve the increasing pressure of the environment, and play a vital role in the green sustainable growth of human societies.Based on nearly two decades' studying on the reservoir characteristics in the South China Sea (SCS)and the knowledge of reservoir system,the China Geological Survey (CGS)conducted the first production test on an optimal target selected in Shenhu area SCS in 2017.Guided by the 'three-phase control'exploitation theory which focused on formation stabilization,technologies such as formation fluid extraction,well drilling and completing, reservoir stimulating,sand controlling,environmental monitoring,monitoring and preventing of secondary formation of hydrates were applied.The test lasted for 60 days from May 10^th when starting to pump, drop pressure and ignite to well killing on July 9^th,with gas production of 3.09×10^5 m^3 in total,which is a world record with the longest continuous duration of gas production and maximal gas yield.This successful test brings a significant breakthrough on safety control of NGH production. | Jin-fa Li Jian-liang Ye Xu-wen Qin Hai-jun Qiu Neng-you Wu Hai-long Lu Wen-wei Xie Jing-an Lu Fei Peng Zhen-qiang Xu Cheng Lu Zeng-gui Kuang Jian-gong Wei Qian-yong Liang Hong-feng Lu Bei-bei Kou | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，1： | 117 |
| 2 | Preliminary results of environmental monitoring of the natural gas hydrate production test in the South China Sea显示文摘Natural gas hydrate (NGH)is considered as one of the new clean energy sources of the 21st century with the highest potential.The environmental issues of NGH production have attracted the close attention of scientists in various countries.From May 10 to July 9,2017,the first offshore NGH production test in the South China Sea (SCS)was conducted by the China Geological Survey.In addition,environmental security has also been effectively guaranteed via a comprehensive environmental monitoring system built during the NGH production test.The monitoring system considered sea-surface atmosphere methane and carbon dioxide concentrations,dissolved methane in the sea water column,and the seafloor physical oceanography and marine chemistry environment.The whole process was monitored via multiple means, in multiple layers,in all domains,and in real time.After the production test,an environmental investigation was promptly conducted to evaluate the environmental impact of the NGH production test. The monitoring results showed that the dissolved methane concentration in seawater and the near-seabed environment characteristics after the test were consistent with the background values,indicating that the NGH production test did not cause environmental problems such as methane leakage. | Jian-liang Ye Xu-wen Qin Hai-jun Qiu Qian-yong Liang Yi-fei Dong Jian-gong Wei Hai-long Lu Jing-an Lu Yao-hong Shi Chao Zhong Zhen Xia | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，2： | 19 |
| 3 | Study on the recovery of hydrogen from refinery (hydrogen+methane) gas mixtures using hydrate technology显示文摘A novel technique for separating hydrogen from (H2 + CH4) gas mixtures through hydrate formation/dissociation was proposed. In this work, a systematic experimental study was performed on the separation of hydrogen from (H2 + CH4) feed mixtures with various hydrogen contents (mole fraction x = 40%-90%). The experimental results showed that the hydrogen content could be enriched to as high as ~94% for various feed mixtures using the proposed hydrate technology under a temperature slightly above 0℃ and a pressure below 5.0 MPa. With the addition of a small amount of suitable additives, the rate of hydrate formation could be increased significantly. Anti-agglomeration was used to disperse hydrate particles into the condensate phase. Instead of preventing hydrate growth (as in the kinetic inhibitor tests), hydrates were allowed to form, but only as small dispersed particles. Anti-agglomeration could keep hydrate particles suspended in a range of condensate types at 1℃ and 5 MPa in the water-in-oil emulsion. | WANG XiuLin CHEN GuangJin YANG LanYing ZHANG LinWei | 2008 | Science China Chemistry2008，51，2： | 17 |
| 4 | A/B型流感病毒治疗药物——帕拉米韦水合物(Peramivir hydrate)显示文摘帕拉米韦水合物是美国BioCryst公司开发的以流感病毒表面糖蛋白神经氨酸酶为作用靶点的新型环戊烷类抗流感病毒制剂,是世界首个静脉给药制剂,日本盐野义制药株式会社自美国BioCryst公司引进本品,将其作为流感病毒感染症治疗药物在日本国内进行开发。 | 赵丽嘉 王利华 胡雅萍 陈常青 | 2010 | 药物评价研究2010，33，5： | 17 |
| 5 | Experimental simulations and methods for natural gas hydrate analysis in China显示文摘This paper provides an overview of the developments in analytical and testing methods and experimental simulations on gas hydrate in China.In the laboratory,the analyses and experiments of gas hydrate can provide useful parameters for hydrate exploration and exploitation.In recent years,modem analytical instruments and techniques,including Laser Raman spectroscopy (Raman),X-ray diffraction (XRD),X-ray computed tomography (X-CT),scanning electron microscope (SEM),nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),were applied in the study of structure,formation mechanisms,phase equilibrium,thermal physical properties and so forth of gas hydrates.The detection technology and time-domain reflectometry (TDR)technique are integrated to the experimental devices to study the physical parameters of gas hydrates,such as the acoustics,resistivity,thermal,and mechanical properties.It is believed that the various analytical techniques together with the experimental simulations from large-scale to micro-scale on gas hydrate will play a significant role and provide a powerful support for future gas hydrate researches. | Neng-you Wu Chang-ling Liu Xi-luo Hao | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，1： | 16 |
| 6 | Distribution of gas hydrate reservoir in the first production test region of the Shenhu area,South China Sea显示文摘In May and July of 2017,China Geological Survey (CGS),and Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey (GMGS)carried out a production test of gas hydrate in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea and acquired a breakthrough of two months continuous gas production and nearly 3.1×10^5 m^3 of production. The gas hydrate reservoir in the Shenhu area of China,is mainly composed of fine-grained clay silt with low permeability,and very difficult for exploitation,which is very different from those discovered in the USA,and Canada (both are conglomerate),Japan (generally, coarse sand)and India (fracture-filled gas hydrate).Based on 3D seismic data preserved-amplitude processing and fine imaging,combined with logging-while-drilling (LWD)and core analysis data,this paper discusses the identification and reservoir characterization of gas hydrate orebodies in the Shenhu production test area.We also describe the distribution characteristics of the gas hydrate deposits and provided reliable data support for the optimization of the production well location.Through BSR feature recognition,seismic attribute analysis, model based seismic inversion and gas hydrate reservoir characterization,this paper describes two relatively independent gas hydrate orebodies in the Shenhu area,which are distributed in the north-south strip and tend to be thicker in the middle and thinner at the edge.The effective thickness of one orebody is bigger but the distribution area is relatively small.The model calculation results show that the distribution area of the gas hydrate orebody controlled by W 18/W 19 is about 11.24 km^2,with an average thickness of 19 m and a maximum thickness of 39 m,and the distribution area of the gas hydrate orebody controlled by W11/W17 is about 6.42 km^2,with an average thickness of 26 m and a maximum thickness of 90 m. | Ru-wei Zhang Jing-an Lu Pen-fei Wen Zeng-gui Kuang Bao-jin Zhang Hua Xue Yun-xia Xu Xi Chen | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，4： | 15 |
| 7 | Progress in Global Gas Hydrate Development and Production as a New Energy Resource显示文摘Natural gas hydrates have been hailed as a new and promising unconventional alternative energy,especially as fossil fuels approach depletion,energy consumption soars,and fossil fuel prices rise,owing to their extensive distribution,abundance,and high fuel efficiency.Gas hydrate reservoirs are similar to a storage cupboard in the global carbon cycle,containing most of the world's methane and accounting for a third of Earth's mobile organic carbon.We investigated gas hydrate stability zone burial depths from the viewpoint of conditions associated with stable existence of gas hydrates,such as temperature,pressure,and heat flow,based on related data collected by the global drilling programs.Hydrate-related areas are estimated using various biological,geochemical and geophysical tools.Based on a series of previous investigations,we cover the history and status of gas hydrate exploration in the USA,Japan,South Korea,India,Germany,the polar areas,and China.Then,we review the current techniques for hydrate exploration in a global scale.Additionally,we briefly review existing techniques for recovering methane from gas hydrates,including thermal stimulation,depressurization,chemical injection,and CH4-CO2 exchange,as well as corresponding global field trials in Russia,Japan,United States,Canada and China.In particular,unlike diagenetic gas hydrates in coarse sandy sediments in Japan and gravel sediments in the United States and Canada,most gas hydrates in the northem South China Sea are non-diagenetic and exist in fine-grained sediments with a vein-like morphology.Therefore,especially in terms of the offshore production test in gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area in the north slope of the South China Sea,Chinese scientists have proposed two unprecedented techniques that have been verified during the field trials:solid fluidization and formation fluid extraction.Herein,we introduce the two production techniques,as well as the so-called'fbur-in-one'environmental monitoring system employed during the Shenhu production test.Methane is not currently commercially produced from gas hydrates anywhere in the world;therefore,the objective of field trials is to prove whether existing techniques could be applied as feasible and economic production methods for gas hydrates in deep-water sediments and permafrost zones.Before achieving commercial methane recovery from gas hydrates,it should be necessary to measure the geologic properties of gas hydrate reservoirs to optimize and improve existing production techniques.Herein,we propose horizontal wells,multilateral wells,and cluster wells improved by the vertical and in dividual wells applied during existing field trials.It is noteworthy that relatively pure gas hydrates occur in seafloor mounds,within near-surface sediments,and in gas migration conduits.Their extensive distribution,high saturation,and easy access mean that these types of gas hydrate may attract considerable attention from academia and industry in the future.Herein,we also review the occurrence and development of concentrated shallow hydrate accumulations and briefly introduce exploration and production techniques.In the closing section,we discuss future research needs,key issues,and major challenges related to gas hydrate exploration and production.We believe this review article provides insight on past,present,and future gas hydrate exploration and production to provide guidelines and stimulate new work into the field of gas hydrates. | LIU Liping SUN Zhilei ZHANG Lei WU Nengyou Yichao Qin JIANG Zuzhou GENG Wei CAO Hong ZHANG Xilin ZHAI Bin XU Cuiling SHEN Zhicong JIA Yonggang | 2019 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2019，93，3： | 13 |
| 8 | METHANE STORAGE VIA HYDRATE FORMATION USING CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE AS ADDITIVE显示文摘 | 郭彦坤 樊栓狮 郭开华 石磊 陈勇 | 2002 | 化工学报2002，53，5： | 12 |
| 9 | Effect of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles on hydrate formation: Insight from the experimental study显示文摘Invasion of drilling fluid into natural gas hydrate deposits during drilling might damage the reservoir,induce hydrate dissociation and then cause wellbore instability and distortion of the data from well logging. Adding nanoparticles into drilling fluid is an effective method in reducing the invasion of drilling fluid and enhancing borehole stability. However, the addition of nanoparticles might also introduce hydrate formation risk in borehole because they can act as the 'seeds' for hydrate nucleation. This paper presents an experimental study of the effect of hydrophilic silica nanoparticle on gas hydrate formation in a dynamic methane/liquid-water system. In the experiment, the ultrapure water with and without1.0 wt%–6.0 wt% concentrations of silica nanoparticles, grain sizes of 20 and 50 nm, were pressurized by methane gas under varied conditions of temperature and pressure. The induction time, the gas consumption, and the average rate of gas consumption in the system were measured and compared to those in ultrapure water. The results show that a concentration of 4.0 wt% hydrophilic SiO_2 particles with a grain size of 50 nm has a relatively strong inhibition effect on hydrate formation when the initial experimental condition is 5.0 °C and 5.0 MPa. Compared to ultrapure water, the hydrophilic nano-SiO_2 fluid increases the induction time for hydrate formation by 194% and decreases the amount and average rate of hydrate formation by 10% and 17%, respectively. This inhibition effect may be attributed to the hydrophilicity,amount and aggregation of silica nanoparticle according to the results of water activity and zeta potential measurements. Our work also elucidates hydrophilic, instead of hydrophobic, nanoparticles can be added to the drilling fluid to maintain wellbore stability and to protect the hydrate reservoir from drilling mud damage, because they exhibit certain degree of hydrate inhibition which can reduce the risk of hydrate reformation and aggregation during gas hydrate or deep water drilling if their concentration can be controlled properly. | Ren Wang Tianle Liu Fulong Ning Wenjia Ou Ling Zhang Zhen Wang Li Peng Jiaxin Sun Zhichao Liu Tianshu Li Huicui Sun Guosheng Jiang | 2019 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2019，28，3： | 12 |
| 10 | Undrained shear strength evaluation for hydrate-bearing sediment overlying strata in the Shenhu area, northern South China Sea显示文摘The undrained shear strength of shallow strata is a critical parameter for safety design in deep-water operations.In situ piezocone penetration tests(CPTU) and laboratory experiments are performed at Site W18-19 in the Shenhu area, northern South China Sea, where China's first marine hydrate exploitation operation is due to be located. The validation of the undrained shear strength prediction model based on CPTU parameters. Different laboratory tests, including pocket penetrometer, torvane, miniature vane and unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests, are employed to solve empirical cone coefficients by statistical and mathematical methods. Finally, an optimized model is proposed to describe the longitudinal distribution of undrained shear strength in calcareous clay strata in the Shenhu area. Research results reveal that average empirical cone coefficients based on total cone resistance, effective resistance, and excess-pore pressure are 13.8, 4.2 and 14.4, respectively. The undrained shear strength prediction model shows a good fit with the laboratory results only within specific intervals based on their compaction degree and gas-bearing conditions. The optimized prediction model in piecewise function format can be used to describe the longitudinal distribution of the undrained shear strength for calcareous clay within all depth intervals from the mud-line to the upper boundary of hydrate-bearing sediments(HBS). The optimized prediction result indicates that the effective cone resistance model is suitable for very soft to firm calcareous clays,the excess-pore pressure model can depict the undrained shear strength for firm to very stiff but gas-free clays,while the total cone resistance model is advantageous for evaluating the undrained shear strength for very stiff and gassy clays. The optimized model in piecewise function format can considerably improve the adaptability of empirical models for calcareous clay in the Shenhu area. These results are significant for safety evaluations of proposed hydrate exploitation projects. | Yanlong Li Gaowei Hu Nengyou Wu Changling Liu Qiang Chen Chen'an Li | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，3： | 12 |
| 11 | Simulating the Effect of Hydrate Dissociation on Wellhead Stability During Oil and Gas Development in Deepwater显示文摘It is well known that methane hydrate has been identified as an alternative resource due to its massive reserves and clean property. However, hydrate dissociation during oil and gas development(OGD) process in deep water can affect the stability of subsea equipment and formation. Currently, there is a serious lack of studies over quantitative assessment on the effects of hydrate dissociation on wellhead stability. In order to solve this problem, ABAQUS finite element software was used to develop a model and to evaluate the behavior of wellhead caused by hydrate dissociation. The factors that affect the wellhead stability include dissociation range, depth of hydrate formation and mechanical properties of dissociated hydrate region. Based on these, series of simulations were carried out to determine the wellhead displacement. The results revealed that, continuous dissociation of hydrate in homogeneous and isotropic formations can causes the non-linear increment in vertical displacement of wellhead. The displacement of wellhead showed good agreement with the settlement of overlying formations under the same conditions. In addition, the shallower and thicker hydrate formation can aggravate the influence of hydrate dissociation on the wellhead stability. Further, it was observed that with the declining elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, the wellhead displacement increases. Hence, these findings not only confirm the effect of hydrate dissociation on the wellhead stability, but also lend support to the actions, such as cooling the drilling fluid, which can reduce the hydrate dissociation range and further make deepwater operations safer and more efficient. | LI Qingchao CHENG Yuanfang ZHANG Huaiwen YAN Chuanliang LIU Yuwen | 2018 | Journal of Ocean University of China2018，17，1： | 11 |
| 12 | A sand-production control system for gas production from clayey silt hydrate reservoirs显示文摘Sand production is a crucial problem during the process of extracting natural gas from hydrate reservoirs. To deal with sand-production problems systematically, a sand-production control system (SCS) is first proposed in this paper, specialized for pore-distributed clayey silt hydrate reservoirs. Secondly, a nodal system analysis method (NSAM) is applied to analyze the sand migration process during hydrate exploitation. The SCS is divided into three sub-systems, according to different sand migration mechanisms, and three key scientific problems and advances in SCS research in China Geological Survey are reviewed and analyzed. The maximum formation sanding rate, proper sand-control gravel size, and borehole blockage risk position were provided for clayey hydrate exploitation wells based on the SCS analysis. The SCS sub-systems are closely connected via bilateral coupling, and coordination of the subsystems is the basis of maintaining formation stability and prolonging the gas production cycle. Therefore, contradictory mitigation measures between sand production and operational systems should be considered preferentially. Some novel and efficient hydrate exploitation methods are needed to completely solve the contradictions caused by sand production. | Yan-long Li Neng-you Wu Fu-long Ning Gao-wei Hu Chang-ling Liu Chang-yin Dong Jing-an Lu | 2019 | China Geology2019，2，2： | 11 |
| 13 | Fundamental mechanisms and phenomena of clathrate hydrate nucleation显示文摘Insights into the mechanism of hydrate nucleation are of great significance for the development of hydrate-based technologies,hydrate relevant flow assurance,and the exploration of in situ natural gas hydrates.Compared with the thermodynamics of hydrate formation,understanding the nucleation mechanism is challenging and has drawn substantial attention in recent decades.In this paper,we attempt to give a comprehensive review of the recent progress of studies of clathrate hydrate nucleation.First,the existing hypotheses on the hydrate nucleation mechanism are introduced and discussed.Then,we summarize recent experimental studies on induction time,a key parameter evaluating the velocity of the nucleation process.Subsequently,the memory effect is particularly discussed,followed by the suggestion of several promising research perspectives. | Jinlong Cui Zhenfeng Sun Xiaohui Wang Bin Yu Shudong Leng Guangjin Chen Changyu Sun | 2019 | Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2019，27，9： | 11 |
| 14 | Mechanical Properties of Methane Hydrate-Bearing Interlayered Sediments显示文摘The complex distribution of gas hydrate in sediments makes understanding the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments a challenging task.The mechanical behaviors of hydrate-bearing interlayered sediments are still poorly known.A series of triaxial shearing tests were conducted to investigate the strength parameters and deformation properties of methane hydrate-bearing interlayered sediments at the effective pressure of 1 MPa.The results indicate that the stress-strain curves of hydrate-bearing interlayered sediments are significantly different from that of hydrate-bearing sediments.The peak strength,Young's modulus,initial yielding modulus,and failure mode are deeply affected by the methane hydrate distribution.The failure behaviors and mechanism of strain softening and hardening patterns of the interlayered specimens are more complicated than those of the integrated specimens.This study compares the different mechanical behaviors between integrated and interlayered specimens containing gas hydrate,which can serve as a reference for the prediction and analysis of the deformation behaviors of natural gas hydrate reservoirs. | DONG Lin LI Yanlong LIU Changling LIAO Hualin CHEN Guoqi CHEN Qiang LIU Lele HU Gaowei | 2019 | Journal of Ocean University of China2019，18，6： | 11 |
| 15 | Reviews of gas hydrate inhibitors in gas-dominant pipelines and application of kinetic hydrate inhibitors in China显示文摘During the development and application of natural gas,hydrate plugging the pipelines is a very important issue to solve.Currently,adding thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors(THIs)and kinetic hydrate inhibitors(KHIs)in gas-dominated pipelines is a main way to prevent hydrate plugging of flow lines.This paper mainly reviews the efforts to develop THIs and KHIs in the past 20 years,compare the role of various THIs,such as methanol,ethylene glycol and electrolyte,and give the tips in using.The direction of KHIs is toward high efficiency,low toxicity,low pollution and low cost.More than a hundred inhibitors,including polymers,natural products and ionic liquids,have been synthesized in the past decade.Some of them have better performance than the current commercial KHIs.However,there are still few problems,such as the complex synthesis process,high cost and low solubility,impeding the commercialization of these inhibitors.The review also summarized some application of KHIs in China.Research of KHIs in China began late.There are no KHIs used in gas pipelines.Only a few field tests have been carried out.In the end of this paper,the field test of self-developed KHIs by China is summarized,and the guidance is given according to the application results. | Yanhong Wang Shuanshi Fan Xuemei Lang | 2019 | Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2019，27，9： | 11 |
| 16 | Large borehole with multi-lateral branches: A novel solution for exploitation of clayey silt hydrate显示文摘Raising the in situ decomposition rate of natural gas hydrate and increasing the decomposition contact area are two main ways to raise the productivity of hydrate. An exploitation technique based on large borehole with multi-lateral branches (LB & MB) was proposed in this paper. This technique is mainly intended for the clayey silt hydrate reservoir in the South China Sea, and its main purpose is to alleviate the sand output from formation for maintaining the stability of the reservoir and to greatly increase the gas productivity of the reservoir. In this paper, the following aspects were mainly expounded: definition of the basic geometric parameters for layout of multi-lateral branches in clayey silt hydrate reservoir, simulation of the stimulation effect of a typical well profile with two branches, and prediction and simulation of the reservoir failure risk in a well profile with eight branches. The results show that the LB & MB effectively improves the flow field in the formation, raises the productivity of the reservoir and may also help to decrease the produced water-gas ratio (WGR). When the lateral branches spacing is too small, the failure zones around adjacent lateral branches overlap each other, possibly causing reservoir failure in a larger range. Therefore, the geometric parameters of multi-lateral branches depend on the dual control of the productivity and geotechnical risk factor of reservoir. Further study is being carried out, so as to obtain the optimal combination of parameters of multi-lateral branches. | Yan-long Li Yi-zhao Wan Qiang Chen Jia-xin Sun Neng-you Wu Gao-wei Hu Fu-long Ning Pei-xiao Mao | 2019 | China Geology2019，2，3： | 10 |
| 17 | Multi-factor sensitivity analysis on the stability of submarine hydrate-bearing slope显示文摘There are many factors affecting the instability of the submarine hydrate-bearing slope (SHBS),and the interaction with hydrate is very complicated.In this paper,the mechanical mechanism of the static liquefaction and instability of submarine slope caused by the dissociation of natural gas hydrate (NGH) resulting in the rapid increase of pore pressure of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) and the decrease of effective stress are analyzed based on the time series and type of SHBS.Then,taking the typical submarine slope in the northern South China Sea as an example,four important factors affecting the stability of SHBS are selected,such as the degree of hydrate dissociation,the depth of hydrate burial,the thickness of hydrate,and the depth of seawater.According to the principle of orthogonal method,25 orthogonal test schemes with 4 factors and 5 levels are designed and the safety factors of submarine slope stability of each scheme are calculated by using the strength reduction finite element method.By means of the orthogonal design range analysis and the variance analysis,sensitivity of influential factors on stability of SHBS are obtained.The results show that the degree of hydrate dissociation is the most sensitive,followed by hydrate burial depth,the thickness of hydrate and the depth of seawater.Finally,the concept of gas hydrate critical burial depth is put forward according to the influence law of gas hydrate burial depth,and the numerical simulation for specific submarine slope is carried out,which indicates the existence of critical burial depth. | Liang Kong Zhen-fei Zhang Qing-meng Yuan Qian-yong Liang Yao-hong Shi Jin-qing Lin | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，3： | 10 |
| 18 | Authigenic gypsum found in gas hydrate-associated sediments from Hydrate Ridge, the eastern North Pacific显示文摘Characteristic gypsum micro-sphere and granular mass were discovered by bin-ocular microscope in the gas hydrate-associated sediments at cores SO143-221 and SO143/TVG40-2A respectively on Hydrate Ridge of Cascadia margin, the eastern North Pacific. XRD patterns and EPA analyses show both micro-sphere and granular mass of the crystals have the typical peaks and the typical main chemical compositions of gypsum, although their weight percents are slightly less than the others in the non-gas hydrate-associated marine regions. SEM pictures show that the gypsum crystals have clear crystal boundaries, planes, edges and cleav-ages of gypsum in form either of single crystal or of twin crystals. In view of the fact that there are meanwhile gas hydrate-associated authigenic carbonates and SO42--rich pore water in the same sediment cores, it could be inferred reasonably that the gypsums formed also authigenically in the gas hydrate-associated environment too, most probably at the interface between the down-ward advecting sulfate-rich seawater and the below gas hydrate, which spilled calcium during its formation on Hydrate Ridge. The two distinct forms of crystal intergrowth, which are the granular mass of series single gypsum crystals at core SO143/TVG40-2A and the microsphere of gypsum crystals accompanied with detrital components at core SO143-221 respectively, indicate that they precipitated most likely in different interstitial water dynamic environments. So, the distinct authigenic gypsums found in gas hydrate-associated sediments on Hydrate Ridge could also be believed as one of the parameters which could be used to indicate the presence of gas hydrate in an unknown marine sediment cores. | Erwin Suess Dirk Rickert | 2004 | Science China Earth Sciences2004，47，3： | 10 |
| 19 | A short review on natural gas hydrate, kinetic hydrate inhibitors and inhibitor synergists显示文摘Gas hydrate-caused pipeline plugging is an industrial nuisance for petroleum flow assurance that calls for technological innovations.Traditional thermodynamic inhibitors such as glycols and inorganic salts suffer from high dosing,environmental unfriendliness,corrosiveness,and economical burden.The development and use of kinetic hydrate inhibitors(KHIs),mostly polymeric compounds,with their inhibiting effects on hydrate nucleation and growth are considered an effective and economically viable chemical treatment for hydrate prevention.However,the actual performance of a KHI candidate is dependent on various factors including its chemical structure,molecular weight,spatial configuration,effective concentration,pressure and temperature,evaluation methods,use of other additives,etc.This review provides a short but systematic overview of the fundamentals of natural gas hydrates,the prevailing categories of polymeric kinetic hydrate inhibitors with proposed inhibition mechanisms,and the various synergists studied for boosting the KHI performance.Further research endeavors are in need to unveil the KHI working modes under different conditions.The conjunctive use of KHIs and synergists may facilitate the commercial application of effective KHIs to tackle the hydrate plugging problem in the oil and gas flow assurance practices. | Wei Ke Daoyi Chen | 2019 | Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2019，27，9： | 10 |
| 20 | Kinetic studies of gas hydrate formation with low-dosage hydrate inhibitors显示文摘Pipeline blockage by gas hydrates is a serious problem in the petroleum industry.Low-dosage inhibitors have been developed for its cost-effective and environmentally acceptable characteristics.In a 1.072-L reactor with methane,ethane and propane gas mixture under the pressure of about 8.5 MPa at 4 °C,hydrate formation was investigated with low-dosage hydrate inhibitors PVP and GHI1,the change of the compressibility factor and gas composition in the gas phase was analyzed,the gas contents in hydrates were compared with PVP and GHI1 added,and the inhibition mechanism of GHI1 was discussed.The results show that PVP and GHI1 could effectively inhibit the growth of gas hydrates but not nucleation.Under the experimental condition with PVP added,methane and ethane occupied the small cavities of the hydrate crystal unit and the ability of ethane entering into hydrate cavities was weaker than that of methane.GHI1 could effectively inhibit molecules which could more readily form hydrates.The ether and hydroxy group of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether have the responsibility for stronger inhibition ability of GHI1 than PVP. | TANG CuiPing 1,2,DAI XingXue 1,2,DU JianWei 1,2,LI DongLiang 1,2,ZANG XiaoYa 1,2,YANG XiangYang 1 & LIANG DeQing 1 1 Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion,Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China 2 Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China | 2010 | Science China Chemistry2010，53，12： | 9 |
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