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| 1 | Helper T cell differentiation显示文摘CD4^(+)T helper cells are key regulators of host health and disease.In the original model,specialized subsets of T helper cells are generated following activation through lineage-specifying cytokines and transcriptional programs,but recent studies have revealed increasing complexities for CD4^(+)T-cell differentiation.Here,we first discuss CD4^(+)T-cell differentiation from a historical perspective by highlighting the major studies that defined the distinct subsets of T helper cells.We next describe the mechanisms underlying CD4^(+)T-cell differentiation,including cytokine-induced signaling and transcriptional networks.We then review current and emerging topics of differentiation,including the plasticity and heterogeneity of T cells,the tissue-specific effects,and the influence of cellular metabolism on cell fate decisions.Importantly,recent advances in cutting-edge approaches,especially systems biology tools,have contributed to new concepts and mechanisms underlying T-cell differentiation and will likely continue to advance this important research area of adaptive immunity. | Jordy Saravia Nicole M.Chapman Hongbo Chi | 2019 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2019，16，7： | 25 |
| 2 | The leaf size/number trade-off in herbaceous angiosperms显示文摘Aims In this study,we examined the extent to which between-species leaf size variation relates to variation in the intensity of leaf production in herbaceous angiosperms.Leaf size variation has been most commonly interpreted in terms of biomechanical constraints(e.g.affected by plant size limitations)or in terms of direct adaptation associated with leaf size effects in optimizing important physiological functions of individual leaves along environmental gradients(e.g.involving temperature and moisture).An additional interpretation is explored here,where adaptation may be more directly associated with the number of leaves produced and where relatively small leaf size then results as a trade-off of high‘leafing intensity’—i.e.number of leaves produced per unit plant body size.Methods The relationships between mean individual leaf mass,number of leaves and plant body size were examined for 127 species of herbaceous angiosperms collected from natural populations in southern Ontario,Canada.Important Findings In all,88%of the variation in mean individual leaf mass across species,spanning four orders of magnitude,is accounted for by a negative isometric(proportional)trade-off relationship with leafing intensity.These results parallel those reported in recent studies of woody species.Because each leaf is normally associated with an axillary bud or meristem,having a high leafing intensity is equivalent to having a greater number of meristems per unit body size—i.e.a larger‘bud bank’.According to the‘leafing intensity premium’hypothesis,because an axillary meristem represents the potential to produce either a new shoot or a reproductive structure,high leafing intensity should confer greater architectural and/or reproductive plasticity(with relatively small leaf size required as a trade-off).This greater plasticity,we suggest,should be especially important for smaller species since they are likely to suffer greater suppression of growth and reproduction from competition within multi-species vegetation.Accordingly,we tested and found support for the prediction that smaller species have not just smaller leaves generally but also higher leafing intensities,thus conferring larger bud banks,i.e.more meristems per unit plant body size. | Thea Whitman Lonnie W.Aarssen | 2010 | Journal of Plant Ecology2010，3，1： | 24 |
| 3 | Synapse formation and remodeling显示文摘Synapses are specialized structures that mediate information flow between neurons and target cells,and thus are the basis for neuronal system to execute various functions,including learning and memory.There are around 1011 neurons in the human brain,with each neuron receiving thousands of synaptic inputs,either excitatory or inhibitory.A synapse is an asymmetric structure that is composed of pre-synaptic axon terminals,synaptic cleft,and postsynaptic compartments.Synapse formation involves a number of cell adhesion molecules,extracellular factors,and intracellular signaling or structural proteins.After the establishment of synaptic connections,synapses undergo structural or functional changes,known as synaptic plasticity which is believed to be regulated by neuronal activity and a variety of secreted factors.This review summarizes recent progress in the field of synapse development,with particular emphasis on the work carried out in China during the past 10 years(1999-2009). | LUO ZhenGe Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200031,China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，3： | 22 |
| 4 | Th17 plasticity and its changes associated with inflammatory bowel disease显示文摘CD4 T helper(Th) cell differentiation into distinct T cell subsets is critical to the normal function of the immune system. Until recently,the paradigm held that na?ve T cells differentiated into distinct subsets under the guidance of environmental cues(e.g.,cytokines) and that once polarized,these cells were committed to a particular functional state. However,the existence of transdifferentiated T cell populations,which express signature transcription factors and cytokines associated with more than one Th subset,challenges the immutability of T helper subsets and suggests that plasticity is a feature of multifaceted immune responses. How this process impacts immune dysregulation in diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) and the machinery that underlies this process is far from fully understood. Interleukin(IL)-17 secreting helper T(Th17) cells have been heavily implicated in tissue-specific immune pathology including murine models of IBD,human Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Plasticity within this subset is suggested by the existence of IL-17 secreting cells,which,can also secrete interferon-γ,the signature cytokine for Th1 cells or,can co-express the anti-inflammatory transcription factor forkhead box p3,a signature transcription factor of regulatory T cells. In this review we mainly discuss evidence for Th17 plasticity,mechanisms,which govern it,and highlight the potential to therapeutically target this process in human IBD. | Aito Ueno Abhisek Ghosh Daniel Hung Ji Li Humberto Jijon | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，43： | 23 |
| 5 | Progress in neural plasticity显示文摘One of the properties of the nervous system is the use-dependent plasticity of neural circuits.The structure and function of neural circuits are susceptible to changes induced by prior neuronal activity,as reflected by short-and long-term modifications of synaptic efficacy and neuronal excitability.Regarded as the most attractive cellular mechanism underlying higher cognitive functions such as learning and memory,activity-dependent synaptic plasticity has been in the spotlight of modern neuroscience since 1973 when activity-induced long-term potentiation(LTP) of hippocampal synapses was first discovered.Over the last 10 years,Chinese neuroscientists have made notable contributions to the study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity,as well as of the plasticity beyond synapses,including activity-dependent changes in intrinsic neuronal excitability,dendritic integration functions,neuron-glia signaling,and neural network activity.This work highlight some of these significant findings. | POO Mu-Ming | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，3： | 21 |
| 6 | Progress in clinical trials of cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury:how many questions remain unanswered?显示文摘Spinal cord injury can lead to severe motor,sensory and autonomic nervous dysfunctions.However,there is currently no effective treatment for spinal cord injury.Neural stem cells and progenitor cells,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,olfactory ensheathing cells,umbilical cord blood stem cells,adipose stem cells,hematopoietic stem cells,oligodendrocyte precursor cells,macrophages and Schwann cells have been studied as potential treatments for spinal cord injury.These treatments were mainly performed in animals.However,subtle changes in sensory function,nerve root movement and pain cannot be fully investigated with animal studies.Although these cell types have shown excellent safety and effectiveness in various animal models,sufficient evidence of efficacy for clinical translation is still lacking.Cell transplantation should be combined with tissue engineering scaffolds,local drug delivery systems,postoperative adjuvant therapy and physical rehabilitation training as part of a comprehensive treatment plan to provide the possibility for patients with SCI to return to normal life.This review summarizes and analyzes the clinical trials of cell transplantation therapy in spinal cord injury,with the aim of providing a rational foundation for the development of clinical treatments for spinal cord injury. | Xu-Chang Hu Yu-Bao Lu Yong-Na Yang Xue-Wen Kang Yong-Gang Wang Bing Ma Shuai Xing | 2021 | Neural Regeneration Research2021，16，3： | 18 |
| 7 | An enriched environment promotes synaptic plasticity and cognitive recovery after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice显示文摘Cerebral ischemia activates an endogenous repair program that induces plastic changes in neurons. In this study, we investigated the effects of environmental enrichment on spatial learning and memory as well as on synaptic remodeling in a mouse model of chronic cerebral ischemia, produced by subjecting adult male C57 BL/6 mice to permanent left middle cerebral artery occlusion. Three days postoperatively, mice were randomly assigned to the environmental enrichment and standard housing groups. Mice in the standard housing group were housed and fed a standard diet. Mice in the environmental enrichment group were housed in a cage with various toys and fed a standard diet. Then, 28 days postoperatively, spatial learning and memory were tested using the Morris water maze. The expression levels of growth-associated protein 43, synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 in the hippocampus were analyzed by western blot assay. The number of synapses was evaluated by electron microscopy. In the water maze test, mice in the environmental enrichment group had a shorter escape latency, traveled markedly longer distances, spent more time in the correct quadrant(northeast zone), and had a higher frequency of crossings compared with the standard housing group. The expression levels of growth-associated protein 43, synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 were substantially upregulated in the hippocampus in the environmental enrichment group compared with the standard housing group. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed that environmental enrichment increased the number of synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. Collectively, these findings suggest that environmental enrichment ameliorates the spatial learning and memory impairment induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Environmental enrichment in mice with cerebral ischemia likely promotes cognitive recovery by inducing plastic changes in synapses. | Chuan-Jie Wang Yi Wu Qun Zhang Ke-Wei Yu Yu-Yang Wang | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，3： | 14 |
| 8 | Glutamate receptor delocalization in postsynaptic membrane and reduced hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease显示文摘Mounting evidence suggests that synaptic plasticity provides the cellular biological basis of learning and memory, and plasticity deficits play a key role in dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms by which synaptic dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease remain unclear. In the present study, Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice were used to determine the relationship between decreased hippocampal synaptic plasticity and pathological changes and cognitive-behavioral deterioration, as well as possible mechanisms underlying decreased synaptic plasticity in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease-like diseases. APP/PS1 double transgenic(5 XFAD; Jackson Laboratory) mice and their littermates(wild-type, controls) were used in this study. Additional 6-weekold and 10-week-old 5 XFAD mice and wild-type mice were used for electrophysiological recording of hippocampal dentate gyrus. For10-week-old 5 XFAD mice and wild-type mice, the left hippocampus was used for electrophysiological recording, and the right hippocampus was used for biochemical experiments or immunohistochemical staining to observe synaptophysin levels and amyloid beta deposition levels. The results revealed that, compared with wild-type mice, 6-week-old 5 XFAD mice exhibited unaltered long-term potentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Another set of 5 XFAD mice began to show attenuation at the age of 10 weeks, and a large quantity of amyloid beta protein was accumulated in hippocampal cells. The location of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subunits in synaptosomes was decreased. These findings indicate that the delocalization of postsynaptic glutamate receptors and an associated decline in synaptic plasticity may be key mechanisms in the early onset of Alzheimer's disease. The use and care of animals were in strict accordance with the ethical standards of the Animal Ethics Committee of Capital Medical University,China on December 17, 2015(approval No. AEEI-2015-182). | Ning Li Yang Li Li-Juan Li Ke Zhu Yan Zheng Xiao-Min Wang | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，6： | 14 |
| 9 | Prospects for intelligent rehabilitation techniques to treat motor dysfunction显示文摘More than half of stroke patients live with different levels of motor dysfunction after receiving routine rehabilitation treatments.Therefore,new rehabilitation technologies are urgently needed as auxiliary treatments for motor rehabilitation.Based on routine rehabilitation treatments,a new intelligent rehabilitation platform has been developed for accurate evaluation of function and rehabilitation training.The emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques can promote the development of motor function rehabilitation in terms of informatization,standardization,and intelligence.Traditional assessment methods are mostly subjective,depending on the experience and expertise of clinicians,and lack standardization and precision.It is therefore difficult to track functional changes during the rehabilitation process.Emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques provide objective and accurate functional assessment for stroke patients that can promote improvement of clinical guidance for treatment.Artificial intelligence and neural networks play a critical role in intelligent rehabilitation.Multiple novel techniques,such as braincomputer interfaces,virtual reality,neural circuit-magnetic stimulation,and robot-assisted therapy,have been widely used in the clinic.This review summarizes the emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques for the evaluation and treatment of motor dysfunction caused by nervous system diseases. | Cong-Cong Huo Ya Zheng Wei-Wei Lu Teng-Yu Zhang Dai-Fa Wang Dong-Sheng Xu Zeng-Yong Li | 2021 | Neural Regeneration Research2021，16，2： | 12 |
| 10 | PARTICULATE SIZE EFFECTS IN THE PARTICLE-REINFORCED METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES显示文摘The influences of particle size on the mechanical properties of theparticulate metal matrix composite are obviously displayed in the experimental ob-servations. However, the phenomenon can not be predicted directly using the conven-tional elastic-plastic theory. It is because that no length scale parameters are involvedin the conventional theory. In the present research, using the strain gradient plas-ticity theory, a systematic research of the particle size effect in the particulate metalmatrix composite is carried out. The roles of many composite factors, such as: theparticle size, the Young’s modulus of the particle, the particle aspect ratio and vol-ume fraction, as well as the plastic strain hardening exponent of the matrix material,are studied in detail. In order to obtain a general understanding tor the compos-ite behavior, two kinds of particle shapes, ellipsoid and cylinder, are considered tocheck the strength dependence of the smooth or non-smooth particle surface. Finally,the prediction results will be applied to the several experiments about the ceramicparticle-reinforced metal-matrix composites. The material length scale parameter ispredicted. | 魏悦广 | 2001 | Acta Mechanica Sinica2001，17，1： | 12 |
| 11 | Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China显示文摘Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studies about the mechanisms of neuron-glia crosstalking to investigations on the roles of glial cells in various CNS disorders. | DUAN ShuMin Institute of Neuroscience,State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai China,200031 | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，3： | 11 |
| 12 | Early constraint-induced movement therapy affects behavior and neuronal plasticity in ischemia-injured rat brains显示文摘Constraint-induced movement therapy is an effective rehabilitative training technique used to improve the restoration of impaired upper extremity movement after stroke. However, whether constraint-induced movement therapy is more effective than conventional rehabilitation in acute or sub-acute stroke remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to identify the optimal time to start constraint-induced movement therapy after ischemic stroke and to explore the mechanisms by which constraint-induced movement therapy leads to post-stroke recovery. Sixty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-surgery group, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, early constraint-induced movement therapy group, and late constraint-induced movement therapy group. Rat models of left middle cerebral artery occlusion were established according to the Zea Longa line embolism method. Constraint-induced movement therapy was conducted starting on day 1 or day 14 in the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups, respectively. To explore the effect of each intervention time on neuromotor function, behavioral function was assessed using a balance beam walking test before surgery and at 8 and 21 days after surgery. The expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and Nogo receptor were evaluated using real time-polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay to assess the effect of each intervention time. The results showed that the behavioral score was significantly lower in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group than in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups at 8 days. At 21 days, the scores had significantly decreased in the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups. At 8 days, only mild pyknosis appeared in neurons of the ischemic penumbra in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group, which was distinctly better than in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group. At 21 days, only a few vacuolated cells were observed and no obvious inflammatory cells were visible in late constraint-induced movement therapy group, which was much better than at 8 days. The mRNA and protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor were significantly higher, but expression levels of Nogo receptor were significantly lower in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group compared with the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups at 8 days. The changes in expression levels at 21 days were larger but similar in both the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups. Besides, the protein nerve growth factor level was higher in the late constraint-induced movement therapy group than in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group at 21 days. These results suggest that both early(1 day) and late(14 days) constraint-induced movement therapy induces molecular plasticity and facilitates functional recovery after ischemic stroke, as illustrated by the histology. The mechanism may be associated with downregulation of Nogo receptor expression and upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor expression. | Xi-Hua Liu Hong-Yan Bi Jie Cao Shuo Ren Shou-Wei Yue | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，5： | 11 |
| 13 | Impaired Hypothalamic Regulation of Sympathetic Outflow in Primary Hypertension显示文摘The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus(PVN) is a crucial region involved in maintaining homeostasis through the regulation of cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and other functions. The PVN provides a dominant source of excitatory drive to the sympathetic outflow through innervation of the brainstem and spinal cord in hypertension. We discuss current findings on the role of the PVN in the regulation of sympathetic output in both normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The PVN seems to play a major role in generating the elevated sympathetic vasomotor activity that is characteristic of multiple forms of hypertension, including primary hypertension in humans. Recent studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model have revealed an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs to PVN presympathetic neurons as indicated by impaired inhibitory and enhanced excitatory synaptic inputs in hypertension.This imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs in the PVN forms the basis for elevated sympathetic outflow in hypertension. In this review, we discuss the disruption of balance between glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs and the associated cellular and molecular alterations as mechanisms underlying the hyperactivity of PVN pre-sympathetic neurons in hypertension. | Jing-Jing Zhou Hui-Jie Ma Jian-Ying Shao Hui-Lin Pan De-Pei Li | 2019 | Neuroscience Bulletin2019，35，1： | 11 |
| 14 | Two-dimensional materials for synaptic electronics and neuromorphic systems显示文摘Synapses in biology provide a variety of functions for the neural system. Artificial synaptic electronics that mimic the biological neuron functions are basic building blocks and developing novel artificial synapses is essential for neuromorphic computation. Inspired by the unique features of biological synapses that the basic connection components of the nervous system and the parallelism, low power consumption, fault tolerance, self-learning and robustness of biological neural systems, artificial synaptic electronics and neuromorphic systems have the potential to overcome the traditional von Neumann bottleneck and create a new paradigm for dealing with complex problems such as pattern recognition, image classification, decision making and associative learning. Nowadays, two-dimensional(2 D) materials have drawn great attention in simulating synaptic dynamic plasticity and neuromorphic computing with their unique properties. Here we describe the basic concepts of bio-synaptic plasticity and learning, the 2 D materials library and its preparation. We review recent advances in synaptic electronics and artificial neuromorphic systems based on 2 D materials and provide our perspective in utilizing 2 D materials to implement synaptic electronics and neuromorphic systems in hardware. | Shuiyuan Wang David Wei Zhang Peng Zhou | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，15： | 10 |
| 15 | Constraint-induced movement therapy enhances AMPA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in the ipsilateral hemisphere following ischemic stroke显示文摘Constraint-induced movement therapy(CIMT)can promote the recovery of motor function in injured upper limbs following stroke,which may be associated with upregulation ofα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor(AMPAR)at synapses in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex in our previous study.However,AMPAR distribution is tightly regulated,and only AMPARs on the postsynaptic membrane can mediate synaptic transmission.We speculated that synaptic remodeling induced by movement-associated synaptic activity can promote functional recovery from stroke.To test this hypothesis,we compared AMPAR expression on the postsynaptic membrane surface in a rat model of ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)with versus without CIMT,which consisted of daily running wheel training for 2 weeks starting on day 7 after MCAO.The results showed that CIMT increased the number of glutamate receptor(Glu R)2-containing functional synapses in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex,and reduced non-Glu R2 AMPARs in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex and hippocampal CA3 region.In addition,CIMT enhanced AMPAR expression on the surface of post-synaptic membrane in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex and hippocampus.Thus,CIMT promotes the recovery of motor function of injured upper limbs following stroke by enhancing AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in the ischemic hemisphere.These findings provide supporting evidence for the clinical value of CIMT for restoring limb movement in stroke patients.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Department of Laboratory Animal Science of Fudan University,China(approval No.201802173 S)on March 3,2018. | Jian Hu Pei-Le Liu Yan Hua Bei-Yao Gao Yu-Yuan Wang Yu-Long Bai Chan Chen | 2021 | Neural Regeneration Research2021，16，2： | 9 |
| 16 | Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases显示文摘A major feature of neurodegeneration is disruption of central nervous system homeostasis,during which microglia play diverse roles.In the central nervous system,microglia serve as the first line of immune defense and function in synapse pruning,injury repair,homeostasis maintenance,and regulation of brain development through scavenging and phagocytosis.Under pathological conditions or various stimulations,microglia proliferate,aggregate,and undergo a variety of changes in cell morphology,immunophenotype,and function.This review presents the features of microglia,especially their diversity and ability to change dynamically,and reinterprets their role as sensors for multiple stimulations and as effectors for brain aging and neurodegeneration.This review also summarizes some therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases that target microglia. | Yu Xu Ming-Zhu Jin Ze-Yong Yang Wei-Lin Jin | 2021 | Neural Regeneration Research2021，16，2： | 9 |
| 17 | Atorvastatin combined with low-dose dexamethasone for vascular endothelial cell dysfunction induced by chronic subdural hematoma显示文摘Atorvastatin has been shown to be a safe and effective non-surgical treatment option for patients with chronic subdural hematoma.However,treatment with atorvastatin is not effective in some patients,who must undergo further surgical treatment.Dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects,and low dosages are safe and effective for the treatment of many diseases,such as ankylosing spondylitis and community-acquired pneumonia.However,the effects of atorvastatin and low-dose dexamethasone for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma remain poorly understood.Hematoma samples of patients with chronic subdural hematoma admitted to the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University of China were collected and diluted in endothelial cell medium at 1:1 as the hematoma group.Atorvastatin,dexamethasone,or their combination was added to the culture medium.The main results were as follows:hopping probe ion conductance microscopy and permeability detection revealed that the best dosages to improve endothelial cell permeability were 0.1μM atorvastatin and 0.1μM dexamethasone.Atorvastatin,dexamethasone,or their combination could markedly improve the recovery of injured endothelial cells.Mice subcutaneously injected with diluted hematoma solution and then treated with atorvastatin,dexamethasone,or their combination exhibited varying levels of rescue of endothelial cell function.Hopping probe ion conductance microscopy,western blot assay,and polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the status of human cerebral endothelial cell status and expression level of tight junction protein indicated that atorvastatin,dexamethasone,or their combination could reduce subcutaneous vascular leakage caused by hematoma fluid.Moreover,the curative effect of the combined treatment was significantly better than that of either single treatment.Expression of Krüppel-like factor 2 protein in human cerebral endothelial cells was significantly increased,as was expression of the tight junction protein and vascular permeability marker vascular endothelial cadherin in each treatment group compared with the hematoma stimulation group.Hematoma fluid in patients with chronic subdural hematoma may damage vascular endothelial cells.However,atorvastatin combined with low-dose dexamethasone could rescue endothelial cell dysfunction by increasing the expression of tight junction proteins after hematoma injury.The effect of combining atorvastatin with low-dose dexamethasone was better than that of atorvastatin alone.Increased expression of Krüppel-like factor 2 may play an important role in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma.The animal protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Tianjin Medical University of China on July 31,2016(approval No.IRB2016-YX-036).The study regarding human hematoma samples was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University of China on July 31,2018(approval No.IRB2018-088-01). | Yue-Shan Fan Bo Wang Dong Wang Xin Xu Chuang Gao Ying Li Shu Zhang Gui-Li Yang Xiao Liu Rong-Cai Jiang Jian-Ning Zhang | 2021 | Neural Regeneration Research2021，16，3： | 9 |
| 18 | Effects of crystallization fractions on mechanical properties of Zr-based metallic glass matrix composites显示文摘The Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 (at.%) bulk metallic glass composites with various crystallization fractions were prepared by pretreating the bulk metallic glassy samples with pulsing current, and then by isothermal annealing at near initial crystallization temperature for different periods of time. The precipitations and crystallization fractions were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and their effects on mechanical properties of the composite were studied by microhardness, uniaxial compression test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results show that the primary precipitate is quasicrystalline phase and other metastable phases including Be2Zr, Zr2Cu and FCC would precipitate subsequently. In the initial crystallization process, in which the crystallization fraction increases from 0 to 8.2%, both fracture strength and plastic strain increase, with the maximum plastic strain up to 6.4%. When the crystallization fraction is larger than 8.2%, the fracture strength and the plastic strain decrease sharply. Furthermore, the alloy with low crystallization fraction is fractured by shearing, while for high crystallization fraction it is fractured by splitting and cleavage. The results show that the mechanical properties of the glassy alloy could be optimized by controlling the processing parameters. | QIU ShengBao1,2, YAO KeFu1 & GONG Pan1 1 KLAMPT, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 2 Institute of Industry Technology, Guangzhou & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China | 2010 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2010，53，3： | 9 |
| 19 | Lycium barbarum polysaccharides related RAGE and Aβ levels in the retina of mice with acute ocular hypertension and promote maintenance of blood retinal barrier显示文摘Our previous study verified the protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides(LBP)on retinal neurons and blood vessels in acute ocular hypertension(AOH)mice.To investigate the effect of LBP on the reactivity of retinal glial cells,an AOH mouse model was established in one eye by maintaining ocular hypertension of 90 mm Hg for 60 minutes.Either LBP solution(1 mg/kg)or phosphate-buffered saline was administrated to the mice by gavage daily,starting 7 days before the AOH insult and continuing until the mice were sacrificed for specimen collection on day 4 post-insult.After AOH insult,increased numbers of astrocytes and microglia were observed,together with decreased expression of the following glial cell biomarkers in the retinal ganglion cells of AOH mice:glial fibrillary acidic protein,glutamine synthetase,aquaporin-4,S-100 proteins,ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1,amyloid precursor protein and receptor of advanced glycosylation end-products.After intervention with LBP,the above changes were significantly reduced.Remarkably,morphological remodeling of blood vessel-associated retinal astrocytes,marked by glial fibrillary acidic protein,was also observed.These results,taken together,suggest that LBP regulated the production of amyloid-βand expression of receptor of advanced glycosylation end-products,as well as mediating the activity of retinal glial cells,which may lead to the promotion of better maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier and improved neuronal survival in AOH insult.This study was approved by the Committee for the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research(approval No.CULTRA-#1664-08). | Xue-Song Mi Qian Feng Amy Cheuk Yin Lo Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang Sookja Kim Chung Kwok-Fai So | 2020 | Neural Regeneration Research2020，15，12： | 8 |
| 20 | Brain plasticity after peripheral nerve injury treatment with massage therapy based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging显示文摘Massage therapy is an alternative treatment for chronic pain that is potentially related to brain plasticity.However,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.We established a peripheral nerve injury model in rats by unilateral sciatic nerve transection and direct anastomosis.The experimental rats were treated over the gastrocnemius muscle of the affected hindlimb with a customized massage instrument(0.45 N,120 times/min,10 minutes daily,for 4 successive weeks).Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that compared with control rats,the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the affected limb was significantly lower after sciatic nerve transection.However,amplitudes were significantly higher in the massage group than in a sham-massage group.These findings suggest that massage therapy facilitated adaptive change in the somatosensory cortex that led to the recovery of peripheral nerve injury and repair.This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China(approval No.201701001)on January 12,2017. | Xiang-Xin Xing Mou-Xiong Zheng Xu-Yun Hua Shu-Jie Ma Zhen-Zhen Ma Jian-Guang Xu | 2021 | Neural Regeneration Research2021，16，2： | 8 |
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