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| 1 | Physiological effects of weightlessness: countermeasure system development for a long-term Chinese manned spaceflight显示文摘The Chinese space station will be built around 2020. As a national space laboratory, it will offer unique opportunities for studying the physiological effects of weightlessness and the efficacy of the countermeasures against such effects. In this paper, we described the development of countermeasure systems in the Chinese space program. To emphasize the need of the Chinese space program to implement its own program for developing countermeasures, we reviewed the literature on the negative physiological effects of weightlessness, the challenges of completing missions, the development of countermeasure devices, the establishment of countermeasure programs, and the efficacy of the countermeasure techniques in American and Russian manned spaceflights. In addition, a brief overview was provided on the Chinese research and development on countermeasures to discuss the current status and goals of the development of countermeasures against physiological problems associated with weightlessness. | Linjie Wang Zhili Li Cheng Tan Shujuan Liu Jianfeng Zhang Siyang He Peng Zou Weibo Liu Yinghui Li | 2019 | Frontiers of Medicine2019，13，2： | 9 |
| 2 | Effect of long-term weightlessness on retina and optic nerve in tail-suspension rats显示文摘AIM: To evaluate the effect of long-term weightlessness on retina and optic nerve in tail-suspension(TS) rats.METHODS: A stimulated weightlessness model was established by suspending rats' tail. After 12 wk, the ultrastructure and the number of optic nerve axons were observed by transmission electron microscope. The number of survival retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) was calculated by fluorescent gold retrograde labeling. Retina cells apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. The function of optic nerve and retina was evaluated by the visual evoked potential(VEP) and oscillatory potentials(Ops).RESULTS: The optic nerve axons were swollen and sparsely aligned, and the lamellar separation and myelin disintegration occurred after 12 wk in TS rats. The density of optic nerve axons was 32.23±3.92(vs 37.43±4.13, P =0.0145), the RGCs density was 1645 ±46 cells/mm2(vs1867±54 cells/mm2P=0.0000), the incidence rate of retinal cells apoptosis was 5.38%±0.53%(vs 4.75%±0.54%, P =0.0238), the amplitude of VEP-P100 was 15.43 ±2.14 μV(vs 17.67 ±2.17 μV, P =0.0424), the latency of VEP-P100 was 69.05±5.34ms(vs 62.43±4.87 ms P =0.0143) and the sum amplitude of Ops was 81.05 ±8.34 μV(vs 91.67 ±10.21 μV, P =0.0280) in TS group and the control group,respectively.CONCLUSION: Long-term weightlessness can induce the ultrastructural changes and functional depress of the optic nerve, as well as retinal cell damages in TS rats. | Hong-Wei Zhao Jun Zhao Lian-Na Hu Jing-Nan Liang Yuan-Yuan Shi Chuang Nie Chang-Yu Qiu Xin-Shuai Nan Yu-Xin Li Fu-Lin Gao Yi Liu Yu Dong Ling Luo | 2016 | International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition)2016，9，6： | 5 |
| 3 | Influences of traditional Chinese medicine intervention on the bone growth and metabolism of rats with simulated weightlessness显示文摘Objective:To prohe into the influences of Chinese herbal compound on the growth and metabolism of weight-bearing bones of tail-suspended rats.Methods:Twenty-four male St) rats were randomly divided into blank conlrol group leighti.tail-suspended conlrol group(eight) and Chinese medicine treatment group leighti according to their weights.No treatment was done for the blank conlrol group.Double distilled water lavage was performed daily for the tail-suspended control group.On the basis of the tail-suspended rat model,the rats were given Chinese herbal compound lavage every day in Chinese medicine treatment group.This compound includes mulberry,Poria cocas and barbary wolfberry.etc.The lest cycle was four weeks.The rats were killed after the experiment.The right femoral bone was taken out for the physical measurements, and the left femoral bone was for the three-point beading test.The influences of Chinese herbal compound on femoral hone growth and biomechanicsl properties of simulated weightlessness rats were observed.Results:(1) After simulated weightlessness(tail-suspension),compared with the blank control group,all the physiological indexes of rat femoral bone decreased in tailsuspended group and Chinese medicine treatment group(P<0.05).The strength and rigidity of rat femoral bone decreased in tail-suspended group(P<0.01).the maximum load and rigidity coefficient also decreased with the inereasing toughness coefficient in the control group(P<0.01). i2i After the countermeasure of Chinese herbal compound,each biomcchanical indexes showed the tendency of increasing in Chinese medicine treatment group,and theses indexes were close to those of the blank control group(P<0.05),which indicated that(he bone loss caused by simulated weightlessness was improved.Conclusions:Chinese herbal compound for tonifying kidney could effectively prevent the bone loss and have some enhancements on the bone hiomechanical properties. | Jun Zhu | 2013 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2013，6，3： | 4 |
| 4 | Acclimation during spaceflight:effects on human emotion显示文摘Recently,studies on the extent to which spaceflight affects the psychology of individuals has received attention.In order to reveal the mental challenges that humans face in space,we need practical viewpoints to integrate the psychological effects,behavior,performance and the environment itself for space exploration.The present review discusses the individual variables related to space psychology and manned spaceflight,in addition to their growing trends.These items include patterns of emotional changes in extreme environments and the approaches to evaluating emotions.Moreover,the review concludes with suggested future research on emotion during spaceflight and its analogs.These data and information are needed to plan for the exploration of the Moon and Mars,along with contributions to the construction of the international space station(ISS) and astronaut training. | Qing Liu Ren-Lai Zhou Xin Zhao Xiao-Ping Chen Shan-Guang Chen | 2016 | Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China)2016，31，3： | 3 |
| 5 | Several Theoretical and Applied Problems of Human Extreme Physiology:Mathematical Modeling显示文摘Human cardiovascular system(CVS)and hemodynamics are critically sensitive to essential alterations of mechanical inertial forces in directions of head-legs(+Gz)or legs-head(-Gz).Typically,such alterations appear during pilotage maneuvers of modern high maneuverable airspace vehicles(HMAV).The vulnerability of pilots or passengers of HMAV to these altering forces depends on their three main characteristics:amplitude,dynamics,and duration.Special protections,proposed to minimize this vulnerability,should be improved in parallel with the increasing of these hazardous characteristics of HMAVs.Empiric testing of novel protection methods and tools is both expensive and hazardous.Therefore computer simulations are encouraged.Autonomic software(AS)for simulating and theoretical investigating of the main dynamic responses of human CVS to altering Gz is developed.AS is based on a system of quantitative mathematical models(QMM)consisting of about 1300 differential and algebraic equations.QMM describes the dynamics of both CVS(the cardiac pump function,baroreceptor control of parameters of cardiovascular net presented by means of lumped parameter vascular compartments)and non-biological variables(inertial forces,and used protections).The main function of AS is to provide physiologist-researcher by visualizations of calculated additional data concerning characteristics of both external and internal environments under high sustained accelerations and short-time microgravity.Additionally,AS can be useful as an educational tool able to show both researchers and young pilots the main hemodynamic effects caused by accelerations and acute weightlessness with and without use of different protection tools and technics.In this case,AS does help users to optimize training process aimed to ensure optimal-like human tolerance to the altered physical environment.Main physiological events appearing under different scenarios of accelerations and microgravity have been tested. | Grygoryan R.D. | 2021 | Journal of Human Physiology2021，3，2： | 1 |
| 6 | SPACE BIOMEDICAL STUDIES IN CHINA显示文摘Chinese scientists paid great attention to the study about space life science in 1996-1997.Several biomedical experiments in this field were completed in Chinese recoverable satellites or in a Russian biosatellite. The effect of microgravity and space radiation on Chinese silkworm eggs, plants, seeds and tomato DNA mutation was investigated in space. Head down bed rest of human body was applied to simulate weightlessness to study cardiovascular function, electrogastrogram,thermoregulation on the ground. Space motion sickness was also studied by means of swinging, optokinetic stimulation on the ground. | YANG Tian-de(Institute of Space Medico-Engineering, Beijing 100094) | 1998 | 空间科学学报1998，18，S1： | 0 |
| 7 | Numerical investigation of Weber number and gravity effects on fluid flow and heat transfer of successive droplets impacting liquid film显示文摘Droplet-based high heat flux dissipation technique under multi-gravitational environments has gained increasing research attention due to the increased requirements of heat dissipation in advanced air-/space-borne electronics.In this paper,a threedimensional model was developed to investigate the impact of continuous droplets on liquid film under various Weber numbers and gravity loads.In other words,the effects of Weber number and gravity load on the flow and heat transfer characteristics were investigated.The results demonstrated that the dissipated heat flux was positively correlated with both Weber number and gravity load.A large Weber number indicated larger kinetic energy of a droplet,leading to a greater disturbance on the impacted film area.When the Weber number was doubled,the average wall heat flux could be enhanced by 36.3%.In addition,the heat flux could be boosted by 5.4%when the gravity load ranged from 0 to 1g.Moreover,a weightless condition suppressed the vapor escape rates on the heating wall where the volume fraction of the vapor on the wall could increase by 20%under 0g,leading to deteriorated heat transfer performance.The novelty in this paper lies in the accurate three-dimensional modeling of an aerospaceoriented droplet impacting two-phase heat transfer and fluid dynamics,associating macro-scale thermal performance to microscale thermophysics mechanisms.The findings of this study could guide the development of aerospace-borne spray cooling facilities for advanced aerospace thermal management. | WANG JiXiang QIAN Jian CHEN Xia LI EnHui CHEN YongPing | 2023 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2023，66，2： | 0 |
| 8 | Method for passivation of propellant residues in orbital stage tank of launch vehicle显示文摘The problem of removing unused liquid propellant residues from the tanks of spent spacecraft and orbital stages of Launch Vehicles(LV)leads to their explosion and the formation of space debris in orbits.To provide a solution to this problem,a method for removing liquid propellant residues from the LV tanks after the mission completion is proposed.The method is based on the gasification of liquid propellant residues in the tanks under acoustic-vacuum exposure and the discharge of the gasification products into the surrounding outer space.Experimental investigations were carried out on a Ground-based Experimental Installation(GEI)to determine the coefficient of heat transfer from the surface of an acoustic radiator to a liquid.The obtained coefficient was then used to calculate the energy costs for the gasification of kerosene.Numerical estimates are given on the example of the tank with kerosene residues from a spent second stage of the LV“Soyuz-2.1 v”.The optimal discharge rate at which kerosene does not freeze is 0.14 m^(3)/s.Moreover,the acoustic exposure leads to an increase in the mass of evaporated kerosene over a given time by96.1%,and the energy costs are 1756.7 kJ(approximately 50% of the remaining electrical energy). | Valeriy TRUSHLYAKOV Ivan LESNYAK Alexey PANICHKIN | 2024 | Chinese Journal of Aeronautics2024，37，1： | 0 |
| 9 | A Journey towards Collaborative Culture Development:How to Be Weightless Despite Academic Gravity显示文摘In science,gravity refers to the universal force of attraction acting on and between all matter.No one on earth can escape the force of gravity.In a similar vein,the stringent requirements of publications,research grants,and research output in the academic world can be metaphorically described as“academic gravity,”the force of which pushes university academics to struggle and strive in pursuit of excellence just to survive in the changing landscape of higher education governed by neo-liberalism and managerialism.This article describes the journey of a junior academic staff member in an Asian university as he coped with various difficulties in establishing a collaborative culture in his department(i.e.,the Faculty of Education).Working with a senior colleague(Sunshine-mother hereafter)in the same department,Author 1 began to recognize the importance of collegial collaboration in teacher education generally and in his academic life specifically.However,although he tried his utmost to develop a culture of collaboration amongst his colleagues,he struggled to cope with the tension and stress exerted by academic gravity(i.e.,publication production and the pursuit of tenure).Drawing on data collected from a teaching development project and adopting a reflective autobiographic approach,this article delineates the collaborative relationship between Author 1 and Sunshine-mother,exemplifying the important roles that coaching and a free rein(i.e.,weightlessness)play in the development of junior teacher-educators under the strong pressure of academic gravity. | FUNG Dennis LIANG Weijun(Tim) | 2021 | Frontiers of Education in China2021，16，1： | 0 |
| 10 | Fos expression in the medullary visceral zone following transient decrease of blood pressure in rats under simulated weightlessness显示文摘Objective: To observe Fos expression after transient decrease of blood pressure in catecholaminergic neurons of the medullary visceral zone(MVZ) in simulated weightlessness rats. Methods: Simulated weightlessness was abtained by tail suspension for 4 weeks, and transient decrease of blood pressure was induced by intravenous injection of sodium nitroprusside. Fos expression in catechlaminergic neurons of MVZ were visualized by an immunohistochemical double-labeling technique with anti-Fos and anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibodies. Results: The decrease of blood pressure in the simulated weightlessness rats resulted in Fos expression in many neurons of the medulla oblongata, and they were primarily localized in the MVZ. In the MVZ, Fos-positive neurons were concentrated in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and ventrolateral region of the medulla (VLM). On the other hand, the numbers of Fos-positive neurons in MVZ were smaller than that of control rats (treated with tail suspension or intravenous injection of sodium nitroprusside only). Although some TH-positive neurons were found to be Fos-positive, the proportion of TH/Fos double-labeled neurons was much lower than that of the control rats; intensity of TH-like immunoreactivity was also reduced. Conclusion: The decrease of Fos-positive neurons and proportion of catechlaminergic neurons expressing Fos protein may result from decrease of parasympathetic activity in the simulated weightlessness rats. | 宿长军 暴军香 饶志仁 张立藩 | 2000 | Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China)2000，15，1： | 0 |
| 11 | EFFECT OF SIMULATED WEIGHTLESSNESS ON THE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN BRAIN显示文摘In order to systematically investigate the effects of simulated weightlessness on thefunction state of human brain, 15° head-down tilt (HDT) was used to simulate weightless-ness, and the response changes of event-related EEG power spectra, medium-frequencysynchronous potentials and slow-waves were examined in the present study. It was foundthat HDT had characteristic effects on the above EEG responses, suggesting that the ef-fects mainly occurred in the brain’s regulatory system, therefore, resulting in changes ofthe brain function state. | 魏金河 官志强 严拱东 | 1989 | Science China Chemistry1989，32，11： | 0 |
| 12 | Advances in China Space Medical Experiment Research显示文摘In 2021,China Space Station(CSS)was assembled and constructed in-orbit,which provided a broad space platform for space medicine and space life sciences research.Space medicine focuses on the systematic risks that restrict long-term manned spaceflight.It carries out systematic research on the impact and countermeasure technology of long-term weightlessness on astronauts’health,space radiation on astronauts’health,behavior and ability,advanced on-orbit monitoring and medical disposal technology,and traditional space medical application technology by the space medicine experiment platform on human body and cell.It has accumulated valuable data on space environmental effects and human factors research,established a“human system risk”research system,obtained new knowledge and discoveries of space medicine,and explored countermeasure technologies of new characteristics.Moreover,a series of achievements have been made in the basic research on the mechanism of the special space environmental effect,which provides a solid foundation for the implementation of space missions. | CHEN Hailong LIU Zhaoxia WANG Lidong DING Bai SHI Liujia WANG Chunyan MI Tao YU Hongqiang ZHAO Rui WANG Honghui CHEN Chao QU Lina MA Honglei JIANG Changhua LI Yongzhi WEI Ming LI Zhili XU Chong ZANG Peng CAO Ping LI Yinghui | 2022 | 空间科学学报2022，42，4： | 0 |
| 13 | THE TRACTION PROBLEM IN ELASTODYNAMICS显示文摘In continuum mechanics, Cauchy’s six equations are incomplete, and the famous Cauchy’s laws of motion where ρ(?), ρb, T and divT are continuous are also incomplete. The first six equations are incomplete because the geometrical representation of deformation at a given point is as yet incomplete, and the last two laws are incomplete because b,T and divT are frame-indifferent, but ρ(?) is not, and T is a symmetric, as Cauchy interpreted himself. Therefore, we say, the last two laws can’t accommodate to the asymmetric tensor. The purpose of this paper is to complete Cauchy’s laws of motion by postulating an asymmetric tensor for the underlying traction field of 3-dimensional space on a general framing. | 谷安海 | 1992 | Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)1992，13，11： | 0 |
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