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| 1 | Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials显示文摘Metamaterials are artificial structures that are usually described by effective medium parameters on the macroscopic scale,and these metamaterials are referred to as‘analog metamaterials’.Here,we propose‘digital metamaterials’through two steps.First,we present‘coding metamaterials’that are composed of only two types of unit cells,with 0 and p phase responses,which we name‘0’and‘1’elements,respectively.By coding‘0’and‘1’elements with controlled sequences(i.e.,1-bit coding),we can manipulate electromagnetic(EM)waves and realize different functionalities.The concept of coding metamaterials can be extended from 1-bit coding to 2-bit coding or higher.In 2-bit coding,four types of unit cells,with phase responses of 0,p/2,p,and 3p/2,are required to mimic the‘00’,‘01’,‘10’and‘11’elements,respectively.The 2-bit coding has greater freedom than 1-bit coding for controlling EM waves.Second,we propose a unique metamaterial particle that has either a‘0’or‘1’response controlled by a biased diode.Based on this particle,we present‘digital metamaterials’with unit cells that possess either a‘0’or‘1’state.Using a field-programmable gate array,we realize digital control over the digital metamaterial.By programming different coding sequences,a single digital metamaterial has the ability to manipulate EM waves in different manners,thereby realizing‘programmable metamaterials’.The above concepts and physical phenomena are confirmed through numerical simulations and experiments using metasurfaces. | Tie Jun Cui Mei Qing Qi Xiang Wan Jie Zhao Qiang Cheng | 2014 | Light(Science & Applications)2014，3，1： | 130 |
| 2 | Programmable time-domain digital-coding metasurface for non-linear harmonic manipulation and new wireless communication systems显示文摘Optical non-linear phenomena are typically observed in natural materials interacting with light at high intensities, and they benefit a diverse range of applications from communication to sensing. However,controlling harmonic conversion with high efficiency and flexibility remains a major issue in modern optical and radio-frequency systems. Here, we introduce a dynamic time-domain digital-coding metasurface that enables efficient manipulation of spectral harmonic distribution. By dynamically modulating the local phase of the surface reflectivity, we achieve accurate control of different harmonics in a highly programmable and dynamic fashion, enabling unusual responses, such as velocity illusion. As a relevant application, we propose and realize a novel architecture for wireless communication systems based on the time-domain digital-coding metasurface, which largely simplifies the architecture of modern communication systems, at the same time yielding excellent performance for real-time signal transmission. The presented work, from new concept to new system, opens new pathways in the application of metamaterials to practical technology. | Jie Zhao Xi Yang Jun Yan Dai Qiang Cheng Xiang Li Ning Hua Qi Jun Chen Ke Guo Dong Bai Shuo Liu Shi Jin Andrea Alù Tie Jun Cui | 2019 | National Science Review2019，6，2： | 46 |
| 3 | Broadband diffusion of terahertz waves by multi-bit coding metasurfaces显示文摘The terahertz region is a special region of the electromagnetic spectrum that incorporates the advantages of both microwaves and infrared light waves.In the past decade,metamaterials with effective medium parameters or gradient phases have been studied to control terahertz waves and realize functional devices.Here,we present a new approach to manipulate terahertz waves by using coding metasurfaces that are composed of digital coding elements.We propose a general coding unit based on a Minkowski closed-loop particle that is capable of generating 1-bit coding(with two phase states of 0 and 180°),2-bit coding(with four phase states of 0,90°,180°,and 270°),and multi-bit coding elements in the terahertz frequencies by using different geometric scales.We show that multi-bit coding metasurfaces have strong abilities to control terahertz waves by designing-specific coding sequences.As an application,we demonstrate a new scattering strategy of terahertz waves—broadband and wide-angle diffusion—using a 2-bit coding metasurface with a special coding design and verify it by both numerical simulations and experiments.The presented method opens a new route to reducing the scattering of terahertz waves. | Li-Hua Gao Qiang Cheng Jing Yang Shao-Jie Ma Jie Zhao Shuo Liu Hai-Bing Chen Qiong He Wei-Xiang Jiang Hui-Feng Ma Qi-Ye Wen Lan-Ju Liang Biao-Bing Jin Wei-Wei Liu Lei Zhou Jian-Quan Yao Pei-Heng Wu Tie-Jun Cui | 2015 | Light(Science & Applications)2015，4，1： | 31 |
| 4 | Microwave metamaterials: from exotic physics to novel information systems显示文摘Metamaterials and metasurfaces have attracted much attention due to their powerful ability to control electromagnetic(EM)waves.In this paper,we review the recent developments in the field of EM metamaterials,starting from their exotic physics to their applications in novel information systems.First,we show the fundamental understanding on traditional metamaterials based on the effective medium theory and related applications,such as invisibility cloaks and meta-lenses.Second,we review the two-dimensional versions of metamaterials,i.e.,metasurfaces,for controlling spatial waves and surface waves and thereafter present their typical designs.In particular,we briefly introduce spoof surface plasmon polaritons and their applications in microwave frequencies.Following the above approach,we emphatically present the concepts of digital coding metamaterials,programmable metamaterials,and information metamaterials.By extending the principles of information science to metamaterial designs,several functional devices and information systems are presented,which enable digital and EM-wave manipulations simultaneously.Finally,we give a brief summary of the development prospects for microwave metamaterials. | Rui-yuan WU Tie-jun CUI | 2020 | Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering2020，21，1： | 7 |
| 5 | Information entropy of coding metasurface显示文摘Because of their exceptional capability to tailor the effective medium parameters,metamaterials have been widely used to control electromagnetic waves,which has led to the observation of many interesting phenomena,for example,negative refraction,invisibility cloaking,and anomalous reflections and transmissions.However,the studies of metamaterials or metasurfaces are mainly limited to their physical features;currently,there is a lack of viewpoints on metamaterials and metasurfaces from the information perspective.Here we propose to measure the information of a coding metasurface using Shannon entropy.We establish an analytical connection between the coding pattern of an arbitrary coding metasurface and its far-field pattern.We introduce geometrical entropy to describe the information of the coding pattern(or coding sequence)and physical entropy to describe the information of the far-field pattern of the metasurface.The coding metasurface is demonstrated to enhance the information in transmitting messages,and the amount of enhanced information can be manipulated by designing the coding pattern with different information entropies.The proposed concepts and entropy control method will be helpful in new information systems(for example,communication,radar and imaging)that are based on the coding metasurfaces. | Tie-Jun Cui Shuo Liu Lian-Lin Li | 2016 | Light(Science & Applications)2016，5，1： | 4 |
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