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| 1 | Experimental study on scale inhibition performance of a green scale inhibitor polyaspartic acid显示文摘Static and dynamic experiments were carried out to validate scale inhibition performance of a green scale inhibitor-polyaspartic acid (PASP). From the static experiment, it was shown that below 60℃, polyaspartic acid is very effective in scale inhibition, with the scale inhibition ratio exceeding 90% with only 3 mg/L PASP for the 600 mg/L hardness solution. For a higher hardness solution of 800 mg/L, the scale inhibition ratio can also reach 90% with 6 and 12 mg/L PASP at 30 and 60℃respectively. The SEM photographs of CaCO3 crystals indicate that the crystal structure transforms from a compact stick-shape to a loose shape so that the scale can be washed away easily instead of being deposited on the heat transfer surface. The dynamic experimental results show that almost no scales formed on the heat trans- fer surface and the fouling thermal resistance decreases extraordinarily if PASP is added in the solution. | QUAN ZhenHua CHEN YongChang WANG XiuRong SHI Cheng LIU YunJie MA ChongFang | 2008 | Science China Chemistry2008，51，7： | 18 |
| 2 | Leukocyte Membrane-Coated Liquid Metal Nanoswimmers for Actively Targeted Delivery and Synergistic Chemophotothermal Therapy显示文摘We report a leukocyte membrane-coated gallium nanoswimmer(LMGNS)capable of ultrasound-propelled motion,antibiofouling,and cancer cell recognition and targeting.The LMGNS consists of a needle-shaped gallium core encapsulating an anticancer drug and a natural leukocyte membrane shell.Under the propulsion of an ultrasound field,LMGNSs could autonomously move in biological media with a speed up to 108.7μms^(-1).The velocity and motion direction of the LMGNSs can be modulated by regulating the frequency and voltage of the applied ultrasound field.Owing to the leukocyte membrane coating,LMGNSs can not only avoid biofouling during the motion in blood but also possess cancer cell recognition capability.These LMGNSs could actively seek,penetrate,and internalize into the cancer cells and achieve enhanced anticancer efficiency by combined photothermal and chemical therapy.Such biofunctionalized liquid metal nanoswimmer presents a new type of multifunctional platform for biomedical applications. | Daolin Wang Changyong Gao Chang Zhou Zhihua Lin Qiang He | 2020 | Research2020，，1： | 8 |
| 3 | Membrane fouling reduction through electrochemically regulating flocs aggregation in an electro-coagulation membrane reactor显示文摘Coupling coagulation and applied electric field is an efficient method to regulate cake layer porosity and hydrophilicity for alleviating ultrafiltration membrane(UF) fouling. However,the Al/Fe flocs aggregation behavior are induced from electric field and determine the cake layer structure, which has not been studied comparatively yet. Herein, the anti-fouling performance in an efficient electro-coagulation membrane reactor(ECMR, in which UF membrane modules are placed between electrodes) was investigated with Al/Fe anode and various electrochemical parameters from the viewpoint of regulating flocs aggregation.Both the cake layers formed from Al and Fe flocs under an electric field were more porous and hydrophilic in comparison with that formed without electric fields, resulting in an enhanced water flux under higher electric field strength. Comparing with Fe flocs, Al flocs had a faster growth rate and larger size, facilitating membrane pore block resistant, which was more pronounced in a higher current density. Furthermore, the cake layer formed from Al flocs was more porous than that formed from Fe flocs. Therefore, the anti-fouling performance of ECMR with Al anode was superior to that of ECMR with Fe anode. When the electric field strength increased from 0 to 10 V/cm, the normalized specific flux was improved from 71.2% to 89.4% for ECMR(Al) and from 48.1% to 70.1% for ECMR(Fe) at 30 min. | Kai Zhao Jingqiu Sun Chengzhi Hu Jiuhui Qu | 2019 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2019，31，9： | 6 |
| 4 | Study of reverse osmosis membranes fouling by inorganic salts and colloidal particles during seawater desalination显示文摘Fouling phenomenon is considered among the major reasons that cause significant increase of operating cost of desalination plants equipped with reverse osmosis(RO)membranes.This phenomenon is studied in the present work in the case of RO polyamide aromatic membranes using model seawater containing inorganic salts and colloidal compounds.Different solubility conditions of CaCO3 and CaSO4 were applied to study RO performances with and without colloid presence.During experiments,the membrane permeate fluxes were continuously monitored.Moreover,studies of chemical composition,structure,and morphology of the materials deposited on the membrane surface were conducted using energy dispersive microanalysis(EDS)X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy(SEM).Results show that in conditions of calcium carbonate oversaturation there is a reduction in the permeate flow of 11.2%due to fouling of the membrane by the precipitation of this compound.While in the same conditions of calcium sulphate oversaturation the reduction of the flow is 5%,so we can conclude that in conditions of oversaturation of both salts,calcium carbonate produces a greater fouling of the membrane that in its view causes greater decrease in the flow of permeate.All this based on the results of the test with both salts in oversaturated conditions.Resulting in the formation of calcite and gypsum crystals onto the membranes as XRD analyses stated.Additional presence of colloidal silica in those conditions intensifies strongly the fouling,leading until to 24.1%of permeate flux decrease. | Santiago Gutiérrez Ruiz Juan Antonio López-Ramírez Mohammed Hassani Zerrouk Agata Egea-Corbacho Lopera JoséMaría Quiroga Alonso | 2020 | Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2020，28，3： | 5 |
| 5 | Lowering ash slagging and fouling tendency of high-alkali coal by hydrothermal pretreatment显示文摘High-alkali species in coal are notorious for causing ash slagging and fouling incidents.In this paper,four high-alkali coals were individually subject to hydrothermal pretreatment(HTP),within a batch-type autoclave at 300 -C for 1 h,and the treated coals were analyzed,along with the oxygen-containing functional groups determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR).Then the alkali species and other components in the coal ash were quantified by X-ray fluorescence(XRF)for evaluating the ash slagging and fouling tendency.Apart from this,FactSage was adopted to simulate the occurrence and transformation of alkali species during coal thermal conversion ending at various temperatures.The findings indicate that the treated coals are superior to the parent ones in terms of certain remarkable changes via HTP.The moisture,oxygen and sulfur of the hydrothermally treated coals decline obviously,while the calorific value rises sharply.HTP could reduce the alkali species to less than 2%(%,by weight,equivalent to Na2O in dry ash),with a maximum removal ratio of 88.9%,lowering the ash slagging and fouling tendency.The proposed mechanism of HTP was that the alkali species in coal matrix became released due to the breakage of the coal functional groups and micropores during HTP. | Mingshun Yang Qiang Xie Xin Wang He Dong Hao Zhang Chunqi Li | 2019 | International Journal of Mining Science and Technology2019，29，3： | 5 |
| 6 | Fouling and cleaning of membrane——a literature review显示文摘1 IntroductionDuringthepastfewyears,membraneseparationshavebecomemorewidelyused,andreplacedsomeoftheconventionalconcentrationt?.. | Zhao, Yan-Jun Wu, Kai-Fen Wang, Zheng-Jun Zhao, Liang Li, Shu-Shen | 2000 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2000，12，2： | 4 |
| 7 | Fouling of WO3 nanoparticle-incorporated PSf membranes in ultrafiltration of landfill leachate and dairy a combined wastewaters: An investigation using model显示文摘As fouling has always been a major drawback of membrane technology, qualitative and quantitative understanding of membrane fouling mechanisms therefore becomes vital in order to help push membrane separation technologies forward. In this study, firstly, self-cleaning Polysulfone(PSf) membranes were synthesized by incorporation of WO_3nanoparticles(0–2 wt%) and subsequent UV irradiation for efficient ultrafiltration(UF)of landfill leachate and dairy wastewater. The membrane surface properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and contact angle analysis. It was found that UV-irradiated membranes exhibited higher percent COD removals due to the hydrophilicity and photocatalytic properties of nano-WO_3. Subsequently, in order to analyze the fouling behavior of the membranes, a set of experimental data from cross-flow ultrafiltration of municipal landfill leachate and industrial dairy wastewater at 25 °C was obtained. A new model of membrane fouling was proposed based on a resistance in series concept and was fitted well with all experimental data sets.Almost all relative errors of prediction provided by the proposed model were less than 2.5%. In addition, it was revealed that this newly-developed model exhibited smooth transition between the common successive twostep pore blockage-cake filtration phenomena and thus eliminates the need to use separate equations for different mechanisms. | Majid Peyravi Mohsen Jahanshahi Soodabeh Khalili | 2017 | Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2017，25，6： | 4 |
| 8 | Comparative studies on fouling of homogeneous anion exchange membranes by different structured organics in electrodialysis显示文摘Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate(MS), sodium benzene sulfonate(BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate(NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS), were used to examine the fouling of an anion exchange membrane(AEM) in electrodialysis(ED),to explore the effect of molecular characteristics on the fouling behavior on the AEM and changes in the surface and electrochemical properties of the AEM. Results indicated that the fouling degree of the AEM by the different organics followed the order:SDBS > SDS > NSS > BS > MS. SDBS and SDS formed a dense fouling layer on the surface of the AEM, which was the main factor in the much more severe membrane fouling, and completely restricted the transmembrane ion migration. The other three organics caused fouling of the AEM by adsorption on the surface and/or accumulation in the interlayer of the AEM, and exhibited almost no influence on the transmembrane ion migration. It was also concluded that the organics with benzene rings caused more severe fouling of the AEM due to the stronger affinity interaction and steric effect between the organics and the AEM compared with organics with aliphatic chains. | Zhijuan Zhao Shaoyuan Shi Hongbin Cao Yujiao Li Bart Van der Bruggen | 2019 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2019，31，3： | 4 |
| 9 | Optimized coagulation pretreatment alleviates ultrafiltration membrane fouling: The role of floc properties and slow-mixing speed on mechanisms of chitosan-assisted coagulation显示文摘To alleviate ultrafiltration(UF) membrane fouling, the pre-coagulation of poly-aluminum chloride(PACl) with the aid of chitosan(CTS) was conducted for synthetic humic acid–kaolin water treatment. Pre-coagulation of three molecular weights(MW) CTSs(50–190 kDa(CTSL), 190–310 kDa(CTSM) and 310–375 kDa(CTSH)) was optimized with slow-mixing speeds of 30, 60 and 90 r/min, respectively. The removal efficiency and floc properties as well as membrane fouling were analyzed, and were compared to results obtained by conventional coagulation with PACl. Results showed that variations in floc properties could be ascribed to the coagulation mechanisms of CTS_L/CTS_M/CTS_H at different slow-mixing speeds, resulting in reduced UF membrane fouling. Specifically, at the low speed of 30 r/min, all three CTS types produced flocs with similar properties, while CTSLresulted in the lowest removal efficiency and aggravated irreversible fouling. At the appropriate speed of 60 r/min, CTSMgenerated the most compact flocs with the combined effects of bridging and path mechanisms. The compact cake layer formed could alleviate irreversible fouling,which was beneficial for prolonging the operation of the UF membrane. At the high speed of90 r/min, CTSHformed fragile flocs and aggravated irreversible membrane fouling. We considered membrane fouling to be affected by floc properties and the resultant removal efficiency, which was governed by the MW of the CTS used and the slow-mixing speed applied as well. | Peng Du Xing Li Yanling Yang Zhaoyang Su Hang Li Nan Wang Tingting Guo Tingting Zhang Zhiwei Zhou | 2019 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2019，31，8： | 3 |
| 10 | Corrigendum to“Fenton cleaning strategy for ceramic membrane fouling in wastewater treatment”[J Environ Sci 85(2019)189-199]显示文摘The authors regret that one author should be also on the author list given his contribution.The changed author list is shown below.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. | Tang Shengyin Zhang Lixun Peng Yi Liu Jing Zhang Xihui Zhang Zhenghua | 2019 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2019，31，12： | 3 |
| 11 | Design of Porous Membranes by Liquid Gating Technology显示文摘CONSPECTUS:Porous membranes are playing paramount roles in the areas of wastewater treatment,chemical analysis,energy storage and conversion,flexible devices,and biomedical engineering.Despite their significance in the above fields,the performances of the porous membrane will be weakened due to the inevitable membrane fouling.Solid surfaces or pores of the membranes are easily contaminated or even clogged due to the absorption of small molecules or the accumulation of fine particles,which lower the flux of fluid transport over time,reduce the separation efficiency,shorten the lifetime of the membranes,and increase the operational costs.In addition,the defects in membranes also hinder their applications to some extent.The above-mentioned limitations all arise from the intrinsic properties of the solid surfaces of the membranes.To solve these challenges,liquid gating technology was proposed,which utilizes the capillary-stabilized functional liquid as a pressure-driven,reversible,and reconfigurable gate to fill and seal the pores on demand.Using liquid gating technology,multiphase transportation in the membrane can be modulated with exceptional antifouling and energy-saving manners due to the defect-free molecular-smooth liquid interface.Moreover,the further responsive interface design accelerated the development of liquid gating membranes and their practical applications to a great extent.In recent years,the concept of the liquid gating membrane has become a reality through developing various porous membranes by the rational selection and design of the two essential parts of the composite membranes:the solid porous matrix and the gating liquid.These membranes expand the basic scientific issues of the traditional membranes from the solid−liquid/gas interface to the solid−liquid−liquid/gas interface and bring more possibilities for the applications of porous membranes.With properties and advantages of antifouling,anticorrosion,enhanced transparency,energy-saving,and stability,these porous membranes have shown various applications in multiphase separation,biomedical catheters,chemical detection,mobile valves,microscale flow control,etc.In this Account,we provide a systematic review of our group’s recent progresses in the design and applications of porous membranes with liquid gating technology.First,we give a comprehensive introduction to the liquid gating technology,followed by further details on how to design porous membranes through liquid gating technology and properties and advantages of the porous membranes.Second,we discuss the applications of these porous membranes in the fields of multiphase separation,biomedical catheters,chemical detection,mobile valves,and microscale flow control.Third,we conclude the Account by describing the current challenges and future directions of the field. | Shuli Wang Yunmao Zhang Yuhang Han Yaqi Hou Yi Fan Xu Hou | 2021 | Accounts of Materials Research2021，2，6： | 3 |
| 12 | Floc structure and membrane fouling affected by sodium alginate interaction with Al species as model organic pollutants显示文摘Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation has advantages in advanced wastewater treatment. As a model of a microbial polysaccharide, research on the effect of sodium alginate(SA) on alum hydrolysis has been rare; therefore, it is necessary to gain insight into the interface interaction between SA molecules and Al species, and the role SA plays during floc formation. In this study, the interaction mechanism between SA and Al species has been investigated, by evaluating the effect of SA on floc characteristics and membrane fouling during coagulation–ultrafiltration with different Al species coagulants(AlCl3 and preformed Al13). Al 2 p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) confirmed that the complexation of ligands and Al species strongly affects the reaction pathways for Al hydrolysis and the final nature of the flocs, as Al13 can be decomposed into octahedral precipitates when SA is added. The presence of SA can affect floc properties, which have important impacts on the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling. Due to the bridging ability of SA, the floc strength increased by about 50% using Ala, which was much better than preformed Al13, with a percentage increase of only about 6%. Moreover,the recovery factor of HA-flocs was decreased from 96% to 43% with SA addition of 0.5 mg/L.It was concluded that SA can affect the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling through participating in the formation of primary flocs and altering the Al hydrolysis pathway. | Xuejun Xiong Hui Xu Beiping Zhang Xiaohui Wu Hongyan Sun Dongsheng Wang Zhengyang Wang | 2019 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2019，31，8： | 3 |
| 13 | Highly stretchable and reliable graphene oxide- reinforced liquid gating membranes for tunable gas/liquid transport显示文摘The ability of membrane technologies to dynamically tune the transport behavior for gases and liquids is critical for their applications.Although various methods have been developed to improve membrane success,tradeoffs still exist among their properties,such as permeability,selectivity,fouling resistance,and stability,which can greatly affect the performance of membranes.Existing elastomeric membrane designs can provide antifracture properties and flexibility;however,these designs still face certain challenges,such as low tensile strength and reliability.Additionally,researchers have not yet thoroughly developed membranes that can avoid fouling issues while realizing precise dynamic control over the transport substances.In this study,we show a versatile strategy for preparing graphene oxide-reinforced elastomeric liquid gating membranes that can finely modulate and dynamically tune the sorting of a wide range of gases and liquids under constant applied pressures.Moreover,the produced membranes exhibit antifouling properties and are adaptable to different length scales,pressures,and environments.The filling of graphene oxide in the thermoplastic polyurethane matrix enhances the composites through hydrogen bonds.Experiments and theoretical calculations are carried out to demonstrate the stability of our system.Our membrane exhibits good stretchability,recovery,and durability due to the elastic nature of the solid matrix and dynamic nature of the gating liquid.Dynamic control over the transport of gases and liquids is achieved through our optimized interfacial design and controllable pore deformation,which is induced by mechanical stimuli.Our strategy will create new opportunities for many applications,such as gas-involved chemical reactions,multiphase separation,microfluidics,multiphase microreactors,and particulate material synthesis. | Wei Lv Zhizhi Sheng Yinglin Zhu Jing Liu Yi Lei Rongrong Zhang Xinyu Chen Xu Hou | 2020 | Microsystems & Nanoengineering2020，6，1： | 3 |
| 14 | Characterization of dissolved organic matter and membrane fouling in coagulation-ultrafiltration process treating micro-polluted surface water显示文摘Coagulation–ultrafiltration(C–UF) is widely used for surface water treatment. With the removal of pollutants, the characteristics of organic matter change and affect the final treatment efficiency and the development of membrane fouling. In this study, we built a dynamic C–UF set-up to carry out the treatment of micro-polluted surface water, to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter from different units. The influences of poly aluminum chloride and poly dimethyldiallylammonium chloride(PDMDAAC) on removal efficiency and membrane fouling were also investigated. Results showed that the dosage of PDMDAAC evidently increased the UV254 and dissolved organic carbon removal efficiencies,and thereby alleviated membrane fouling in the C–UF process. Most hydrophobic bases(HoB)and hydrophobic neutral fractions could be removed by coagulation. Similarly, UF was good at removing HoB compared to hydrophilic substances(HiS) and hydrophobic acid(HoA)fractions. HiS and HoA fractions with low molecule weight accumulated on the surface of the membrane, causing the increase of transmembrane pressure(TMP). Membrane fouling was mainly caused by a removable cake layer, and mechanical cleaning was an efficient way to decrease the TMP. | Fan Bu Baoyu Gao Qinyan Yue Xue Shen Wenyu Wang | 2019 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2019，31，1： | 3 |
| 15 | Review on structural control and modification of graphene oxide-based membranes in water treatment: From separation performance to robust operation显示文摘Membrane separation has become an important technology to deal with the global water crisis. The polymerbased membrane technology is currently in the forefront of water purification and desalination but is plagued with some bottlenecks. Laminated graphene oxide(GO) membranes exhibit excellent advantages in water purification and desalination due to the single atomic layer structure, hydrophilic property, rich oxygen-containing groups for modification, mechanical and chemical robust, anti-fouling properties, facile and large-scale production, etc. Thus the GO-based membrane technology is believed to offer huge opportunities for efficient and practical water treatment. This review systematically summarizes the current progress on the water flux and selectivity intensification, stability improvement, anti-fouling and anti-biofouling ability enhancement by structural control and modification. To improve the performance of the laminated GO membrane, interlayer spacing tunability and surface modification are mainly used to enhance its water flux and selectivity. It is found that the stability and biofouling also block the service life of the GO membrane. The crosslinking method is found to effectively solve the stability of GO membrane in aqueous environment. Introducing nanoparticles is a widely used method to improve the membrane biofouling ability. Overall, we believe that this review could provide benefit to researchers in the area of GO-based membrane technology for water treatment. | Ning Zhang Wenxu Qi Lili Huang En Jiang Junjiang Bao Xiaopeng Zhang Baigang An Gaohong He | 2019 | Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2019，27，6： | 3 |
| 16 | Fouling behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)ultrafiltration membrane by polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and chemical cleaning method显示文摘Severe fouling to poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)membrane is usually caused as filtrating the papermaking wastewater in the ultrafiltration(UF)process.In the paper,fouling behavior and mechanism were investigated,and the low-concentration polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)contained in the sedimentation tank wastewater was found as the main foulant.Consequently,the corresponding cleaning approach was proposed.The experiment and modeling results elaborated that the fouling mode developed from pore blockage to cake layer along with filtration time.Chemical cleaning conditions including the composition and concentration of reagents,cleaning duration and trans-membrane pressure were investigated for their effect on cleaning efficiency.Pure water flux was recovered by over 95% after cleaning the PVDF membrane using the optimal conditions 0.5 wt% NaClO(as oxidant)and 0.1 wt% sodiumdodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS,as surfactant)at 0.04MPa for 100 min.In the chemical cleaning method,hypochlorite(ClO−)could first chain-scissor PVA macromolecules to small molecules and SDBS could wrap the fragments in micelles,so that the foulants were removed from the pores and surface of membrane.After eight cycling tests,pure water flux recovery maintained above 95% and the reused membrane was found intact without defects. | Weijie Ding Min Chen Ming Zhou Zhaoxiang Zhong Zhaoliang Cui Weihong Xing | 2020 | Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2020，28，12： | 2 |
| 17 | An Improved Modeling Method of Water-side Fouling in Enhanced Tubes of Condensers in Application of Cooling Water Tower显示文摘Kern-Seaton fouling model of enhanced tubes and two parameters that foulant sticking probability(P) and deposit bond strength factor(ξ) in that model are analyzed theoretically. A new modeling method of fouling in enhanced tubes is proposed, which has physical meaning and a higher accuracy in comparison to traditional ones. A semi-theoretical model of fouling in internal helical-rib tubes is developed in this paper based on the long-term fouling data, targeting to improve previous fouling models. This new fouling model has three variables: area index, j-factor ratio and friction factor ratio. This triple-variable model has a maximum deviation of 5.20% and an average deviation of 1.87%, indicating a higher accuracy than previous ones. The mathematical type of this new model is in accordance with the theoretic deduction, thus makes sense in theory compared with old ones. It is also found that all current fouling models without the correction of heat transfer area index(β) have the biggest deviation when predicting the fouling resistance of enhanced tubes with p/e around 3.5, but which can be reduced by introducing the area index into the model. The new modeling method presented in this paper has outstanding advantages in modeling fouling of enhanced tubes, thus can be used in future fouling research. | SHEN Chao WANG Yuan GAO Rong YAO Yang WANG Xinlei | 2019 | Journal of Thermal Science2019，28，1： | 2 |
| 18 | Effects of pre-oxidant(KMnO4)on structure and performance of PVDF and PES membranes显示文摘The structure and performance of membrane materials are very important to the efficient and stable operation in membrane drinking water purification technology. Potassium permanganate(KMnO_4), which can change the characteristics of organic matters and control membrane surface fouling, has been widely used as pre-oxidant in the front of membrane drinking water process. This study investigates the evolution of membrane surface structure and performance when polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) and polyethersulfone(PES) were exposed to10, 100 and 1000 mg·L^(-1) KMnO_4 solution for 6 and 12 d, respectively. The aged membrane physicochemical characteristics such as membrane surface morphology, chemical composition, hydrophilicity, porosity and zeta potential were evaluated by modern analytical and testing instruments. The anti-fouling property of membrane surface was also investigated by the filtration-backwash experiment. The results indicated that the different concentrations and exposure time of KMnO_4 led to a different variation on PVDF and PES membrane surface structure and performance, which could further affect the membrane separation performance and the membrane fouling behaviors. The membrane surface pore size and porosity increased due to the dislodgment and degradation of membrane additive(PVP), which improved membrane permeability and enhanced the adsorption and deposition of pollutants in the membrane pores. With the increase of exposure time, the membrane surface pore size and porosity reduced for the reactions of chain scission and crosslinking on membrane materials, and the backwashing efficiency declined, leading to a more serious irreversible fouling. Compared with PVDF membranes, the formation of sulfonic group for PES membranes increased the negative charge on membrane surface due to the oxidation of KMnO_4. The present study provides some new insights for the regulation of the pre-oxidant dose and the selection of the membrane materials in KMnO_4 pre-oxidation combined with membrane filtration system. | Xuehui Zhao Yan Hu Yun Wu Hongwei Zhang | 2018 | Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2018，26，12： | 2 |
| 19 | Interaction of ions in water system containing copper-zinc alloy for boiler energy saving显示文摘Copper-zinc alloy element for boiler energy saving was put in the intake of simulated boiler system to investigate the interaction and transfer of ions in water system both theoretically and experimentally. The fouling was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDX). The results show that the transfer of calcium and magnesium ions in heat-transfer-surface-water system is affected by zinc ions dissolved from the alloy because of primary battery reaction. Some calcium ions of calcium carbonate crystal are replaced by zinc ions, the growth of aragonite crystal nucleus is retarded, and the transition of calcium carbonate from aragonite to calcite is hampered. | MING Xing LIANG Jinsheng OU Xiuqin TANG Qingguo DING Yan | 2006 | Rare Metals2006，25，z1： | 2 |
| 20 | Pressure Drop of Liquid–Solid Two-Phase Flow in the Vertical Tube Bundle of a Cold-Model Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator显示文摘A cold-model vertical multi-tube circulating fluidized bed evaporator was designed and built to conduct a visualization study on the pressure drop of a liquid–solid two-phase flow and the corresponding particle distribution.Water and polyformaldehyde particle(POM)were used as the liquid and solid phases,respectively.The effects of operating parameters such as the amount of added particles,circulating flow rate,and particle size were systematically investigated.The results showed that the addition of the particles increased the pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle.The maximum pressure drop ratios were 18.65%,21.15%,18.00%,and 21.15%within the experimental range of the amount of added particles for POM1,POM2,POM3,and POM4,respectively.The pressure drop ratio basically decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate but fluctuated with the increase in the amount of added particles and particle size.The difference in pressure drop ratio decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate.As the amount of added particles increased,the difference in pressure drop ratio fluctuated at low circulating flow rate but basically decreased at high circulating flow rate.The pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle accounted for about 70%of the overall pressure drop in the up-flow heating chamber and was the main component of the overall pressure within the experimental range.Three-dimensional phase diagrams were established to display the variation ranges of the pressure drop and pressure drop ratio in the vertical tube bundle corresponding to the operating parameters.The research results can provide some reference for the application of the fluidized bed heat transfer technology in the industry. | Feng Jiang Siyao Lv Guopeng Qi Xiaoling Chen Xiulun Li | 2019 | Transactions of Tianjin University2019，25，6： | 2 |
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