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| 1 | The amalgamation of the supercontinent of North China Craton at the end of Neo-Archaean and its breakup during late Palaeoproterozoic and Meso-Proterozoic显示文摘The most important geological events in the formation and evolution of the North China Craton concentrate at two stages: 2 600-2 400 Ma and 2 000-1 700 Ma (briefly, we call them 2.5 Ga event and 1.8 Ga event respectively in this paper). We propose that the essences of these two events are: Several Archaean micro-continents amalgamated to form one supercontinent according to the plate tectonic principle with a small scale at about 2.5 Ga, and the supercontinent broke down by upwelling of an ancient mantle plume at about 1.8 Ga. | 翟明国 卞爱国 赵太平 | 2000 | Science China Earth Sciences2000，43，S1： | 162 |
| 2 | The Hoeke-Brown failure criterion and GSI-2018 edition显示文摘The HoekeBrown criterion was introduced in 1980 to provide input for the design of underground excavations in rock.The criterion now incorporates both intact rock and discontinuities,such as joints,characterized by the geological strength index(GSI),into a system designed to estimate the mechanical behaviour of typical rock masses encountered in tunnels,slopes and foundations.The strength and deformation properties of intact rock,derived from laboratory tests,are reduced based on the properties of discontinuities in the rock mass.The nonlinear HoekeBrown criterion for rock masses is widely accepted and has been applied in many projects around the world.While,in general,it has been found to provide satisfactory estimates,there are several questions on the limits of its applicability and on the inaccuracies related to the quality of the input data.This paper introduces relatively few fundamental changes,but it does discuss many of the issues of utilization and presents case histories to demonstrate practical applications of the criterion and the GSI system. | E.Hoek E.T.Brown | 2019 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2019，11，3： | 85 |
| 3 | 奥陶纪-志留纪边界附近火山活动记录:来华南周缘钾质斑脱岩的信息显示文摘扬子地台内奥陶纪顶部的五峰组到志留纪底部的龙马溪组间存在着多个粘土岩层。前人研究结果认为这些粘土岩层为钾质斑脱岩,是火山喷发的凝灰质物质在海相环境沉积、蚀变的产物。这些斑脱岩广泛分布于扬子地台周缘,对理解奥陶纪-志留纪时华南所处的大地构造位置和相应的构造事件具有重要的意义。本文对采自扬子地台内湖北宜昌地区和贵州桐梓地区奥陶纪-志留纪界线剖面的斑脱岩层进行了矿物学及地球化学工作,旨在判定其形成的构造环境。矿物学研究表明上述岩石除了含有粘土矿物外,还含有石英、长石、黑云母、磷灰石、锆石等中酸性岩浆岩中的常见矿物,属典型的钾质斑脱岩。本文利用在风化过程中不活动元素对斑脱岩的原岩进行了恢复,结果也表明其原岩为中酸性火山岩,包括安山岩-英安岩-及流绞岩等。微量元素特征显示多数样品具有典型的岛弧火山岩的特征,很可能与北面早古生代秦岭洋的闭合过程中的板块俯冲有关,也可能是早古生代在华南板块东南缘外侧存在的一古老洋壳向华南板块的俯冲。有一个样品(YC0711)没有Nb的负异常,但是具有明显的Ti负异常,在Th/Yb-Nb/Yb判别图上落在岛弧区附近,其原岩可能是富铌玄武岩之类的特殊岛弧岩石。火山活动的峰期为晚奥陶世赫南特阶时代,与地质历史上第二大的生物大灭绝事件同时。前人认为该生物灭绝事件与冈瓦纳冰川有关。考虑到华南以及欧洲、北美等地均出现大规模晚奥陶世-早侏罗纪钾质斑脱岩,奥陶纪-志留纪边界的火山事件是具有全球规模的,所喷发的岩石多是富含挥发份的中酸性岩,对大气圈和生物圈具有十分重要的影响,本文认为火山活动很可能是造成晚奥陶世的生物大灭绝事件和冈瓦纳冰川的主要诱导因素。 | 胡艳华 孙卫东 丁兴 汪方跃 凌明星 刘健 | 2009 | 岩石学报2009，25，12： | 42 |
| 4 | Discovery of eclogite inclusions and its geological significance in early Jurassic intrusive complex in Xuzhou-northern Anhui, eastern China显示文摘The early Jurassic intrusive complex is chiefly made of monzodioritic porphyry in northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu, which emplaced in 191 Ma. The intrusive complexes contain a lot of eclogite inclusions which belong to eclogite and garnet-pyroxenite. The inclusions had undergone eclogite facies high-pressure metamorphism and am-phibolite facies retrogressive metamorphism. The garnets in eclogite inclusions are mainly almandine varieties and clino-pyroxenes are omphacite and augite. The mineral assemblage and P-T estimation results show that P-T conditions of eclogite facies metamorphism and amphibolite facies retrogressive metamorphism are over 1.2-1.5 GPa, 709-861°C and 0.7-1.03 GPa, 666-738°C, respectively. The discovery of the high-pressure xenoliths not only is of important significance to understand the composition and structure of deep crust in southern edge of North China Platform, but also can be of important influence on realizing the subduc-tion-collision-exhumation evolutional process | Wenliang Xu Dongyan Wang Xiaochun Liu Qinghai Wang Jingqian Lin | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，14： | 37 |
| 5 | 抚顺盆地始新统计军屯组油页岩地球化学特征及其地质意义显示文摘本文在野外实测剖面基础上,对抚顺盆地始新统计军屯组油页岩开展较为详细的地球化学特征研究,根据微量元素富集程度、元素比值变化及生物标志化合物特征等,探讨了油页岩的有机母质来源、沉积环境及其对油页岩成矿的控制。油页岩中微量元素主要有Li、Ti、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Mn、Sr、Ba、Zn、Ga、Rb和Cd。有机碳含量较高,平均为12.90%,氯仿沥青'A'组成中饱和烃馏分占优势,有机质以腐泥型为主。样品中检测出丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、甾类化合物和萜类化合物。在GC谱图上,正构烷烃呈'前低后高'双峰式分布,主峰碳数分别为nC_(17)或nC_(27)、nC_(19)或nC_(27),nC_(31)/nC_(17)为1.12~17. 38,重烃组分占优势,CPI值为1.55~1.77,OEP值为1.61~1.81,Pr/Ph为1.53~2.08。甾类化合物以规则甾烷为主,其次为重排甾烷,孕甾烷丰度极低,规则甾烷C_(27_-C_(28)-C_(29)ααα20R构成近对称的'V'字型,∑(C_(27)+C_(28))/∑C_(29)比值为1.11~1.19,∑C_(27)/∑C_(29)比值为0.63~0.77。萜类化合物以C_(30)藿烷占优势的五环三萜烷为主,含少量三环萜烷,检出少量奥利烷,几乎未见四环萜烷和伽马蜡烷。元素丰度及饱和烃色谱/质谱特征表明抚顺油页岩有机母质来源具水生生物和高等植物双重生源特征;Sr/Ba、V/V+Ni等元素比值,结合生物标志化合物特征及野外地质观察,揭示油页岩形成于淡水缺氧半深湖-深湖环境。湖泊自身生产力为油页岩的形成提供了主要的有机母质来源,稳定缺氧环境有利于有机质的堆积和保存。 | 刘招君 孟庆涛 柳蓉 董清水 | 2009 | 岩石学报2009，25，10： | 38 |
| 6 | SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating in Jingshan 'migmatitic granite', Bengbu and its geological significance显示文摘The petrographic characteristics of Jingshan 'migmatitic granite' and the occurrence of the magmatic zircons indicate that the granite was formed by normal crystallization of felsic melts. All zircons in the granite have inherited cores and fine-scale oscillatory zoning rims of magmatic origin. It is realized that the granite was formed at 160.2±1.3 Ma through dating magmatic zircons. The generation of the granitic magma could be related to the lithospheric mantle and/or lower crust delamination after the ultrahigh pressure metamorphism (UHPM) in Triassic. Most inherited zircons yield the ages of 217.1±6.6 Ma, which is consistent with the peak UHPM in the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt. Some of the inherited zircons (433-722 Ma) constitute a discordia line with the upper intercept age of 850+85/-68 Ma and a lower intercept age of 261+100/-140 Ma. These ages imply that the granite could be derived from the partial melting of the crustal materials of the South China Block that was intensively superimposed by the UHPM. The UHPM could be the reason for the major Pb loss at ±220 Ma. | XU Wenliang, WANG Qinghai, YANG Debin, LIU Xiaochun & GUO Jinghui College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China Institute of Geology & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，2： | 32 |
| 7 | On three-dimensional geological modeling and visualization显示文摘The technology of 3D geological modeling will bring about great changes in the methods of geological data acquiring, storing, processing and displaying. However, no perfect or convenient software systems have been developed up to now since the geologic data which re-flect geological entities bear the feature of diversity, uncertainty and complexity. Some supervoxel models, mathematical models of fault and geometrical models of fold have been contrived so as to show the space geometric configuration of the complicated geologic structures. The application-oriented system architecture for 3D geological modeling is established; and a novel design concept based on spatial data processing is also proposed with the technology of solid modeling as its core and the application of models as its objective. Theories and methods for 3D geological modeling will hopefully be enriched and developed. In the light of these theories and methods, a feature-based navigation visualization technique is also put forward in the paper. By integrating geo-database, graphics libraries and KBS with 3D dynamic simulation systems, geologists will be able to capture the partial characteristics and whole structure embodied in the geological data in a direct-viewing, figurative and accurate manner. | WU Qiang1 & XU Hua2 1. Department of Resource Exploitation Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China 2. Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China | 2004 | Science China Earth Sciences2004，47，8： | 21 |
| 8 | 3D integrated modeling approach to geo-engineering objects of hydraulic and hydroelectric projects显示文摘Aiming at 3D modeling and analyzing problems of hydraulic and hydroelectric en-gineering geology,a complete scheme of solution is presented. The first basis was NURBS-TIN-BRep hybrid data structure. Then,according to the classified thought of the object-oriented technique,the different 3D models of geological and engi-neering objects were realized based on the data structure,including terrain class,strata class,fault class,and limit class;and the modeling mechanism was alterna-tive. Finally,the 3D integrated model was established by Boolean operations be-tween 3D geological objects and engineering objects. On the basis of the 3D model,a series of applied analysis techniques of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering geology were illustrated. They include the visual modeling of rock-mass quality classification,the arbitrary slicing analysis of the 3D model,the geological analysis of the dam,and underground engineering. They provide powerful theoretical prin-ciples and technical measures for analyzing the geological problems encountered in hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering under complex geological conditions. | ZHONG DengHua LI MingChao LIU Jie | 2007 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2007，50，3： | 20 |
| 9 | 栾川上房沟钼矿床流体包裹体特征及其地质意义显示文摘上房沟钼矿床位于栾川断裂带北侧的华北克拉通南缘,矿体赋存于晚元古代栾川群碎屑岩-碳酸盐建造中。钼成矿经历了早、中、晚3个阶段:早阶段为钾长石-石英-辉钼矿-黄铁矿组合,中阶段为石英-辉钼矿-多金属硫化物组合,晚阶段以方解石-石英-萤石脉为特征。流体包裹体可划分为富/含CO_2型、含子矿物型和NaCl-H_2O型3类。早、中成矿阶段发育较多CO_2-H_2O型和含子晶型包裹体,晚阶段为NaCl-H_2O型包裹体。早阶段流体具有高温(320℃~500℃)、高盐度(31.75~66.75wt%NaCl eqv.)、富CO_2的特点,显示浆控高温热液矿床的特征;中阶段流体具有中温(190℃~400℃)、中等盐度(2.07~12.85 wt%NaCl eqv.,个别超过30 wt%NaCl eqv.)、富/含CO_2特点;晚阶段为中低温(160℃~260℃)、低盐度(~4.8 wt%NaCl eqv.)、贫CO_2的NaCl-H_2O体系。早、中阶段流体沸腾作用强烈,造成CO_2不断逸失、流体氧化性降低、成矿物质大量沉淀,是成矿的重要机制。 | 杨艳 张静 杨永飞 石英霞 | 2009 | 岩石学报2009，25，10： | 20 |
| 10 | Geological resources and environmental carrying capacity evaluation review,theory, and practice in China显示文摘Evaluations of resources and environmental carrying capacities (GRECC)are the premise of land space planning and use control.Resource allocations and environmental capacity are the basic conditions that restrict development in a region.In this paper,based on a systematic review of China's geological environment,groundwater resources,mineral resources,other geological resources and the environmental carrying capacity research status,the relationship between the natural resource environmental system and the socio-economic system is studied.Then a 'coordination theory of resources and environmental carrying'is proposed.Next,on the basis of an evaluation experiment performed at different scales and for different types of regions,the technical methods for an evaluation of the geological resources and environmental carrying capacity at the regional (inter-provincial)and provincial scales in China are established for the first time.This paper presents a standardized method based on technical ideas, evaluation methods,and index systems for geological resource and environmental carrying capacity evaluation.Finally,an evaluation of the groundwater resource carrying capacity in China is used as an example for the demonstration of the groundwater resource background and use of state evaluation methods. | Rui-min Li Zhi-qiang Yin Yi Wang Xiao-lei Li Qiong Liu Meng-meng Gao | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，4： | 19 |
| 11 | Prevention and treatment technologies of railway tunnel water inrush and mud gushing in China显示文摘Water inrush and mud gushing are one of the biggest hazards in tunnel construction. Unfavorable geological sections can be observed in almost all railway tunnels under construction or to be constructed, and vary in extent. Furthermore, due to the different heights of mountains and the lengths of tunnels, the locations of the unfavorable geological sections cannot be fully determined before construction, which increases the risk of water inrush and mud gushing. Based on numerous cases of water inrush and mud gushing in railway tunnels, the paper tries to classify water inrush and mud gushing in railway tunnels in view of the conditions of the surrounding rocks and meteorological factors associated with tunnel excavation. In addition, the causes of water inrush and mud gushing in combination of macroand micromechanisms are summarized, and site-specifc treatment method is put forward. The treatment methods include choosing a method of advance geological forecast according to risk degrees of different sections in the tunnel, determining the items of predictions, and choosing the appropriate methods, i.e. draining-oriented method, blocking-oriented method or draining-and-blocking method. The treatment technologies of railway water inrush and mud gushing are also summarized, including energy relief and pressure relief technology, advance grouting technology, and advance jet grouting technology associated with their key technical features and applicable conditions. The results in terms of treatment methods can provide reference to the prevention and treatment of tunnel water inrush and mud gushing. | Yong Zhao Pengfei Li Siming Tian | 2013 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2013，5，6： | 16 |
| 12 | Generating geologically realistic 3D reservoir facies models using deep learning of sedimentary architecture with generative adversarial networks显示文摘This paper proposes a novel approach for generating 3-dimensional complex geological facies models based on deep generative models.It can reproduce a wide range of conceptual geological models while possessing the flexibility necessary to honor constraints such as well data.Compared with existing geostatistics-based modeling methods,our approach produces realistic subsurface facies architecture in 3D using a state-of-the-art deep learning method called generative adversarial networks(GANs).GANs couple a generator with a discriminator,and each uses a deep convolutional neural network.The networks are trained in an adversarial manner until the generator can create 'fake' images that the discriminator cannot distinguish from 'real' images.We extend the original GAN approach to 3D geological modeling at the reservoir scale.The GANs are trained using a library of 3D facies models.Once the GANs have been trained,they can generate a variety of geologically realistic facies models constrained by well data interpretations.This geomodelling approach using GANs has been tested on models of both complex fluvial depositional systems and carbonate reservoirs that exhibit progradational and aggradational trends.The results demonstrate that this deep learning-driven modeling approach can capture more realistic facies architectures and associations than existing geostatistical modeling methods,which often fail to reproduce heterogeneous nonstationary sedimentary facies with apparent depositional trend. | Tuan-Feng Zhang Peter Tilke Emilien Dupont Ling-Chen Zhu Lin Liang William Bailey | 2019 | Petroleum Science2019，16，3： | 16 |
| 13 | Isotopic chronology and geological events of Precambrian complex in Taihangshan region显示文摘There are five major geological events in Precambrian complex, Taihangshan region determined by researching into geology and isotopic chronology of the complex. Basaltic magma erupted and quartz-dioritic to tonalitic magma intruded in earlier neo-Archaean, which formed horn-blende-plagiogneiss of Fuping gneiss complex and metamorphic mafic rock enclaves in TTG gneiss complex. Granulite fades metamorphism and emplacement of biotite-plagiogneiss occurred in late neo-Archaean. Extension and uplifting from the end of neo-Archaean to Paleoproterozoic era formed Chengnanzhuang large extensional deformation zones and metamorphic mafic veins emplaced into the deformation zones. Remobilization of Precambrian complex and tectonic uplifting in late Paleoproterozoic era formed Longquanguan ductile shear zone and emplacement of Nanying gneiss. Occurrence of regional granite pegmatite at the end of Paleoproterozoic era means the end of the Luliang movement. | 刘树文 梁海华 赵国春 华永刚 简安华 | 2000 | Science China Earth Sciences2000，43，4： | 15 |
| 14 | The Practice of Forward Prospecting of Adverse Geology Applied to Hard Rock TBM Tunnel Construction: The Case of the Songhua River Water Conveyance Project in the Middle of Jilin Province显示文摘 | Shucai Li Lichao Nie Bin Liu | 2018 | Engineering2018，4，1： | 15 |
| 15 | Predicting excavation damage zone depths in brittle rocks显示文摘During the construction of an underground excavation, damage occurs in the surrounding rock mass due in large part to stress changes. While the predicted damage extent impacts profile selection and support design, the depth of damage is a critical aspect for the design of permeability sensitive excavations, such as a deep geological repository(DGR) for nuclear waste. Review of literature regarding the depth of excavation damage zones(EDZs) indicates three zones are common and typically related to stress induced damage. Based on past developments related to brittle damage prediction using continuum modelling, the depth of the EDZs has been examined numerically. One method to capture stress induced damage in conventional engineering software is the damage initiation and spalling limit(DISL) approach. The variability of depths predicted using the DISL approach has been evaluated and guidelines are suggested for determining the depth of the EDZs around circular excavations in brittle rock masses. Of the inputs evaluated, it was found that the tensile strength produces the greatest variation in the depth of the EDZs. The results were evaluated statistically to determine the best fit relation between the model inputs and the depth of the EDZs. The best correlation and least variation were found for the outer EDZ and the highly damaged zone(HDZ) showed the greatest variation. Predictive equations for different EDZs have been suggested and the maximum numerical EDZ depths, represented by the 68% prediction interval, agreed well with the empirical evidence. This suggests that the numerical limits can be used for preliminary depth prediction of the EDZs in brittle rock for circular excavations. | Matthew A.Perras Mark S.Diederichs | 2016 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2016，8，1： | 12 |
| 16 | Analysis of rockburst in tunnels subjected to static and dynamic loads显示文摘The presence of geological structures such as faults, joints, and dykes has been observed near excavation boundaries in many rockburst case histories. In this paper, the role of discontinuities around tunnels in rockburst occurrence was studied. For this purpose, the Abaqus explicit code was used to simulate dynamic rock failure in deep tunnels. Material heterogeneity was considered using Python scripting in Abaqus. Rockbursts near fault regions in deep tunnels under static and dynamic loads were studied.Several tunnel models with and without faults were built and static and dynamic loads were used to simulate rock failure. The velocity and the released kinetic energy of failed rocks, the failure zone around the tunnel, and the deformed mesh were studied to identify stable and unstable rock failures. Compared with models without discontinuities, the results showed that the velocity and the released kinetic energy of failed rocks were higher, the failure zone around the tunnel was larger, and the mesh was more deformed in the models with discontinuities, indicating that rock failure in the models with discontinuities was more violent. The modeling results confirm that the presence of geological structures in the vicinity of deep excavations could be one of the major influence factors for the occurrence of rockburst. It can explain localized rockburst occurrence in civil tunnels and mining drifts. The presented methodology in this paper for rockburst analysis can be useful for rockburst anticipation and control during mining and tunneling in highly stressed ground. | Amin Manouchehrian Ming Cai | 2017 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2017，9，6： | 12 |
| 17 | Geological analysis and FT dating of the large-scale right-lateral strike-slip movement of the Red River fault zone显示文摘Tectonically, the large-scale right-lateral strike-slip movement along the Red River fault zone is char-acterized at its late phase with the southeastward extension and deformation of the Northwestern Yunnan normal fault depression on its northern segment, and the dextral shear displacement on its central-southern segment. Research of the relations between stratum deformation and fault movement on the typical fault segments, such as Jianchuan, southeast Midu, Yuanjiang River, Yuanyang, etc. since the Miocene Epoch shows that there are two times dextral faulting dominated by normal shearing occurring along the Red River fault zone since the Miocene Epoch. The fission track dating (abbrevi-ated to FT dating, the same below) is conducted on apatite samples collected from the above fault segments and relating to these movements. Based on the measured single grain’s age and the con-fined track length, we choose the Laslet annealing model to retrieve the thermal history of the samples, and the results show that the fault zone experienced two times obvious shear displacement, one in 5.5 ± 1.5 MaBP and the other in 2.1± 0.8 MaBP. The central-southern segment sees two intensive uplifts of mountain mass in the Yuanjiang River-Yuanyang region at 3.6―3.8 MaBP and 1.6―2.3 MaBP, which correspond to the above-mentioned two dextral normal displacement events since the late Miocene Epoch. | XIANG HongFa WAN JingLin HAN ZhuJun GUO ShunMin ZHANG WanXia CHEN LiChun DONG XingQuan | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007，50，3： | 10 |
| 18 | Age determination of Ailaoshan gold metallogenic belt by ESR method and its geological significance显示文摘In recent years, with its application and development in the geological research fields,the ESR dating technique has become a new method to study the age of gold deposits.Some researchers at home and abroad have used this method to study some younger uranium deposits, and got ore-forming ages similar to those acquired from U-Pb dating method. In this note, we chose some quartz paragenous with gold to study the age of three typical gold deposits in Ailaoshan gold belt by ESR method. Finally, we will discuss the genesis of the deposits. | 毕献武 胡瑞忠 何明友 | 1996 | Chinese Science Bulletin1996，41，18： | 9 |
| 19 | A comparison of the biological,geological events and environmental backgrounds between the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian and Permian-Triassic transitions显示文摘The Neoproterozoic-Cambrian(N-C) and Permian-Triassic(P-T) transitions have been regarded the two most critical transitions in earth history because of the explosive biological radiation in the early Cambrian(the Cambrian Explosion) and the largest mass extinction at the end-Permian.Previous studies suggest that these two critical transitions showed certain comparability in major evolutionary events.In other words,a series of biological,geological,and geochemical events that had happened in the N-C transition occurred repeatedly during the P-T transition.Those events included continental re-configuration related to the deep mantle dynamics,global-scale glaciations,large C-,Sr-,and S-isotope perturbations indicating atmospheric and oceanic changes,abnormal precipitation of carbonates,and associated multiple biological radiations and mass extinctions.The coupling of those events in both N-C and P-T transitions suggests that deep mantle dynamics could be a primary mechanism driving dramatic changes of environment on the earth's surface,which in turn caused major biological re-organizations.A detailed comparison of those events during the two critical transitions indicates that despite their general comparability,significant differences do exist in magnitude,duration,and frequency.The supercontinent Rodinia began to rift before the Snowball Earth time.By contrast,the supercontinent Pangea entered the dispersal stage after the greatest glaciation from the Late Carboniferous to Cisuralian.Quantitative data and qualitative analyses of different fossil groups show a more profound mass extinction during the N-C transition than at the end-Permian in terms of ecosystem disruption.This is indicated by the disappearance of the whole Ediacaran biota at the N-C boundary.The subsequent appearances of many new complex animals at phylum level in the early Cambrian mark the establishment of a brand new ecosystem.However,the end-Permian mass extinction is manifested mainly by the extinction of many different taxa at class and order levels.Although it caused the extinction of 95% of marine species and 75% of terrestrial species as well as complete cessation of coal and reef deposits after the mass extinction,this high-level biological re-organization still occurred within an established ecosystem,however drastic it may seem.Survived or Lazarus taxa re-occupied the existing ecospace in a relatively short duration after the end-Permian mass extinction.C-isotope excursions display large perturbations during both transitions,yet also in different magnitudes and frequencies,which suggest different atmospheric and oceanic conditions.The recurrent geological and geochemical events as well as the coupled major biological turnovers during the two transitions provide new clues to understanding the interplays among the earth-life system.Thus,it is essential to carry out multidisciplinary studies from the deep internal system to the surface of the Earth as a whole in order to unravel the interactions of different spheres of the earth. | ShuZhong Shen MaoYan Zhu XiangDong Wang GuoXiang Li ChangQun Cao Hua Zhang | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，12： | 9 |
| 20 | A methodology for 3D modeling and visualization of geological objects显示文摘Geological body structure is the product of the geological evolution in the time dimension, which is presented in 3D configuration in the natural world. However, many geologists still record and process their geological data using the 2D or 1D pattern, which results in the loss of a large quantity of spatial data. One of the reasons is that the current methods have limitations on how to express underground geological objects. To analyze and interpret geological models, we present a layer data model to organize different kinds of geological datasets. The data model implemented the unification expression and storage of geological data and geometric models. In addition, it is a method for visualizing large-scaled geological datasets through building multi-resolution geological models rapidly, which can meet the demand of the operation, analysis, and interpretation of 3D geological objects. It proves that our methodology is competent for 3D modeling and self-adaptive visualization of large geological objects and it is a good way to solve the problem of integration and share of geological spatial data. | ZHANG LiQiang TAN YuMin KANG ZhiZhong RUI XiaoPing ZHAO YuanYuan LIU Liu | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，7： | 9 |
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