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| 1 | Application of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in disease models显示文摘Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells(hUCB-MSCs) are regarded as an alternative source of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells because collection of cord blood is less invasive than that of bone marrow.hUCB-MSCs have recently been studied for evaluation of their potential as a source of cell therapy.In this review,the general characteristics of hUCBMSCs and their therapeutic effects on various diseases in vitro and in vivo will be discussed. | Ju-Yeon Kim Hong Bae Jeon Yoon Sun Yang Wonil Oh Jong Wook Chang | 2010 | World Journal of Stem Cells2010，2，2： | 14 |
| 2 | Immunology of hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is primarily a malignancy of the liver, advancing from a damaged, cirrhotic liver to HCC. Globally, HCC is the sixth most prevalent cancer and the third-most prevalent reason for neoplastic disease-related deaths. A diverse array of infiltrating immunocytes regulates the development and progression of HCC, as is the case in many other cancers. An understanding of the various immune components during HCC becomes necessary so that novel therapeutic strategies can be designed to combat the disease. A dysregulated immune system(including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. Alterations in either the innate or adaptive arm of the immune system and cross-talk between them make the immune system tolerant to tumors, leading to disease progression. In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells(e.g., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC. | Meenakshi Sachdeva Yogesh K Chawla Sunil K Arora | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，17： | 14 |
| 3 | Specific CD8^+ T cell response immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), chronic hepatitis B(CHB) and chronic hepatitis C(CHC) are characterized by exhaustion of the specific CD8^+ T cell response. This process involves enhancement of negative costimulatory molecules, such as programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4(CTLA-4), 2B4, Tim-3, CD160 and LAG-3, which is linked to intrahepatic overexpression of some of the cognate ligands, such as PD-L1, on antigen presenting cells and thereby favouring a tolerogenic environment. Therapies that disrupt these negative signalling mechanisms represent promising therapeutic tools with the potential to restore reactivity of the specific CD8^+ T cell response. In this review we discuss the impressive in vitro and in vivo results that have been recently achieved in HCC, CHB and CHC by blocking these negative receptors with monoclonal antibodies against these immune checkpoint modulators. The article mainly focuses on the role of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blocking monoclonal antibodies, the first ones to have reached clinical practice. The humanized monoclonal antibodies against CTLA-4(tremelimumab and ipilimumab) and PD-1(nivolumab and pembrolizumab) have yielded good results in testing of HCC and chronic viral hepatitis patients. Trelimumab, in particular, has shown a significant increase in the time to progression in HCC, while nivolumab has shown a remarkable effect on hepatitis C viral load reduction. The research on the role of ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab on HCC is currently underway. | Elia Moreno-Cubero Juan-Ramón Larrubia | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，28： | 13 |
| 4 | Multiparametric analysis of colorectal cancer immune responses显示文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC) is a heterogeneous disease, with a diverse and plastic immune cell infiltrate. These immune cells play an important role in regulating tumour growth-progression or elimination. Some populations of cells have a strong correlation with disease-free survival, making them useful prognostic markers. In particular, the infiltrate of CD3^+ and CD8^+ T cells into CRC tumours has been validated worldwide as a valuable indicator of patient prognosis. However, the heterogeneity of the immune response, both between patients with tumours of different molecular subtypes, and within the tumour itself, necessitates the use of multiparametric analysis in the investigation of tumour-specific immune responses. This review will outline the multiparametric analysis techniques that have been developed and applied to studying the role of immune cells in the tumour, with a focus on colorectal cancer. Because much of the data in this disease relates to T cell subsets and heterogeneity, we have used T cell populations as examples throughout. Flow and mass cytometry give a detailed representation of the cells within the tumour in a single-cell suspension on a per-cell basis. Imaging technologies, such as imaging mass cytometry, are used to investigate increasing numbers of markers whilst retaining the spatial and structural information of the tumour section and the infiltrating immune cells. Together, the analyses of multiple immune parameters can provide valuable information to guide clinical decision-making in CRC. | Julia KH Leman Sarah K Sandford Janet L Rhodes Roslyn A Kemp | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，27： | 12 |
| 5 | The roles of surfactant protein D during Aspergillus fumigatus infection in human corneal epithelial cells显示文摘AIM: To investigate roles of surfactant protein D (SP-D) and relative cytokines in human corneal epithelial(HCE) cells exposed to aspergillus fumigatus (AF) antigens.METHODS: HCE cells cultured in vitro with AF antigens and sampled at 0, 0.5, 1 hour, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The expression of SP-D mRNA was evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The expression of SP-D protein was shown by ELISA and immunocytochemistry SP methods. The expression of NF-κB and relative downstream cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 in supernatant fluid were measured by ELISA.RESULTS: SP-D mRNA and protein were detected in untreated HCE cells. The expression of SP-D and the relative downstream cytokines rose after being stimulated with AF antigens. SP-D mRNA began to rise at 0.5 hour and the most significantly peak was in 2 hours. The protein of SP-D in supernatant fluid had the same trend with mRNA. Immunocytochemistry of SP-D showed positive expression and gradually increased to 6 hours, and then the expression began to decline. NF-κB was activated after treated by AF antigens and the changes had correlation with SP-D. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 began to rise after given AF antigens 1 hour and were 1.82, 1.43, 1.12 and 1.28 times higher than the untreated HCE cells separately. The expression of TNF-α and IL-1β reached the peak at 2 hours, separately 2.80 and 2.86 times than the untreated. The expression of IL-8 and IL-10 gradually increased with a time-dependent manner.CONCLUSION: HCE cells exists SP-D and it may play a significant role in pathogenesis of keratomycosis. AF may induce human corneal epithelial cells to express inflammatory cytokines via SP-D and NF-κB pathway. SP-D possibly mediates the recognition to AF mycelium. | Cheng-Ye Che Wen-Yan Jia Qiang Xu Na Li Li-Ting Hu Nan Jiang Jing Lin Qing Wang and Gui-Qiu Zhao | 2012 | International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition)2012，5，1： | 12 |
| 6 | Neuroinflammation as a target for glaucoma therapy显示文摘The pathogenesis of glaucoma is still not fully clarified but a growing body of evidence suggests that neuroinflammation and immune response are part of the sequence of pathological events leading to the optic neuropathy. Indeed, inflammation-involving the activation and proliferation of resident glial cells(astrocytes, Muller cells and microglia) and the release of a plethora of anti-and pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species-has been reported as common features in clinical and experimental glaucoma. In the insulted retina, as for other neuronal tissues, pathogenic and reparative aspects coexist in the inflammatory process, with extent and persistency affecting the final outcome. In view of this, therapies aimed at modulating the immune and inflammatory responses may represent a promising approach for limiting the optic nerve damage and the loss of retinal ganglion cells associated with glaucoma. | Adornetto Annagrazia Rossella Russo Parisi Vincenzo | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，3： | 10 |
| 7 | Targeting amino acid metabolism in cancer growth and anti-tumor immune response显示文摘Recent advances in amino acid metabolism have revealed that targeting amino acid metabolic enzymes in cancer therapy is a promising strategy for the development of novel therapeutic agents. There are currently several drugs in clinical trials that specifically target amino acid metabolic pathways in tumor cells. In the context of the tumor microenvironment,however,tumor cells form metabolic relationships with immune cells,and they oftencompete for common nutrients. Many tumors evolved to escape immune surveillance by taking advantage of their metabolic flexibility and redirecting nutrients for their own advantage. This review outlines the most recent advances in targeting amino acid metabolic pathways in cancer therapy while giving consideration to the impact these pathways may have on the anti-tumor immune response. | Elitsa Ananieva | 2015 | World Journal of Biological Chemistry2015，6，4： | 10 |
| 8 | 艾滋病HAART治疗免疫重建炎性综合征的免疫机制初步研究显示文摘目的 为探讨我国艾滋病病人(AIDS)启动高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)后,发生免疫重建炎性综合征(IRIS)的免疫学发病机制,在前瞻性研究队列中对启动HAART的AIDS病人部分淋巴细胞亚群、调节性T细胞和部分Th1和Th2细胞因子等进行追踪分析.方法 将接受HAART初始治疗的238例AIDS病人建立前瞻性研究队列,分为在24周内发生IRIS的47例病人(IRIS组)和未发生IRIS的191例病人(非IRIS组).在HAART的0周、12周和24周采集两组血标本,对47例IRIS病例及随机选择的50例非IRIS病例进行免疫机制的研究分析,检测HIV病毒载量和CD4+细胞计数;使用流式细胞术检测部分淋巴细胞亚群和调节性T细胞(CD4+CD25+Foxp3+).在HAART的0周、4周、12周、24周及发生IRIS时分别采集全部238例患者的血标本,使用ELISA法测定血浆细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10以及IL-7水平.结果 两组感染者的CD4+、CD8+纯真细胞和记忆细胞比例在0周、12周、24周及发生IRIS时比较差异均无统计学意义,但CD4+记忆细胞和CD8+记忆细胞比例在启动HAART后均明显上升.两组感染者CD4+CD38+活化细胞和CD8+CD38+活化细胞比例在基线时均较正常值明显升高,治疗后均有下降趋势.在0周、12周、24周及发生IRIS时CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞在IRIS组中均较非IRIS组要低.两组IL-2及IFN-γ在HAART后均呈上升趋势,且IRIS组在4周及发生IRIS时更明显高于非IRIS组;两组IL-4及IL-10在HAART后均呈下降趋势,IRIS组中IL-10在4周及发生IRIS时更明显低于非IRIS组.IL-7在两组中基线时均较正常值升高,并随HAART进程逐渐降低,其中IRIS组在各随访点IL-7均要高于非IRIS组.结论 接受HAART治疗者早期即出现记忆T细胞快速上升,在IRIS炎症反应中可能起重要作用.IL-2、IL-10和IFN-γ在发生IRIS时的水平差别,提示IRIS的发生与炎性细胞因子大量增加,炎性抑制因子相对不足有一定关系.IL-7也可能参与到IRIS的发病机制中. | 郑煜煌 刘猛 周华英 何艳 周国强 谌资 陈霞 贺梅 加路 姚运海 郑力文 | 2011 | 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志2011，31，1： | 10 |
| 9 | Hepatitis B virus-persistent infection and innate immunity defect: Cell-related or virus-related?显示文摘The outcomes of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection are closely related to the age at which infection was acquired. Infection acquired in adult life tends to be selflimited, in contrast to perinatal acquirement, for which chronic persistence of the HBV is a general outcome. Innate immunity plays an indispensable role in early virus infection, facilitating virus clearance. However, it has been reported that HBV is under-recognized and poorly eliminated by the innate immune system in the early stages of infection, possibly explaining the long-lasting persistence of viremia afterwards. Furthermore, due to the existence of covalently closed circular DNA, chronic HBV clearance is very difficult, even when patients are given interferon-α and nucleotide/nucleoside analogs for antiviral therapy. The mechanism by which HBV evades innate immune recognition and establishes persistent infection remains a subject of debate. Besides, some researchers are becoming more interested in how to eradicate chronic HBV infection by restoring or boosting innate immunity. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on how intrahepatocyte signaling pathways and innate immune cells act after the onset of HBV infection and how these actions are related to the persistence of HBV. We anticipate the insights presented herein to be helpful for future development of novel immune therapeutic strategies to fight HBV infection. | Jian Tang Zhen-Yu Wu Rong-Juan Dai Jing Ma Guo-Zhong Gong | 2018 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2018，6，9： | 8 |
| 10 | Establishment of Nasal Tolerance to Heat Shock Protein-60 Alleviates Atherosclerosis by Inducing TGF-β-dependent Regulatory T Cells显示文摘Mounting evidence supports that a newly identified regulatory T cell (Treg),CD4+LAP+ Treg,is associated with oral tolerance induction and following inhibition of atherosclerosis,but little is described about whether nasal tolerance to antigen likewise induces the novel Tregs production and the relevant antiatherosclerotic benefit.We investigated the effect of nasal administration of heat shock protein-60 (HSP60) on atherogenesis.HSP60 or phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was nasally adminis-tered to six-week-old male ApoE-/-mice.At the 10th week after the nasal administration,there was a significant decrease in atherosclerotic plaque areas of aortic roots in the HSP60-treated mice as com-pared with those in the PBS-treated mice.Atherosclerosis suppression was accompanied with a signifi-cant increase in CD4+LAP+ and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and a concurrently increased production of TGF-β in the HSP60-treated mice.The protective effect of HSP60 was offset by injection of anti-TGF-βantibody.It is concluded that nasal administration of HSP60 can inhibit atherosclerotic formation through immune tolerance which is established by Tregs depending on the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β.Immune tolerance induced by nasal administration of HSP60 may provide an alternative therapeutic method for atherosclerosis. | 李海禹 丁艳萍 易桂文 曾秋棠 杨文凯 | 2012 | Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences)2012，32，1： | 7 |
| 11 | Stem cell therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A promising therapeutic strategy?显示文摘Inflammatory bowel diseases are inflammatory, chronic and progressive diseases of the intestinal tract for which no curative treatment is available. Research in other fields with stem cells of different sources and with immunoregulatory cells(regulatory T-lymphocytes and dendritic T-cells) opens up new expectations for their use in these diseases. The goal for stem cell-based therapy is to provide a permanent cure. To achieve this, it will be necessary to obtain a cellular product, original or genetically modified, that has a high migration capacity and homes into the intestine, has high survival after transplantation, regulates the immune reaction while not being visible to the patient's immune system, and repairs the injured tissue. | Ana I Flores Gonzalo J Gómez-Gómez ángeles Masedo-González M Pilar Martínez-Montiel | 2015 | World Journal of Stem Cells2015，7，2： | 7 |
| 12 | Mesenchymal stem cells: Potential role in corneal wound repair and transplantation显示文摘Corneal diseases are a major cause of blindness in the world. Although great progress has been achieved in the treatment of corneal diseases, wound healing after severe corneal damage and immunosuppressive therapy after corneal transplantation remain prob-lematic. Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) derived from bone marrow or other adult tissues can differentiate into various types of mesenchymal lineages, such as osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes, both in vivo and in vitro. These cells can further differentiate into specific cell types under specific conditions. MSCs migrate to injury sites and promote wound healing by secreting anti-inflammatory and growth factors. In ad-dition, MSCs interact with innate and acquired immune cells and modulate the immune response through their powerful paracrine function. Over the last decade, MSCs have drawn considerable attention because of their beneficial properties and promising therapeutic prospective. Furthermore, MSCs have been applied to various studies related to wound healing, autoim-mune diseases, and organ transplantation. This review discusses the potential functions of MSCs in protecting corneal tissue and their possible mechanisms in corneal wound healing and corneal transplantation. | Fei Li Shao-Zhen Zhao | 2014 | World Journal of Stem Cells2014，6，3： | 7 |
| 13 | Chemokines and their receptors play important roles in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘The chemokine system consists of four different subclasses with over 50 chemokines and 19 receptors. Their functions in the immune system have been well elucidated and research during the last decades unveils their new roles in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). The chemokines and their receptors in the microenvironment influence the development of HCCby several aspects including:inflammation,effects on immune cells,angiogenesis,and direct effects on HCC cells. Regarding these aspects,pre-clinical research by targeting the chemokine system has yielded promising data,and these findings bring us new clues in the chemokine-based therapies for HCC. | Chun-Min Liang Long Chen Heng Hu Hui-Ying Ma Ling-Ling Gao Jie Qin Cui-Ping Zhong | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，10： | 7 |
| 14 | Inflammatory microenvironment contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer显示文摘Gastric cancer(GC) is the fifth most common malignancy in the world. The major cause of GC is chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori). Infection with H. pylori leads to an active inflammatory microenvironment that is maintained by immune cells such as T cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, among other cells. Immune cell dysfunction allows the initiation and accumulation of mutations in GC cells, inducing aberrant proliferation and protection from apoptosis. Meanwhile, immune cells can secrete certain signals, including cytokines, and chemokines, to alter intracellular signaling pathways in GC cells. Thus, GC cells obtain the ability to metastasize to lymph nodes by undergoing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT), whereby epithelial cells lose their epithelial attributes and acquire a mesenchymal cell phenotype. Metastasis is a leading cause of death for GC patients, and the involved mechanisms are still under investigation. In this review, we summarize the current research on how the inflammatory environment affects GC initiation and metastasis via EMT. | Hui-Ying Ma Xin-Zhou Liu Chun-Min Liang | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，29： | 6 |
| 15 | Rational use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders显示文摘Autism and autism spectrum disorders(ASD) refer to a range of conditions characterized by impaired social and communication skills and repetitive behaviors caused by different combinations of genetic and environmental influences. Although the pathophysiology underlying ASD is still unclear, recent evidence suggests that immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation play a role in the etiology of ASD. In particular, there is direct evidence supporting a role for maternal immune activation during prenatal life in neurodevelopmental conditions. Currently, the available options of behavioral therapies and pharmacological and supportive nutritional treatments in ASD are only symptomatic. Given the disturbing rise in the incidence of ASD, and the fact that there is no effective pharmacological therapy for ASD, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic options. Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties that make them relevant to several diseases associated with inflammation and tissue damage. The paracrine regenerative mechanisms of MSCs are also suggested to be therapeutically beneficial for ASD.Thus the underlying pathology in ASD, including immune system dysregulation and inflammation, represent potential targets for MSC therapy. This review willfocus on immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of ASD and will further discuss the therapeutic potential for MSCs in mediating ASD-related immunological disorders. | Qiang Liu Mo-Xian Chen Lin Sun Chloe U Wallis Jian-Song Zhou Li-Juan Ao Qi Li Pak C Sham | 2019 | World Journal of Stem Cells2019，11，2： | 5 |
| 16 | Lymphocyte subsets predictive value and possible involvement of human papilloma virus infection on breast cancer molecular subtypes显示文摘AIM To detect human papilloma virus(HPV) presence and to characterize cellular immune response in breast cancer patients. METHODS A total of 74 women were included, of which 48 samples were from patients diagnosed with breast cancer and 26 patients with benign pathology of the breast. Molecular subtype classification was performed based on the immunohistochemical reports of the tumor piece. HPV genome detection and genotyping from fresh breast biopsies was performed using the INNO-LIPA HPV Genotyping Extra test(Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium). CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and natural killer(NK)+ cells levels from peripheral blood samples from patients with breast cancer and benign pathology were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Luminal A was the most frequent breast cancer molecular subtype(33.33%). HPV was detected in 25% of the breast cancer patients, and genotype 18 was the most frequent in the studied population. The mean of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations were decreased in patients with breast cancer, in relation to those with benign pathology, with a statistically significant difference in CD8+ values(P = 0.048). The mean of NK+ cells was increased in the benign pathology group. The average level of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and NK+ cells decreased as the disease progressed. HER2+ and Luminal B HER2+ tumors had the lowest counts of cell subsets. HPV breast cancer patients had elevated counts of cellular subsets. CONCLUSION Determining level changes in cellular subsets in breast cancer patients is a useful tool to evaluate treatment response. | Andreína Fernandes Adriana Pesci-Feltri Isabel García-Fleury Marco López Vincent Guida Marisol De Macedo María Correnti | 2018 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2018，9，7： | 5 |
| 17 | Impact of PRRSV on activation and viability of antigen presenting cells显示文摘Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of swine industry. The causal agent, PRRS-virus(PRRSV), is able to evade the host immune response and survive in the organism causing transient infections. Despite all scientific efforts, there are still some gaps in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. Antigen presenting cells(APCs), as initiators of the immune response, are located in the first line of defense against microorganisms, and are responsible for antigen recognition, processing and presentation. Dendritic cells(DCs) are the main type of APC involved in antigen presentation and they are susceptible to PRRSV infection. Thus, PRRSV replication in DCs may trigger off different mechanisms to impair the onset of a host effective immune response against the virus. On the one side, PRRSV may impair the basic functions of DCs by regulating the expression of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ and CD80/86. Other strategy followed by the virus is the induction of cell death of APCs by apoptosis, necrosis or both of them. The impairment and/or cell death ofAPCs could lead to a failure in the onset of an efficient immune response, as long as cells could not properly activate T cells. Future aspects to take into account are also discussed in this review. | Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez Jaime Gómez-Laguna Librado Carrasco | 2013 | World Journal of Virology2013，2，4： | 4 |
| 18 | HBsAg loading on dendritic cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B: expressions of phenotypic molecules显示文摘BACKGROUND: The antigen reducing ability of dentritic cells (DCs), a kind of antigen presenting cells (APCs) initiating immune response, is associated with the specific immune tolerance of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) patients. However, the dysfunction of DCs can be possibly reversed by the stimulation of antigen peptides. In this study, DCs were cultured from peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) in patients with CHB in vitro, and the expression of phenotypic molecules on DCs loaded by different concentrations of HBsAg was observed. METHODS: Forty patients with CHB were divided randomly into 4 groups(10 patients in each group). PBMCs were isolated, and DCs were cultured after addition of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and interleukin 4(IL-4). On the 9th day, DCs of the experimental groups were loaded at HBsAg concentrations of 2.5mg/L, 5mg/L and 10mg/L for 24 hours, whereas those of the control group were not loaded. An electron microscope was used to analyze the morphological changes of the DCs. The expression of phenotypic molecules on DCs in different groups was detected with flow cytometry. RESULTS: A combination of GM-CSF and IL-4 produced DCs from PBMCs in patients with CHB after being cultured for 9 days, whose morphological changes were tested by an electron microscope. The expression of phenotypic molecules on DCs in the control group was as low as CD83 (8.02±3.99)%, CD80(8.77±2.06)%, and MHC-DR (14.05±2.66)%. Loaded by different concentrations of HBsAg, the up-regulation of phenotypic molecules on DCs was found, with CD83(18.35±2.93)%, CD80(42.63±7.15)% and MHC-DR(47.49±6.59)% in 2.5mg/L HBsAg loading group, CD83(17.88±3.12)%, CD80(45.24± 10.93)% and MHC-DR(47.07±8.52)% in 5mg/L HBsAg loading group and CD83(16.74±2.86)%, CD80(44.59±6.99)% and MHC-DR(48.59±7.42)% in 10mg/L HBsAg loading group, respectively. Compared with the control group, the phenotypic molecules in the experimental groups were all different significantly (P<0.01), but among them, there were no differences (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DCs cultured from PBMCs in the patients with CHB under the conditions of GM-CSF and IL-4 present on the typical dendritic morphology but are immature for expressing low phenotypic molecules. Loaded by different concentrations of HBsAg, the immature DCs can differentiate to mature DCs for expressing increasing phenotypic molecules. | Hua-Sheng Tong, Yi Zhang, Keng Yuan and Xin-Wen Fu Institute for Digestive Disease, Affiliated Nanfang Hospital of Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi Medical College Key Oncolog’y Laboratory of Institute for Medical Science, Jiangxi Province and Department of Laboratory, Jiangxi Province People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330000, China | 2006 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2006，5，1： | 4 |
| 19 | Biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: What's new on the horizon?显示文摘Treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma remains unsatisfying and so far only prognostic biomarkers like α-fetoprotein have been established. No clear predictive biomarker is currently available for standard of care therapies, including targeted therapies like sorafenib. Novel therapeutic options like immune checkpoint inhibitors may pose new challenges to identification and validation of such markers. Currently, PD-L1 expression via immunohistochemistry and tumor mutational burden via next-generation sequencing are explored as predictive biomarkers for these novel treatments. Limited tissue availability due to lack of biopsies still restricts the use of tissue based approaches. Novel methods exploring circulating or cell free nucleic acids(DNA, RNA or miRNAcontaining exosomes) could provide a new opportunity to establish predictive biomarkers. Epigenetic profiling and next-generation sequencing approaches from liquid biopsies are under development. Sample size, etiologic and geographical background need to be carefully addressed in such studies to achieve meaningful results that could be translated into clinical practice. Proteomics, metabolomics and molecular imaging are further emerging technologies. | Matthias Ocker | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，35： | 4 |
| 20 | Spotlights on immunological effects of reactive nitrogen species: When inflammation says nitric oxide显示文摘Over the last decades, nitric oxide(NO) has been definitively recognised as one of the key players involved in immunity and inflammation. NO generation was originally described in activated macrophages, which still represent the prototype of NO-producing cells. Notwithstanding, additional cell subsets belonging to both innate and adaptive immunity have been documented to sustain NO propagation by means of the enzymatic activity of different nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Furthermore, due to its chemical characteristics, NO could rapidly react with other free radicals to generate different reactive nitrogen species(RNS), which have been intriguingly associated with many pathological conditions. Nonetheless, the plethora of NO/RNS-mediated effects still remains extremely puzzling. The aim of this manuscript is to dig into the broad literature on the topic to provide intriguing insights on NO-mediated circuits within immune system. We analysed NO and RNS immunological clues arising from their biochemical properties, immunomodulatory activities and finally dealing with their impact on different pathological scenarios with far prompting intriguing perspectives for their pharmacological targeting. | Andrea Predonzani Bianca Calì Andrielly HR Agnellini Barbara Molon | 2015 | World Journal of Experimental Medicine2015，5，2： | 3 |
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