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| 1 | Submarine Landslides on the North Continental Slope of the South China Sea显示文摘Recent and paleo-submarine landslides are widely distributed within strata in deep-water areas along continental slopes, uplifts, and carbonate platforms on the north continental margin of the South China Sea(SCS). In this paper, high-resolution 3D seismic data and multibeam data based on seismic sedimentology and geomorphology are employed to assist in identifying submarine landslides. In addition, deposition models are proposed that are based on specific geological structures and features, and which illustrate the local stress field over entire submarine landslides in deep-water areas of the SCS. The SCS is one of the largest fluvial sediment sinks in enclosed or semi-enclosed marginal seas worldwide. It therefore provides a set of preconditions for the formation of submarine landslides, including rapid sediment accumulation, formation of gas hydrates, and fluid overpressure. A new concept involving temporal and spatial analyses is tested to construct a relationship between submarine landslides and different time scale trigger mechanisms, and three mechanisms are discussed in the context of spatial scale and temporal frequency: evolution of slope gradient and overpressure, global environmental changes, and tectonic events. Submarine landslides that are triggered by tectonic events are the largest but occur less frequently, while submarine landslides triggered by the combination of slope gradient and overpressure evolution are the smallest but most frequently occurring events. In summary, analysis shows that the formation of submarine landslides is a complex process involving the operation of different factors on various time scales. | WANG Weiwei WANG Dawei WU Shiguo VOKER David ZENG Hongliu CAI Guanqiang LI Qingping | 2018 | Journal of Ocean University of China2018，17，1： | 11 |
| 2 | Multi-factor sensitivity analysis on the stability of submarine hydrate-bearing slope显示文摘There are many factors affecting the instability of the submarine hydrate-bearing slope (SHBS),and the interaction with hydrate is very complicated.In this paper,the mechanical mechanism of the static liquefaction and instability of submarine slope caused by the dissociation of natural gas hydrate (NGH) resulting in the rapid increase of pore pressure of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) and the decrease of effective stress are analyzed based on the time series and type of SHBS.Then,taking the typical submarine slope in the northern South China Sea as an example,four important factors affecting the stability of SHBS are selected,such as the degree of hydrate dissociation,the depth of hydrate burial,the thickness of hydrate,and the depth of seawater.According to the principle of orthogonal method,25 orthogonal test schemes with 4 factors and 5 levels are designed and the safety factors of submarine slope stability of each scheme are calculated by using the strength reduction finite element method.By means of the orthogonal design range analysis and the variance analysis,sensitivity of influential factors on stability of SHBS are obtained.The results show that the degree of hydrate dissociation is the most sensitive,followed by hydrate burial depth,the thickness of hydrate and the depth of seawater.Finally,the concept of gas hydrate critical burial depth is put forward according to the influence law of gas hydrate burial depth,and the numerical simulation for specific submarine slope is carried out,which indicates the existence of critical burial depth. | Liang Kong Zhen-fei Zhang Qing-meng Yuan Qian-yong Liang Yao-hong Shi Jin-qing Lin | 2018 | China Geology2018，1，3： | 10 |
| 3 | Evolution of radiative sand ridge field of the South Yellow Sea and its sedimentary characteristics显示文摘A sand ridge field of 22 470 km^2 consists of fine sands and silts originally from the old Changjiang River sediment during the late Pleistocene period. Late Holocene sand stratum with its well-preserved laminary bedding of more clay particles reflects the influence from the Yellow River. There are three genetic types of morphology of sand ridge field as follows: (ⅰ) reformed alluvial sandy bodies and old river valleys, located in the central and southern parts, formed from the end of Pleistocene to the present. (ⅱ) Radiative current ridges and patrimonal valley type, located in the northeastern part, formed during the early or middle Holocene time. (ⅲ) Eroded-depositional sandy bodies in the north and outer parts, and erosional trough in the north formed since the middle Holocene transgression. The sand ridge field has a periodic nature of developing processes: the period of sediment accumulation by rivers during cold epoch with low sea level and the period of erosional formation by tidal currents | 王颖 朱大奎 尤坤元 潘少明 朱晓东 邹欣庆 张永战 | 1999 | Science China Earth Sciences1999，42，1： | 9 |
| 4 | Experimental Study on Free Spanning Submarine Pipeline Under Dynamic Excitation显示文摘Seismic load has a significant effect on the response of a free spanning submarine pipeline when the pipeline is constructed in a seismically active region. The model experiment is performed on an underwater shaking table to simulate the response of submarine pipelines under dynamic input. In consideration of the effects of the terrestrial and submarine pipeline, water depth, support condition, distance from seabed, empty and full pipeline, and span on dynamic response, 120 groups of experiments are conducted. Affecting factors are analyzed and conclnsions are drawn for reference. For the control of dynamic response, the span of a submarine pipeline is by far more important than the other factors. Meanwhile, the rosponse difference between a submarine pipeline under sine excitation and that under random excitation exists in experiments. | 李昕 刘亚坤 周晶 马恒春 朱彤 | 2002 | China Ocean Engineering2002，17，4： | 9 |
| 5 | Stability analysis of submarine slopes in the area of the test production of gas hydrate in the South China Sea显示文摘In this paper, the mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) were summarized and the instability mechanism of submarine hydrate-bearing slope (SHBS) was analyzed under the background of the test production of gas hydrate in the northern part of the South China Sea. The strength reduction finite element method (SRFEM) was introduced to the stability analysis of submarine slopes for the safety of the test production. Two schemes were designed to determine the physical and mechanical parameters of four target wells. Through the division of the hydrate dissociation region and the design of four working conditions, the range and degree of hydrate dissociation at different stages during the test production were simulated. Based on the software ABAQUS, 37 FEM models of SHBS were set up to analyze and assess the stability of the submarine slopes in the area of the test production. Necessary information such as safety factors, deformation, and displacement were obtained at different stages and under different working conditions. According to the calculation results, the submarine slope area is stable before the test production, and the safety factors almost remains the same during and after the test production. All these indicate that the test production has no obvious influence on the area of the test production and the submarine slopes in the area are stable during and after the test production. | Yao-hong Shi Qian-yong Liang Jiang-pin Yang Qing-meng Yuan Xue-min Wu Liang Kong | 2019 | China Geology2019，2，3： | 8 |
| 6 | Geochemical characteristics of organic matter-rich strata of lower Cambrian in Tarim Basin and its origin显示文摘The organic matter-rich strata of the Yurtusi Formation of Lower Cambrian are wildly spread and steady in the Tarim Basin, in which cherts are developed, companied with phos-phorite. Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) ratio and Si/(Si+Al+Fe) ratio of cherts range from 0.0023 to 0.0046 and 0.965 to 0.98, respectively, suggesting that cherts are formed in submarine hydrothermal activity and far away from terrestrial. Trace elements, such as As, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co, P, V, Ba, etc., are markedly rich in organic matter-rich sedimentary rocks of which Ba/Sr ratios are between 21.2 and 158.1. Compared with modern hydrothermal sediments, their Ba/Sr ratios are similar, it in-dicates that the organic matter-rich strata have the geochemical feature of submarine hydro-thermal sediments. The total content of rare earth elements (SREE) in cherts is from 8.81 to 56.682 mg/g, on average 31.41 mg/g and the SREE of cherts is between continental margin cherts and abyssal cherts. The LREE/HREE ratio of cherts varies from 1.01 to 3.56, which re-veals the characteristics of hydrothermal sediments. There is positive correlation between the total organic content (TOC) and Ba/Sr ratio which is geochemical index of submarine hydro-thermal activity, which indicates that the submarine hydrothermal activity obviously influences the richness of organic matter in the Yurtusi Formation. | CHEN Jianfa1, SUN Shengli2, LIU Wenhui3 & ZHENG Jianjing3 1. Petroleum University, Beijing 102249, China 2. Zhanjiang Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China 3. Lanzhou Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China | 2004 | Science China Earth Sciences2004，47，z2： | 6 |
| 7 | Relationship between polymetallic nodules and submarine hydrothermalism in the Central Pacific Ocean显示文摘THE huge reserves of submarine polymetallic nodules make them an important kind of potentialmineral resources. It has already been discovered that polymetallic nodules are related withsubmarine vollcanogene hydrothermalism. For example, pyroclasts usually occur as coresubstances of the nodules, and large amounts of mineralizing materials such as manganese aredischarged to form ferromanganese oxides along with the submarine vocanogene hydrothermal- | Li, YH Song, HB Li, JC Yao, XM | 1997 | Chinese Science Bulletin1997，42，23： | 4 |
| 8 | Discovery of the Proterozoic low-grade metamorphicsubmarine carbonatite lavas in China显示文摘The carbonatite lavas found in the Kunyang Group were formed in submarine extrusive environment. Many igneous features (e.g. colors, textures, structures, minerals, inclusions) are clear. But most of their petrologic characteristics are different from typical carbonatites over the world. Most petrologic details of the rocks are given by comparison with other carbonatites and adjacent sedimentary dolomites. The discovery of the lavas proves that the carbonatite volcano also existed in Kunyang rift. | Yongbei Zhang Qirong Wei Chengyan Xiu Hao Wang | 1998 | Chinese Science Bulletin1998，43，5： | 4 |
| 9 | Submarine Pipeline Lateral Global Buckling and Buckling Failure Critical State Discussion显示文摘Due to high temperature and pressure,unburied or shallow buried submarine pipelines experience lateral global buckling. Excessive bending caused by uncontrolled deformation may threaten the safety of the pipeline system. Thus,the integer of a post-buckling pipeline section should be assessed under design temperature and pressure differences. This study focuses on the post-buckling pipeline safety assessment.First,a series of model tests based on sand obtained from Bohai Gulf were proposed,and soil resistance to pipelines with different embedment are measured. A dynamic soil resistance model with varying pipeline embedment and lateral displacement was established. The influence of embedment on peak soil resistance and residual soil resistance was analyzed. Second,the critical buckling forces of pipelines with different imperfections were analyzed. A'critical force range'was proposed to evaluate whether the pipeline exhibits lateral global buckling or not. Third,the limit state of a post-buckling pipeline in an engineering case was assessed. The assessment was proposed based on both load control condition and displacement control condition. Further comparisons show that pipelines reach their limit state according to load control condition far more quickly than according to displacement control condition. | Zhaohui Hong Run Liu | 2018 | Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)2018，25，5： | 4 |
| 10 | Geochemical anomalies of hydrothermal plume at EPR 13°N显示文摘During the DY105-12, 14cruise (R/V DAYANG YIHAO, November 2003) on East Pacific Rise (EPR) 12- 13°N, the submarine hydrothermal activity was investigated and the CTD hydrocast was carried out at EPR12°39′N-12°54′N. From the temperature anomalies and the concentrations of magnesium, chlorine, bromine in seawater samples, we discover that magnesium depletes 9.3%-22.4%, chlorine and bro- mine enrich 10.3%-28.7% and 10.7%-29.0% respectively relative to normal seawater at the stations which have chemistry anomalies, moreover temperature and chemistry anomalies are at the same layer. The depletion of magnesium in the plume may be caused by a fluid lacking of magnesium which rises after the hydrothermal fluid reaches the equilibrium with ambient seawater, the enrichment of chlorine and bromine might be the result of inputting later brine which is generated by phase separation due to hydrothermal activity. In addition, the Br/Cl ratio in the abnormal layers at the survey area is identical to that in seawater, which implies that halite dissolution (or precipitation) occurs neither when the fluid is vented nor when hydrothermal fluid entraining ambient seawater rises to form plume. From the ab- normal instance at E55 station, it is very possible that there might exist a new hydrothermal vent site. | WANG XiaoYuan1,2, ZENG ZhiGang1, LIU ChangHua1,2, YIN XueBo1, YU ShaoXiong1,2, YUAN ChunWei1,2, ZHANG GuoLiang1,2 & WANG XiaoMei1,2 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Acadamy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China 2 Graduate School of the Chinese Acadamy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007，50，9： | 3 |
| 11 | Effects of Internal Flow on Vortex-Induced Vibration and Fatigue Life of Submarine Pipelines显示文摘- With the rapid development of the offshore oil industries, submarine oil / gas pipelines have been widely used. Under the complicated submarine environmental conditions, the dynamic characteristics of pipelines show some new features due to the existence of both internal and external flows. The paper is intended to investigate the vortex-induced vibration of the suspended pipeline span exposed to submarine steady flow. Especially, the effects of the flow inside the pipeline are taken into account. Its influences on the amplitude of pipeline response, and then on the fatigue life, are given in terms of the velocity of the internal flow. | Shen Zhonghan and Zhao Qiang Professor, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080Applied and Computation Analysis and Modeling (ACAM) Program, Louisiana Tech University, PO Box 3827, LA 71272, USA | 1996 | China Ocean Engineering1996，11，3： | 3 |
| 12 | DISCOVERY OF PEDIASTRUM ASSEMBLAGE FROM SUBMARINE PEAT BED IN EAST CHINA SEA AND ITS IMPLICATION IN SEA LEVEL CHANGE OF THE LATEST PLEISTOCENE显示文摘A submarine peat bed has been found in several places of the continental shelf of the East China Sea in the overall marine geological research of the past few years. In addition to fossil sporo-pollens, Pediastrum has been found in the peat bed. Fossil Pediastrum was first recorded by Davis (1916) in Green River Shale, | 王开发 张玉兰 蒋辉 孙煜华 章永昌 | 1981 | Chinese Science Bulletin1981，26，6： | 3 |
| 13 | WAVE-SOIL-PIPE COUPLING EFFECT ON SUBMARINE PIPELINE ON-BOTTOM STABILITY显示文摘Wave-soil-pipe coupling effect on the untrenched pipeline stability onsands is for the first time investigated experimentally. Tests are conducted in the U-shaped water tunnel, which generates an oscillatory flow, simulating the water particlemovements with periodically changing direction under the wave action. Characteristictimes and phases during the instability process are revealed. Linear relationshipbetween Froude number and non-dimensional pipe weight is obtained. Effects ofinitial embedment and loading history are observed. Test results between the wave-soil-pipe interaction and pipe-soil interaction under cyclic mechanical loading arecompared. The mechanism is briefly discussed. For applying in the practical design,more extensive and systematic investigations are needed. | 顾小芸 高福平 浦群 | 2001 | Acta Mechanica Sinica2001，17，1： | 3 |
| 14 | Moving of a submarine under an ice cover in fluid of finite depth显示文摘The influence of a basin depth on ice cover deflections, when a submarine moves under it in fluid, is experimentally and theoretically analyzed. For a theoretical research the ice cover is modelled by an elastic floating plate, and the submarine is modelled by a source-sink system in a fluid flow. The problem is solved by means of asymptotic analysis and integral transformations. The experimental study is conducted with submarine models in the pool with the sizes L*B*H= 10m*3m*lm . The ice cover for experiments is modelled in two ways. The first way is the thin ice plate received by freezing of the surface layer of water at low temperatures. In the second case the rubber sheet floating on a reservoir surface is used. The special velocity (the velocity at which maximum values of the wave height are reached) is analyzed. It is obtained that the decrease of the basin depth leads to decrease of the special speed. For small speeds (less than the special speed) there is the fact that the basin depth decrease leads to the increase of the height of the flexural-gravity wave. | Alexandra V. Pogorelova Vitali L. Zemlyak Victor M. Kozin | 2019 | Journal of Hydrodynamics2019，31，3： | 3 |
| 15 | Oceanic internal solitary waves at the Indonesian submarine wreckage site显示文摘On 21 April 2021 local time(20 April UTC),the Indonesian Navy submarine(KRI Nanggala-402)sank near the Lombok Strait,~100 km north of the Bali Island(see magenta star in Fig.1a),with 53 crew members dead.On the basis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)satellite images(Jackson,2007)。 | Yankun Gong Jieshuo Xie Jiexin Xu Zhiwu Chen Yinghui He Shuqun Cai | 2022 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2022，41，3： | 3 |
| 16 | Lateral Global Buckling of Submarine Pipelines Based on the Model of Nonlinear Pipe–Soil Interaction显示文摘With the increasing development and utilization of offshore oil and gas resources, global buckling failures of pipelines subjected to high temperature and high pressure are becoming increasingly important. For unburied or semi-buried submarine pipelines, lateral global buckling represents the main form of global buckling. The pipe–soil interaction determines the deformation and stress distribution of buckling pipelines. In this paper, the nonlinear pipe–soil interaction model is introduced into the analysis of pipeline lateral global buckling, a coupling method of PSI elements and the modified RIKS algorithm is proposed to study the lateral global buckling of a pipeline, and the buckling characteristics of submarine pipeline with a single arch symmetric initial imperfection under different pipe–soil interaction models are studied. Research shows that, compared with the ideal elastic–plastic pipe–soil interaction model, when the DNV-RP-F109 model is adopted to simulate the lateral pipe–soil interactions in the lateral global buckling of a pipeline, the buckling amplitude increases, however, the critical buckling force and the initial buckling temperature difference decreases. In the DNV-RP-F109 pipe–soil interaction model, the maximum soil resistance, the residual soil resistance, and the displacement to reach the maximum soil resistance have significant effects on the analysis results of pipeline global buckling. | LIU Run WANG Xiu-yan | 2018 | China Ocean Engineering2018，32，3： | 3 |
| 17 | Exploring seamount ecosystems and biodiversity in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean显示文摘Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany,part of Springer Nature 2021 Seamounts are underwater mountains that rise at least 1000 m from the seafl oor.They are generally extinct underwater volcanoes,of which a few remain active and support both vent and seamount communities.Seamounts constitute distinct submarine landscape of the world’s ocean fl oor and over half the number of seamounts occur in the Pacifi c Ocean,among them the Magellan seamounts and Marcus-Wake seamounts are found to have the most developed cobalt-rich crusts.Seamounts have been known to support higher biomass and higher diversity of marine life than their surrounding deep-sea fl oors.The exploration of seabed minerals and the Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)have continuously driven the seamount surveys. | Kuidong XU | 2021 | Journal of Oceanology and Limnology2021，39，5： | 3 |
| 18 | Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Submarine Composite Pipeline in a Wave-Current Coexisting Field显示文摘-A composite pipeline is defined as a pipeline system composed of one big pipe and one or several small pipes. Based on the theory of wave- current interaction and physical model test, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submarine composite pipeline in wave-current coexisting field (both regular and irregular waves) are investigated. The so-called 'modified diameter method' is used for analyzing the in-fine hydrodynamic coefficients of the composite pipeline, which are well related to KC number. The comparison of test data for regular and irregular waves shows that in the region of 90 > KC> 20, the results in these two cases can be unified. The effect of water depth is analyzed in details. The relationships between CD, CM and KC , which are based on the results of present research, may be used as a reference in engineering design. | Li Yucheng and Zhang Ningchuan Professor, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 . Lecturer, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024 | 1994 | China Ocean Engineering1994，9，3： | 2 |
| 19 | Vortex tuning of a submarine by Liutex force field model显示文摘Vortical structures of a submarine with appendages are fully turbulent and complex.Thus,flow control and vortex manipulation are of great importance for the hydrodynamic performance and acoustic characteristics.Take the generic submarine model DARPA Suboff as the test case,a vortex tuning method based on the Liutex force field is proposed to manipulate the vorticity field.Viscous flow past the submarine model in straight-line motion at a Reynolds number of 1.2×107 is achieved by solving the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)equations.Multi-block structured mesh topology is used to discretize the computational domain,and the shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model is implemented to close the equations.The control of vortex is achieved by introducing additional source terms based on Liutex vortex definition and identification system to the RANS equations.The resistance acting on the submarine,flow field as well as the vortical structures are compared and analyzed.Results show that Liutex force model can effectively reduce the resistance by 9.31%and change the vortical structures apparently. | Liu-shuai Cao Song-tao Chen De-cheng Wan Yi-qian Wang | 2021 | Journal of Hydrodynamics2021，33，3： | 2 |
| 20 | Numerical calculation of hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal currents for submarine excavation engineering in coastal area显示文摘In coastal areas with complicated flow movement, deposition and scour readily occur in submarine excavation projects. In this study, a smallscale model, with a high resolution in the vertical direction, was used to simulate the tidal current around a submarine excavation project. The finite volume method was used to solve Navier-Stokes equations and the Reynolds stress transport equation, and the entire process of the tidal current was simulated with unstructured meshes, generated in the irregular shape area, and structured meshes, generated in other water areas.The meshes near the bottom and free surface were densified with a minimum layer thickness of 0.05 m. The volume of fluid method was used to track the free surface, the volume fraction of cells on the upstream boundary was obtained from the volume fraction of adjacent cells, and that on the downstream boundary was determined by the water level process. The numerical results agree with the observed data, and some conclusions can be drawn: after the foundation trench excavation, the flow velocity decreases quite a bit through the foundation trench, with reverse flow occurring on the lee slope in the foundation trench; the swirling flow impedes inflow, leading to the occurrence of dammed water above the foundation trench; the turbulent motion is stronger during ebbing than in other tidal stages, the range with the maximum value of turbulent viscosity, occurring on the south side of the foundation trench at maximum ebbing, is greater than those in other tidal stages in a tidal cycle, and the maximum value of Reynolds shear stress occurs on the south side of the foundation trench at maximum ebbing in a tidal cycle. The numerical calculation method shows a strong performance in simulation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal currents in the foundation trench, providing a basis for submarine engineering construction in coastal areas. | Jian-hua Li Liang-sheng Zhu Shan-ju Zhang | 2016 | Water Science and Engineering2016，9，2： | 2 |
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