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| 1 | From concept to reality-A review to the primary test stand and its preliminary application in high energy density physics显示文摘Pulsed power technology,whereas the electrical energy stored in a relative long period is released in much shorter timescale,is an efficient method to create high energy density physics(HEDP)conditions in laboratory.Around the beginning of this century,China Academy of Engineering Physics(CAEP)began to build some experimental facilities for HEDP investigations,among which the Primary Test Stand(PTS),a multi-module pulsed power facility with a nominal current of 10 MA and a current rising time~90 ns,is an important achievement on the roadmap of the electro-magnetically driven inertial confinement fusion(ICF)researches.PTS is the first pulsed power facility beyond 10 TW in China.Therefore,all the technologies have to be demonstrated,and all the engineering issues have to be overcome.In this article,the research outline,key technologies and the preliminary HEDP experiments are reviewed.Prospects on HEDP research on PTS and pulsed power development for the next step are also discussed. | Jianjun Deng Weiping Xie Shuping Feng Meng Wang Hongtao Li Shengyi Song Minghe Xia Ji Ce An He Qing Tian Yuanchao Gu Yongchao Guan Bin Wei Xianbin Huang Xiaodong Ren Jiakun Dan Jing Li Shaotong Zhou Hongchun Cai Siqun Zhang Kunlun Wang Qiang Xu Yujuan Wang Zhaohui Zhang Guilin Wang Shuai Guo Yi He Yiwei Zhou Zhanji Zhang Libing Yang Wenkang Zou | 2016 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2016，1，1： | 19 |
| 2 | Laser performance upgrade for precise ICF experiment in SG-Ⅲ laser facility显示文摘The SG-Ⅲlaser facility(SG-Ⅲ)is the largest laser driver for inertial confinement fusion(ICF)researches in China,which has 48 beamlines and can deliver 180 kJ ultraviolet laser energy in 3 ns.In order to meet the requirements of precise physics experiments,some new functionalities need to be added to SG-Ⅲand some intrinsic laser performances need upgrade.So at the end of SG-Ⅲ's engineering construction,the 2-year laser performance upgrade project started.This paper will introduce the newly added functionalities and the latest laser performance of SG-Ⅲ.With these function extensions and performance upgrade,SG-Ⅲis now fully prepared for precise ICF experiments and solidly paves the way towards fusion ignition. | Wanguo Zheng Xiaofeng Wei Qihua Zhu Feng Jing Dongxia Hu Xiaodong Yuan Wanjun Dai Wei Zhou Fang Wang Dangpeng Xu Xudong Xie Bin Feng Zhitao Peng Liangfu Guo Yuanbin Chen Xiongjun Zhang Lanqin Liu Donghui Lin Zhao Dang Yong Xiang Rui Zhang Fang Wang Huaiting Jia Xuewei Deng | 2017 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2017，2，5： | 13 |
| 3 | Laser-direct-drive program: Promise, challenge, and path forward显示文摘Along with laser-indirect(X-ray)-drive and magnetic-drive target concepts,laser direct drive is a viable approach to achieving ignition and gain with inertial confinement fusion.In the United States,a national program has been established to demonstrate and understand the physics of laser direct drive.The program utilizes the Omega Laser Facility to conduct implosion and coupling physics at the nominally 30-kJ scale and lasereplasma interaction and coupling physics at the MJ scale at the National Ignition Facility.This article will discuss the motivation and challenges for laser direct drive and the broad-based program presently underway in the United States. | E.M.Campbell V.N.Goncharov T.C.Sangster S.P.Regan P.B.Radha R.Betti J.F.Myatt D.H.Froula M.J.Rosenberg I.V.Igumenshchev W.Seka A.A.Solodov A.V.Maximov J.A.Marozas T.J.B.Collins D.Turnbull F.J.Marshall A.Shvydky J.P.Knauer R.L.McCrory A.B.Sefkow M.Hohenberger P.A.Michel T.Chapman L.Masse C.Goyon S.Ross J.W.Bates M. Karasik J.Oh J.Weaver A.J.Schmitt K.Obenschain S.P.Obenschain S.Reyes B.Van Wonterghem | 2017 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2017，2，2： | 10 |
| 4 | P3: An installation for high-energy density plasma physics and ultra-high intensity laserematter interaction at ELI-Beamlines显示文摘ELI-Beamlines(ELI-BL),one of the three pillars of the Extreme Light Infrastructure endeavour,will be in a unique position to perform research in high-energy-density-physics(HEDP),plasma physics and ultra-high intensity(UHI)ð>10^(22) W=cm^(2)) lasereplasma interaction.Recently the need for HED laboratory physics was identified and the P3(plasma physics platform)installation under construction in ELI-BL will be an answer.The ELI-BL 10 PW laser makes possible fundamental research topics from high-field physics to new extreme states of matter such as radiation-dominated ones,high-pressure quantum ones,warm dense matter(WDM)and ultra-relativistic plasmas.HEDP is of fundamental importance for research in the field of laboratory astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion(ICF).Reaching such extreme states of matter now and in the future will depend on the use of plasma optics for amplifying and focusing laser pulses.This article will present the relevant technological infrastructure being built in ELI-BL for HEDP and UHI,and gives a brief overview of some research under way in the field of UHI,laboratory astrophysics,ICF,WDM,and plasma optics. | S.Weber S.Bechet S.Borneis L.Brabec M.Bucka E.Chacon-Golcher M.Ciappina M.DeMarco A.Fajstavr K.Falk E.-R.Garcia J.Grosz Y.-J.Gu J.-C.Hernandez M.Holec P.Janecka M.Jantac M.Jirka H.Kadlecova D.Khikhlukha O.Klimo G.Korn D.Kramer D.Kumar T.Lastovicka P.Lutoslawski L.Morejon V.Olsovcova M.Rajdl O.Renner B.Rus S.Singh M.Smid M.Sokol R.Versaci R.Vrana M.Vranic J.Vyskocil A.Wolf Q.Yu | 2017 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2017，2，4： | 8 |
| 5 | CTCAE v3.0: development of a comprehensive grading system for the adverse effects of cancer treatment显示文摘 | Andy Trotti A.Dimitrios Colevas Ann Setser Valerie Rusch David Jaques Volker Budach Corey Langer Barbara Murphy Richard Cumberlin C.Norman Coleman Philip Rubin | 2003 | Seminars in Radiation Oncology2003，，3： | 8 |
| 6 | Chemistry under extreme conditions: Pressure evolution of chemical bonding and structure in dense solids显示文摘Recent advances in high-pressure technologies and large-scale experimental and computational facilities have enabled scientists,at an unprecedented rate,to discover and predict novel states and materials under the extreme pressure-temperature conditions found in deep,giant-planet interiors.Based on a well-documented body of work in this field of high-pressure research,we elucidate the fundamental principles that govern the chemistry of dense solids under extreme conditions.These include:(i)the pressure-induced evolution of chemical bonding and structure of molecular solids to extended covalent solids,ionic solids and,ultimately,metallic solids,as pressure increases to the terapascal regime;(ii)novel properties and complex transition mechanisms,arising from the subtle balance between electron hybridization(bonding)and electrostatic interaction(packing)in densely packed solids;and(iii)new dense framework solids with high energy densities,and with tunable properties and stabilities under ambient conditions.Examples are taken primarily fromlow-Z molecular systems that have scientific implications for giant-planet models,condensed materials physics,and solid-state core-electron chemistry. | Choong-Shik Yoo | 2020 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2020，5，1： | 8 |
| 7 | Research progresses on Cherenkov and transit-time high-power microwave sources at NUDT显示文摘Research progresses on Cherenkov and transit-time high-power microwave(HPM)sources in National University of Defense Technology(NUDT)of China are presented.The research issues are focused on the following aspects.The pulse-shortening phenomenon in O-type Cerenkov HPM devices is suppressed.The compact coaxial relativistic backward-wave oscillators(RBWOs)at low bands are developed.The power efficiency in M-Type HPM tubes without guiding magnetic field increased.The power capacities and power efficiencies in the triaxial klystron amplifier(TKA)and relativistic transit-time oscillator(TTO)at higher frequencies increased.In experiments,some exciting results were obtained.The X-band source generated 2 GW microwave power with a pulse duration of 110 ns in 30 Hz repetition mode.Both L-and P-band compact RBWOs generated over 2 GW microwave power with a power efficiency of over 30%.There is approximately a 75% decline of the volume compared with that of conventional RBWO under the same power capacity conditions.A 1.755 GHz MILO produced 3.1 GW microwave power with power efficiency of 10.4%.A 9.37 GHz TKA produced the 240 MW microwave power with the gain of 34 dB.A 14.3 GHz TTO produced 1 GW microwave power with power efficiency of 20%. | Jiande Zhang Xingjun Ge Jun Zhang Juntao He Yuwei Fan Zhiqiang Li Zhenxing Jin Liang Gao Junpu Ling Zumin Qi | 2016 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2016，1，3： | 7 |
| 8 | High energy density physics with intense ion beams显示文摘We review the development of High Energy Density Physics(HEDP)with intense heavy ion beams as a tool to induce extreme states of matter.The development of this field connects intimately to the advances in accelerator physics and technology.We will cover the generation of intense heavy ion beams starting from the ion source and follow the acceleration process and transport to the target.Intensity limitations and potential solutions to overcome these limitations are discussed.This is exemplified by citing examples from existing machines at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung(GSI-Darmstadt),the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics in Moscow(ITEP-Moscow),and the Institute of Modern Physics(IMP-Lanzhou).Facilities under construction like the FAIR facility in Darmstadt and the High Intensity Accelerator Facility(HIAF),proposed for China will be included.Developments elsewhere are covered where it seems appropriate along with a report of recent results and achievements. | Boris Yu.Sharkov Dieter H.H.Hoffmann Alexander A.Golubev Yongtao Zhao | 2016 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2016，1，1： | 7 |
| 9 | Theoretical and numerical research of wire array Z-pinch and dynamic hohlraum at IAPCM显示文摘Dense Z-pinch plasmas are powerful and energy-efficient laboratory sources of X-rays,and show the possibility to drive inertial confinement fusion(ICF).Recent advances in wire-array Z-pinch and Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum(ZPDH)researches at the Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics are presented in this paper.Models are setup to study different physical processes.A full circuit model(FCM)was used to study the coupling between Z-pinch implosion and generator discharge.A mass injection model with azimuthal modulation was setup to simulate the wire-array plasma initiation,and the two-dimensional MHD code MARED was developed to investigate the Z-pinch implosion,MRT instability,stagnation and radiation.Implosions of nested and quasi-spherical wire arrays were also investigated theoretically and numerically.Key processes of ZPDH,such as the arrayefoam interaction,formation of the hohlraum radiation,as well as the following capsule ablation and implosion,were analyzed with different radiation magneto-hydrodynamics(RMHD)codes.An integrated 2D RMHD simulation of dynamic hohlraum driven capsule implosion provides us the physical insights of wire-array plasma acceleration,shock generation and propagation,hohlraum formation,radiation ablation,and fuel compression. | Ning Ding Yang Zhang Delong Xiao Jiming Wu Zihuan Dai Li Yin Zhiming Gao Shunkai Sun Chuang Xue Cheng Ning Xiaojian Shu Jianguo Wang | 2016 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2016，1，3： | 7 |
| 10 | Correction to: Correction Radiation Detection Technology and Methods Editorial Office显示文摘 | Radiation Detection Technology and Methods Editorial Office | 2018 | Radiation Detection Technology and Methods2018，2，1： | 6 |
| 11 | Review of heavy-ion inertial fusion physics显示文摘In this review paper on heavy ion inertial fusion(HIF),the state-of-the-art scientific results are presented and discussed on the HIF physics,including physics of the heavy ion beam(HIB)transport in a fusion reactor,the HIBs-ion illumination on a direct-drive fuel target,the fuel target physics,the uniformity of the HIF target implosion,the smoothing mechanisms of the target implosion non-uniformity and the robust target implosion.The HIB has remarkable preferable features to release the fusion energy in inertial fusion:in particle accelerators HIBs are generated with a high driver efficiency of~30%-40%,and the HIB ions deposit their energy inside of materials.Therefore,a requirement for the fusion target energy gain is relatively low,that would be~50-70 to operate a HIF fusion reactor with the standard energy output of 1 GWof electricity.The HIF reactor operation frequency would be~10-15 Hz or so.Several-MJ HIBs illuminate a fusion fuel target,and the fuel target is imploded to about a thousand times of the solid density.Then the DT fuel is ignited and burned.The HIB ion deposition range is defined by the HIB ions stopping length,which would be~1 mm or so depending on the material.Therefore,a relatively large density-scale length appears in the fuel target material.One of the critical issues in inertial fusion would be a spherically uniform target compression,which would be degraded by a non-uniform implosion.The implosion non-uniformity would be introduced by the Rayleigh-Taylor(R-T)instability,and the large densitygradient-scale length helps to reduce the R-T growth rate.On the other hand,the large scale length of the HIB ions stopping range suggests that the temperature at the energy deposition layer in a HIF target does not reach a very-high temperature:normally about 300 eV or so is realized in the energy absorption region,and that a direct-drive target would be appropriate in HIF.In addition,the HIB accelerators are operated repetitively and stably.The precise control of the HIB axis manipulation is also realized in the HIF accelerator,and the HIB wobbling motion may give another tool to smooth the HIB illumination non-uniformity.The key issues in HIF physics are also discussed and presented in the paper. | S.Kawata T.Karino A.I.Ogoyski | 2016 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2016，1，2： | 6 |
| 12 | Understanding the effects of radiative preheat and self-emission from shock heating on equation of state measurement at 100s of Mbar using spherically converging shock waves in a NIF hohlraum显示文摘Over the last six years many experiments have been done at the National Ignition Facility to measure the Hugoniot of materials,such asCHplastic at extreme pressures,up to 800 Mbar.The“Gbar”design employs a strong spherically converging shock launched through a solid ball of material using a hohlraum radiation drive.The shock front conditions are characterized using x-ray radiography.In this paper we examine the role of radiation in heating the unshocked material in front of the shock to understand the impact it has on equation of state measurements and how it drives the measured data off the theoretical Hugoniot curve.In particular,the two main sources of radiation heating are the preheating of the unshocked material by the high-energy kilo-electron-volt x-rays in the hohlraum and the heating of the material in front of the shock,as the shocked material becomes hot enough to radiate significantly.Using our model,we estimate that preheating can reach 4 eV in unshocked material,and that radiation heating can begin to drive data off the Hugoniot significantly,as pressures reach above 400 Mb. | Joseph Nilsen Andrea L.Kritcher Madison EMartin Robert E.Tipton Heather D.Whitley Damian C.Swift Tilo Doppner Benjamin L.Bachmann Amy E.Lazicki Natalie B.Kostinski Brian R.Maddox Gilbert W.Collins Siegfried H.Glenzer Roger W.Falcone | 2020 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2020，5，1： | 5 |
| 13 | Conceptual design of a 15-TW pulsed-power accelerator for high-energy-densityephysics experiments显示文摘We have developed a conceptual design of a 15-TW pulsed-power accelerator based on the linear-transformer-driver(LTD)architecture described by Stygar[W.A.Stygar et al.,Phys.Rev.ST Accel.Beams 18,110401(2015)].The driver will allow multiple,high-energy-density experiments per day in a university environment and,at the same time,will enable both fundamental and integrated experiments that are scalable to larger facilities.In this design,many individual energy storage units(bricks),each composed of two capacitors and one switch,directly drive the target load without additional pulse compression.Ten LTD modules in parallel drive the load.Each module consists of 16 LTD cavities connected in series,where each cavity is powered by 22 bricks connected in parallel.This design stores up to 2.75 MJ and delivers up to 15 TW in 100 ns to the constant-impedance,water-insulated radial transmission lines.The transmission lines in turn deliver a peak current as high as 12.5 MA to the physics load.To maximize its experimental value and flexibility,the accelerator is coupled to a modern,multibeam laser facility(four beams with up to 5 kJ in 10 ns and one beam with up to 2.6 kJ in 100 ps or less)that can provide auxiliary heating of the physics load.The lasers also enable advanced diagnostic techniques such as X-ray Thomson scattering and multiframe and three-dimensional radiography.The coupled accelerator-laser facility will be the first of its kind and be capable of conducting unprecedented high-energy-densityephysics experiments. | R.B.Spielman D.H.Froula G.Brent E.M.Campbell D.B.Reisman M.E.Savage M.J.Shoup III W.A.Stygar M.L.Wisher | 2017 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2017，2，4： | 5 |
| 14 | Non-equilibrium between ions and electrons inside hot spots from National Ignition Facility experiments显示文摘The non-equilibrium between ions and electrons in the hot spot can relax the ignition conditions in inertial confinement fusion[Fan et al.,Phys.Plasmas 23,010703(2016)],and obvious ion-electron non-equilibrium could be observed by our simulations of high-foot implosions when the ion-electron relaxation is enlarged by a factor of 2.On the other hand,in many shots of high-foot implosions on the National Ignition Facility,the observed X-ray enhancement factors due to ablator mixing into the hot spot are less than unity assuming electrons and ions have the same temperature[Meezan et al.,Phys.Plasmas 22,062703(2015)],which is not self-consistent because it can lead to negative ablator mixing into the hot spot.Actually,this non-consistency implies ion-electron non-equilibrium within the hot spot.From our study,we can infer that ion-electron non-equilibrium exists in high-foot implosions and the ion temperature could be~9%larger than the equilibrium temperature in some NIF shots. | Zhengfeng Fan Yuanyuan Liu Bin Liu Chengxin Yu Ke Lan Jie Liu | 2017 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2017，2，1： | 5 |
| 15 | Recent advances in high-pressure science and technology显示文摘Recently we are witnessing the boom of high-pressure science and technology from a small niche field to becoming a major dimension in physical sciences.One of the most important technological advances is the integration of synchrotron nanotechnology with the minute samples at ultrahigh pressures.Applications of high pressure have greatly enhanced our understanding of the electronic,phonon,and doping effects on the newly emerged graphene and related 2D layered materials.High pressure has created exotic stoichiometry even in common Group 17,15,and 14 compounds and drastically altered the basic σ and π bonding of organic compounds.Differential pressure measurements enable us to study the rheology and flow of mantle minerals in solid state,thus quantitatively constraining the geodynamics.They also introduce a new approach to understand defect and plastic deformations of nano particles.These examples open new frontiers of high-pressure research. | Ho-Kwang Mao Bin Chen Jiuhua Chen Kuo Li Jung-Fu Lin Wenge Yang Haiyan Zheng | 2016 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2016，1，1： | 5 |
| 16 | Mechanisms underlying FLASH radiotherapy, a novel way to enlarge the differential responses to ionizing radiation between normal and tumor tissues显示文摘Different from conventional radiotherapy(CONV-RT),FLASH radiotherapy(FLASH-RT)delivers a single high dose at a mean dose rate40 Gy/s in milliseconds to achieve similar tumor control to CONV-RT while sparing normal tissues from detrimental injury.It provides an intriguing perspective in improving clinical outcomes for tumor patients as well as a novel way to enhance the differential responses between normal and tumor tissues.However,its mechanisms remain largely unclear.In this paper,we review the currently available publications on FLASH-RT and parse the probable mechanisms of three major aspects including the production of reactive oxygen species,DNA damage response,and immunoreaction.Experiments specifically designed to disclose the intrinsic difference between normal and malignant cells in response to FLASH-RT and CONV-RT are necessary to prove these hypotheses. | Guangming Zhou | 2020 | Radiation Medicine and Protection2020，1，1： | 5 |
| 17 | The pulsed high magnetic field facility and scientific research at Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center显示文摘Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center(WHMFC)at Huazhong University of Science and Technology is one of the top-class research centers in the world,which can offer pulsed fields up to 90.6 T with different field waveforms for scientific research and has passed the final evaluation of the Chinese government in 2014.This paper will give a brief introduction of the facility and the development status of pulsed magnetic fields research at WHMFC.In addition,it will describe the application development of pulsed magnetic fields in both scientific and industrial research. | Xiaotao Han Tao Peng Hongfa Ding Tonghai Ding Zengwei Zhu Zhengcai Xia Junfeng Wang Junbo Han Zhongwen Ouyang Zhenxing Wang Yibo Han Houxiu Xiao Quanliang Cao Yiliang Lv Yuan Pan Liang Li | 2017 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2017，2，6： | 5 |
| 18 | TGF-β1 and radiation fibrosis: a master switch and a specific therapeutic target?显示文摘 | Michèle Martin Jean-Louis Lefaix Sylvie Delanian | 2000 | International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics2000，，2： | 5 |
| 19 | Cytogenetic biodosimetry for radiation accidents in China显示文摘Cytogenetic indicators,especially dicentric chromosomes,have been globally considered the gold standard of biological dose estimation for more than 60 years.The application of these indicators to biological dose estimation in victims of radiation accidents in China has undergone approximately 40 years of development and thus provides more accurate information for the clinical diagnosis and patients’treatment.This paper reviews the application and future development of cytogenetic indicators,including chromosomal aberrations(dicentric chromosomes and chromosomal translocations),cytokinesis-block micronuclei,nucleoplasmic bridges,and premature condensation chromosome ring,as biodosimeters in China. | Lin Han Yu Gao Ping Wang Yumin Lyu | 2020 | Radiation Medicine and Protection2020，1，3： | 4 |
| 20 | Review of accelerator driven heavy ion nuclear fusion显示文摘Using high energy accelerators for energy production by nuclear fission goes back to the 1950's with plans for“breeder accelerators”as well as with early ideas on subcritical reactors,which are currently pursued in China and other countries.Also,fusion came in,when the idea emerged in the mid 1970's to use accelerators and their highly time and space compressed beams in order to generate the extremely high density and temperatures required for inertial fusion energy production.Due to the higher repetition rates and efficiencies of accelerators,this was seen as a promising alternative to using high power lasers.After an introduction to nuclear fission applications of accelerators,this review summarizes some of the scientific developments directed towards this challenging application e with focus on the European HIDIF-study-and outlines parameters of future high energy density experiments after construction of the FAIR/Germany and HIAF/China heavy ion accelerator projects. | Ingo Hofmann | 2018 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2018，3，1： | 4 |
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