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| 1 | Patients direct costs to undergo TB diagnosis显示文摘Background:A major impediment to the treatment of TB is a diagnostic process that requires multiple visits.Descriptions of patient costs associated with diagnosis use different protocols and are not comparable.Methods:We aimed to describe the direct costs incurred by adults attending TB diagnostic centres in four countries and factors associated with expenditure for diagnosis.Surveys of 2225 adults attending smear-microscopy centres in Nigeria,Nepal,Ethiopia and Yemen.Adults>18 years with cough>2 weeks were enrolled prospectively.Direct costs were quantified using structured questionnaires.Patients with costs>75^(th) quartile were considered to have high expenditure(cases)and compared with patients with costs<75^(th) quartile to identify factors associated with high expenditure.Results:The most significant expenses were due to clinic fees and transport.Most participants attended the centres with companions.High expenditure was associated with attending with company,residing in rural areas/other towns and illiteracy.Conclusions:The costs incurred by patients are substantial and share common patterns across countries.Removing user fees,transparent charging policies and reimbursing clinic expenses would reduce the poverty-inducing effects of direct diagnostic costs.In locations with limited resources,support could be prioritised for those most at risk of high expenditure;those who are illiterate,attend the service with company and rural residents. | Rachel M.Anderson de Cuevas Lovett Lawson Najla Al-Sonboli Nasher Al-Aghbari Isabel Arbide Jeevan B.Sherchand Emenyonu E.Nnamdi Abraham Aseffa Mohammed A.Yassin Saddiq T.Abdurrahman Joshua Obasanya Oladimeji Olanrewaju Daniel Datiko Sally J.Theobald Andrew Ramsay S.Bertel Squire Luis E.Cuevas | 2016 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2016，5，1： | 1 |
| 2 | Chelidonium majus leaves methanol extract and its chelidonine alkaloid ingredient reduce cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in rats显示文摘 | KORIEM K M ARBID M S ASAAD G F | 2013 | J Nat Med2013，67，1： | 1 |
| 3 | Influence of metabolite ochratoxin A on chicken immune response显示文摘 | Karim E L Arbid S A Soufi M S | 1991 | Egypt J Comp Pathol Clin Pathol1991，4，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Prevention of renal cortical ischemia during aortic clamping with prostaglandin E1显示文摘 | Hakaim AG Lamorte WW | 1995 | Arch Surg1995，130，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Studies on the anti- inflammatory and anti-nocieeptive effects of melatonin in the rat 显示文摘 | El Shenawy S Baiuomy AR Arbid M | 2002 | Pharmaeol Res2002，46，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Chelidonium majus leaves methanol extract and its chelidonine alkaloid ingredient reduce cad- mium -induced nephrotoxicity in rats显示文摘 | KORIEM K M ARBID M S ASAAD G F | 2013 | J Nat Med2013，67，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Spinal cord stimulation for chronic limb ischemia 显示文摘 | Naoum JJ Arbid EJ | 2013 | Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J2013，9，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Therapeutic effect of pectin on octylphenol induced kidney dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats显示文摘 | KORIEM K M M ARBID M S EMAM K R | 2014 | Environ Toxieol Phar2014，38，1： | 1 |
| 9 | Endovascular techniques in limb salvage: infrapopliteal angioplasty显示文摘 | Naoum JJ Arbid EJ | 2013 | Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J2013，9，2： | 1 |
| 10 | The protective role of anise oil in oxidative stress and genotoxicity produced in favism显示文摘 | Koriem KM Arbid MS E1 Gendy NF | 2016 | Jour- nal of Dietary Supplements2016，1，8： | 1 |
| 11 | Vitamin k dependent proteins and the role of vitamin k2 in the modulation of vascular calcification: a review显示文摘 | El Asmar MS Naoum JJ Arbid EJ | 2014 | Oman MedJ2014，29，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Evaluation of the Antihyperlipidemic, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antipyretic Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Ammi majus Seeds in Albino Rats and Mice显示文摘 | Khaled M. M. Koriem Gihan F. Asaad Hoda A. Megahed Hanan Zahran Mahmoud S. Arbid | 2012 | International Journal of Toxicology2012，，3： | 1 |
| 13 | The protective role of Tropaeolum majus on blood and liver toxicity induced by diethyl maleate in rats显示文摘 | Khaled M. M. Koriem Mahmoud. S. Arbid Nadia F. I. El-Gendy | | Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods0，，： | 1 |
| 14 | Endovascular techniques in limb salvage: infrapopliteal angioplasty 显示文摘 | Naoum JJ Arbid EJ | 2013 | Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J2013，9，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Ochratoxicosis :prevention of developmentaltoxicityby L-methionine intherats显示文摘 | ABDEL-WAHHAB M A NADA S A ARBID M S | 1999 | J Appl Toxicol1999，，19： | 1 |
| 16 | Vitamin k dependent proteins and therole of vitamin k2 in the modulation of vascular calcification: a review显示文摘 | E1 AM Naoum JJ Arbid EJ | 2014 | Oman Med J2014，29，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Estimation of the novel antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antihyperlipidemic effects of silymarin in Albino rats and mice显示文摘Objective: To evaluate the other pharmacological actions of silymarin in Albino rats and mice such as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antihyperlipidemic effects. Methods: Rats were injected intramuscularly with pyrogenic dose of brewer's yeast for the antipyretic test of silymarin. Another group of rats injected with 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan solution in saline at the subplanter area of the right hind paw for the anti-inflammatory test of silymarin. Another group of mice tested by hot plate method for determination of antinociceptive effect of silymarin. Hyperlipidemia was induced using high fat diet for 2 months to estimate the antihyperlipidemic activity of silymarin. Results: Silymarin showed a significant antipyretic effect of both doses(50 and 100 mg/kg) compared with control untreated group. Moreover, silymarin elucidated a significant anti-inflammatory effect of both doses reflected on the decrease of the rat paw edema every hour interval for 4 h after administration in comparison with control positive group. By the same taken, both doses of silymarine revealed a significant antinociceptive action in hot plate method at 30 and 60 min post administration. Besides, it lowered significantly the serum levels of prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta after 2 h of silymarin administration in carrageenan induced rat paw edema besides the significant decrease of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and significantly elevated high density lipoprotein after 2 weeks of silymarin administration. Conclusions: These outcomes delivered a new vision into the possible pharmacological mechanisms by which silymarin advances antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antihyperlipidemic effects. | Mohamed Mahmoud Amin Mahmoud Soliman Arbid | 2015 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine2015，5，8： | 0 |
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