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| 1 | Genetic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus(MERS-Cov) and Widespread Seroprevalence among Camels in Kenya显示文摘We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV) in Kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. Currently, MERS-CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. Previous studies of MERS-CoV in Kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies. We conducted active nationwide cross-sectional surveillance of camels and humans in Kenya, targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1,163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018. A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels(82.37%, 95%confidence interval(CI) 79.50–84.91). More female camels were significantly seropositive(74.28%, 95% CI 71.14–77.19)than male camels(P \ 0.001)(53.74%, 95% CI 48.48–58.90). Only 11 camel nasal swabs were positive for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences showed that Kenyan MERSCoV clustered within sub-clade C2, which is associated with the African clade, but did not contain signature deletions of orf4 b in African viruses. None of the human plasma screened contained neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. This study confirms the geographically widespread occurrence of MERS-CoV in Kenyan camels. Further one-health surveillance approaches in camels, wildlife, and human populations are needed. | Sheila Ommeh Wei Zhang Ali Zohaib Jing Chen Huajun Zhang Ben Hu Xing-Yi Ge Xing-Lou Yang Moses Masika Vincent Obanda Yun Luo Shan Li Cecilia Waruhiu Bei Li Yan Zhu Desterio Ouma Vincent Odendo Lin-Fa Wang Danielle E.Anderson Jacqueline Lichoti Erick Mungube Francis Gakuya Peng Zhou Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa Bing Yan Bernard Agwanda Zheng-Li Shi | 2018 | Virologica Sinica2018，33，6： | 1 |
| 2 | Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of mosquito species during the dry season along the Mara River and its tributaries,in Kenya and Tanzania显示文摘Background:Vector-borne diseases are increasingly becoming a major health problem among communities living along the major rivers of Africa.Although larger water bodies such as lakes and dams have been extensively researched,rivers and their tributaries have largely been ignored.This study sought to establish the spatial distribution of mosquito species during the dry season and further characterize their habitats along the Mara River and its tributaries.Methods:In this cross-sectional survey,mosquito larvae were sampled along the Mara River,its two perennial tributaries(Amala and Nyangores),drying streams,and adjacent aquatic habitats(e.g.swamps,puddles that receive direct sunlight[open sunlit puddles],rock pools,hippo and livestock hoof prints,and vegetated pools).Each habitat was dipped 20 times using a standard dipper.Distance between breeding sites and human habitation was determined using global positioning system coordinates.The collected mosquito larvae were identified using standard taxonomic keys.Water physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ using a multiparameter meter.Mean mosquito larvae per habitat type were compared using analysis of variance and chi-square tests,while the relationship between mosquito larvae and physicochemical parameters was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model.The Cox-Stuart test was used to detect trends of mosquito larvae distribution.The test allowed for verification of monotonic tendency(rejection of null hypothesis of trend absence)and its variability.Results:A total of 4001 mosquito larvae were collected,of which 2712(67.8%)were collected from river/stream edge habitats and 1289(32.2%)were sampled from aquatic habitats located in the terrestrial ecosystem about 50 m away from the main river/streams.Anopheles gambiae s.s,An.arabiensis,and An.funestus group,the three most potent vectors of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa,together with other anopheline mosquitoes,were the most dominant mosquito species(70.3%),followed by Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx.pipiens complex combined(29.5%).Drying streams accounted for the highest number of larvae captured compared to the other habitat types.A stronger relationship between mosquito larvae abundance and dissolved oxygen(Z=7.37,P≤0.001),temperature(Z=7.65,P≤0.001),turbidity(Z=−5.25,P≤0.001),and distance to the nearest human habitation(Z=4.57,P≤0.001),was observed.Conclusions:Presence of malaria and non-malaria mosquito larvae within the Mara River basin calls for immediate action to curtail the insurgence of vector-borne diseases within the basin.A vector control program should be conducted during the dry period,targeting drying streams shown to produce the highest number of larval mosquitoes. | Gabriel O.Dida Douglas N.Anyona Paul O.Abuom Daniel Akoko Samson O.Adoka Ally-Said Matano Philip O.Owuor Collins Ouma | 2018 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2018，7，1： | 1 |
| 3 | Simplifying the ShangRing technique for circumcision in boys and men: use of the no-flip technique with randomization to removal at 7 days versus spontaneous detachment显示文摘To assess safety of the no-flip ShangRing male circumcision technique and to determine clinical course and safety of spontaneous detachme nt (i.e., allowing the device to fall off), we con ducted a case series of no-flip ShangRing circumcision combined with a randomized controlled trial of removal 7 days postcircumcision versus spontaneous detachment at two health facilities in Kenya. The primary outcome was the safety of the no-flip technique based on moderate and severe adverse events (AEs) during the procedure and through 42-day follow-up. A main sec on dary outcome was clinical course and safety of spontan eous detachment. Two hundred and thirty males 10 years and older underwent no?flip circumcision;114 randomized to 7-day removal and 116 to spontaneous detachment. All circumcisions were successfully completed. Overall 5.3%(6/114) of participants in the 7-day group and 1.7%(2/116) in the spontan eous group had an AE;with no d iff ere nces when compared to the 3% AE rate in historical data from African studies using the original flip technique (P = 0.07 and P = 0.79, respectively). Overall 72.4%(84/116) of participants in the spontaneous group wore the ShangRing until it detached. Among the remaining (27.6%;32/116), the ring was removed, primarily at the participants1 request, due to pain or discomfort. There was no d iff ere nee in AE rates (P = 0.169), visit day declared healed (P= 0.324), or satisfaction (P= 0.371) between randomization groups. The median time to detachment was 14.0 (IQR: 7-21, range: 5-35) days. The no?flip technique and spontaneous detachment are safe, effective, and acceptable to boys and men 10 years and older. Phimosis and penile adhesions do not limit successful ShangRing circumcision with the no-flip technique. | Mark A Barone Philip S Li Richard K Lee Daniel Ouma Millicent Oundo Mukhaye Barasa Jairus Oketch Patrick Otiende Nixon Nyangweso Mary Maina Nicholas Kiswi Betty Chirchir Marc Goldstein Quentin D Awori | 2019 | Asian Journal of Andrology2019，21，4： | 0 |
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